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.\"	$OpenBSD: uvm_init.9,v 1.7 2023/06/21 21:16:21 cheloha Exp $
.\"	$NetBSD: uvm.9,v 1.14 2000/06/29 06:08:44 mrg Exp $
.\"
.\" Copyright (c) 1998 Matthew R. Green
.\" All rights reserved.
.\"
.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
.\" are met:
.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
.\"    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
.\"
.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR
.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES
.\" OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.
.\" IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT,
.\" INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING,
.\" BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES;
.\" LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED
.\" AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY,
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.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
.\"
.\" XXX this manual sets nS to 1 or 0 in the description, to obtain
.\" synopsis-like function prototypes.  any better way?
.\"
.Dd $Mdocdate: June 21 2023 $
.Dt UVM_INIT 9
.Os
.Sh NAME
.Nm uvm_init ,
.Nm uvm_init_limits ,
.Nm uvm_setpagesize ,
.Nm uvm_swap_init ,
.Nm uvm_io ,
.Nm uvm_pageout ,
.Nm uao_create ,
.Nm uao_detach ,
.Nm uao_reference ,
.Nm uvm_chgkprot ,
.Nm uvm_kernacc ,
.Nm uvm_meter ,
.Nm uvm_sysctl ,
.Nm uvm_grow ,
.Nm uvm_coredump_walkmap
.Nd virtual memory system external interface
.Sh SYNOPSIS
.In sys/param.h
.In uvm/uvm.h
.Sh DESCRIPTION
The UVM virtual memory system manages access to the computer's memory
resources.
User processes and the kernel access these resources through
UVM's external interface.
UVM's external interface includes functions that:
.Pp
.Bl -hyphen -compact
.It
initialise UVM subsystems
.It
manage virtual address spaces
.It
resolve page faults
.It
memory map files and devices
.It
perform uio-based I/O to virtual memory
.It
allocate and free kernel virtual memory
.It
allocate and free physical memory
.El
.Pp
In addition to exporting these services, UVM has two kernel-level processes:
pagedaemon and swapper.
The pagedaemon process sleeps until physical memory becomes scarce.
When that happens, pagedaemon is awoken.
It scans physical memory, paging out and freeing memory that has not been
recently used.
The swapper process swaps in runnable processes that are currently swapped out,
if there is room.
.Pp
UVM has a machine independent and a machine dependent layer.
See
.Xr pmap 9
for the machine dependent layer.
.Sh INITIALISATION
.nr nS 1
.Ft void
.Fn uvm_init "void"
.Ft void
.Fn uvm_init_limits "struct plimit *limit0"
.Ft void
.Fn uvm_setpagesize "void"
.Ft void
.Fn uvm_swap_init "void"
.nr nS 0
.Pp
The
.Fn uvm_init
function sets up the UVM system at system boot time, after the
copyright has been printed.
It initialises global state, the page, map, kernel virtual memory state,
machine-dependent physical map, kernel memory allocator,
pager and anonymous memory subsystems, and then enables
paging of kernel objects.
.Fn uvm_init
must be called after machine-dependent code has registered some free RAM
with the
.Fn uvm_page_physload
function.
.Pp
The
.Fn uvm_init_limits
function initialises process limits in the given limit structure.
This is for use by the system startup for process zero, before any other
processes are created.
.Pp
The
.Fn uvm_setpagesize
function initialises the uvmexp members pagesize (if not already done by
machine-dependent code), pageshift and pagemask.
It should be called by machine-dependent code early in the
.Xr pmap_init 9
call.
.Pp
The
.Fn uvm_swap_init
function initialises the swap subsystem.
.Sh VIRTUAL MEMORY I/O
.nr nS 1
.Ft int
.Fn uvm_io "vm_map_t map" "struct uio *uio"
.nr nS 0
.Pp
The
.Fn uvm_io
function performs the I/O described in
.Fa uio
on the memory described in
.Fa map .
.Sh PROCESSES
.nr nS 1
.Ft void
.Fn uvm_pageout "void *arg"
.nr nS 0
.Pp
The
.Fn uvm_pageout
function is the main loop for the page daemon.
The
.Fa arg
argument is ignored.
.Sh MISCELLANEOUS FUNCTIONS
.nr nS 1
.Ft struct uvm_object *
.Fn uao_create "vsize_t size" "int flags"
.Ft void
.Fn uao_detach "struct uvm_object *uobj"
.Ft void
.Fn uao_reference "struct uvm_object *uobj"
.Ft boolean_t
.Fn uvm_chgkprot "caddr_t addr" "size_t len" "int rw"
.Ft void
.Fn uvm_kernacc "caddr_t addr" "size_t len" "int rw"
.Ft void
.Fn uvm_meter
.Ft int
.Fn uvm_sysctl "int *name" "u_int namelen" "void *oldp" "size_t *oldlenp" "void *newp " "size_t newlen" "struct proc *p"
.Ft int
.Fn uvm_grow "struct proc *p" "vaddr_t sp"
.Ft int
.Fn uvm_coredump_walkmap "struct proc *p" "uvm_coredump_setup_cb *setup" "struct uvm_coredump_walk_cb *walk" "void *cookie"
.nr nS 0
.Pp
The
.Fn uao_create ,
.Fn uao_detach
and
.Fn uao_reference
functions operate on anonymous memory objects, such as those used to support
System V shared memory.
.Fn uao_create
returns an object of size
.Fa size
with flags:
.Bd -literal
#define UAO_FLAG_KERNOBJ        0x1     /* create kernel object */
#define UAO_FLAG_KERNSWAP       0x2     /* enable kernel swap */
.Pp
.Ed
which can only be used once each at system boot time.
.Fn uao_reference
creates an additional reference to the named anonymous memory object.
.Fn uao_detach
removes a reference from the named anonymous memory object, destroying
it if removing the last reference.
.Pp
The
.Fn uvm_kernacc
function checks the access at address
.Fa addr
to
.Fa addr + len
for
.Fa rw
access, in the kernel address space.
.Pp
The
.Fn uvm_meter
function calculates the load average and wakes up the swapper if necessary.
.Pp
The
.Fn uvm_sysctl
function provides support for the
.Dv CTL_VM
domain of the
.Xr sysctl 2
hierarchy.
.Fn uvm_sysctl
handles the
.Dv VM_LOADAVG ,
.Dv VM_METER
and
.Dv VM_UVMEXP
calls, which return the current load averages, calculates current VM
totals, and returns the uvmexp structure respectively.
The load averages are accessed from userland using the
.Xr getloadavg 3
function.
The uvmexp structure has all global state of the UVM system, and has
the following members:
.Bd -literal
/* vm_page constants */
int pagesize;   /* size of a page (PAGE_SIZE): must be power of 2 */
int pagemask;   /* page mask */
int pageshift;  /* page shift */

/* vm_page counters */
int npages;     /* number of pages we manage */
int free;       /* number of free pages */
int active;     /* number of active pages */
int inactive;   /* number of pages that we free'd but may want back */
int paging;	/* number of pages in the process of being paged out */
int wired;      /* number of wired pages */

int zeropages;		/* number of zero'd pages */
int reserve_pagedaemon; /* number of pages reserved for pagedaemon */
int reserve_kernel;	/* number of pages reserved for kernel */
int unused01;		/* formerly anonpages */
int vnodepages;		/* XXX # of pages used by vnode page cache */
int vtextpages;		/* XXX # of pages used by vtext vnodes */

/* pageout params */
int freemin;    /* min number of free pages */
int freetarg;   /* target number of free pages */
int inactarg;   /* target number of inactive pages */
int wiredmax;   /* max number of wired pages */
int anonmin;	/* min threshold for anon pages */
int vtextmin;	/* min threshold for vtext pages */
int vnodemin;	/* min threshold for vnode pages */
int anonminpct;	/* min percent anon pages */
int vtextminpct;/* min percent vtext pages */
int vnodeminpct;/* min percent vnode pages */

/* swap */
int nswapdev;	/* number of configured swap devices in system */
int swpages;	/* number of PAGE_SIZE'ed swap pages */
int swpginuse;	/* number of swap pages in use */
int swpgonly;	/* number of swap pages in use, not also in RAM */
int nswget;	/* number of swap pages moved from disk to RAM */
int nanon;	/* XXX number total of anon's in system */
int unused05;	/* formerly nanonneeded */
int unused06;	/* formerly nfreeanon */

/* stat counters */
int faults;		/* page fault count */
int traps;		/* trap count */
int intrs;		/* interrupt count */
int swtch;		/* context switch count */
int softs;		/* software interrupt count */
int syscalls;		/* system calls */
int pageins;		/* pagein operation count */
			/* pageouts are in pdpageouts below */
int unused07;		/* formerly obsolete_swapins */
int unused08;		/* formerly obsolete_swapouts */
int pgswapin;		/* pages swapped in */
int pgswapout;		/* pages swapped out */
int forks;  		/* forks */
int forks_ppwait;	/* forks where parent waits */
int forks_sharevm;	/* forks where vmspace is shared */
int pga_zerohit;	/* pagealloc where zero wanted and zero
				was available */
int pga_zeromiss;	/* pagealloc where zero wanted and zero
				not available */
int unused09;		/* formerly zeroaborts */

/* fault subcounters */
int fltnoram;	/* number of times fault was out of ram */
int fltnoanon;	/* number of times fault was out of anons */
int fltnoamap;	/* number of times fault was out of amap chunks */
int fltpgwait;	/* number of times fault had to wait on a page */
int fltpgrele;	/* number of times fault found a released page */
int fltrelck;	/* number of times fault relock called */
int fltrelckok;	/* number of times fault relock is a success */
int fltanget;	/* number of times fault gets anon page */
int fltanretry;	/* number of times fault retrys an anon get */
int fltamcopy;	/* number of times fault clears "needs copy" */
int fltnamap;	/* number of times fault maps a neighbor anon page */
int fltnomap;	/* number of times fault maps a neighbor obj page */
int fltlget;	/* number of times fault does a locked pgo_get */
int fltget;	/* number of times fault does an unlocked get */
int flt_anon;	/* number of times fault anon (case 1a) */
int flt_acow;	/* number of times fault anon cow (case 1b) */
int flt_obj;	/* number of times fault is on object page (2a) */
int flt_prcopy;	/* number of times fault promotes with copy (2b) */
int flt_przero;	/* number of times fault promotes with zerofill (2b) */

/* daemon counters */
int pdwoke;	/* number of times daemon woke up */
int pdrevs;	/* number of times daemon rev'd clock hand */
int pdswout;	/* number of times daemon called for swapout */
int pdfreed;	/* number of pages daemon freed since boot */
int pdscans;	/* number of pages daemon scanned since boot */
int pdanscan;	/* number of anonymous pages scanned by daemon */
int pdobscan;	/* number of object pages scanned by daemon */
int pdreact;	/* number of pages daemon reactivated since boot */
int pdbusy;	/* number of times daemon found a busy page */
int pdpageouts;	/* number of times daemon started a pageout */
int pdpending;	/* number of times daemon got a pending pagout */
int pddeact;	/* number of pages daemon deactivates */
int unused11;	/* formerly pdreanon */
int unused12;	/* formerly pdrevnode */
int unused13;	/* formerly pdrevtext */

int fpswtch;	/* FPU context switches */
int kmapent;	/* number of kernel map entries */
.Ed
.Pp
The
.Fn uvm_grow
function increases the stack segment of process
.Fa p
to include
.Fa sp .
.Pp
The
.Fn uvm_coredump_walkmap
function supports writing out the memory image of a process in a
core file.
It walks the address space for process
.Fa p
and counts the number of segments necessary to hold the
dumpable memory,
where a segment consists of one or more present pages followed by
zero or more mapped but not present (zero-fill) pages,
or just one or more mapped but not present pages.
It then invokes
.Fa setup
with that segment count and the
.Fa cookie
argument.
.Bd -literal
typedef int uvm_coredump_setup_cb(int nsegment, void *cookie);
.Ed
.Pp
If that returns non-zero then
.Fn uvm_coredump_walkmap
returns that value immediately,
otherwise it invokes
.Fa walk
once for each segment, in ascending address order,
passing it the start of the segment,
the start of the mapped-but-not-present pages,
one past the last address in the segment,
the protection on the segment,
the index of the segment,
and the
.Fa cookie .
.Bd -literal
typedef int uvm_coredump_walk_cb(vaddr_t start, vaddr_t realend,
    vaddr_t end, vm_prot_t prot, int nsegment, void *cookie);
.Ed
.Pp
If a call to
.Fa walk
returns non-zero then
.Fa uvm_coredump_walkmap
returns that value immediately.
.Sh NOTES
The structure and types whose names begin with
.Dq vm_
were named so UVM could coexist with BSD VM during the early
development stages.
.Sh SEE ALSO
.Xr sysctl 2 ,
.Xr getloadavg 3 ,
.Xr kvm 3 ,
.Xr ddb 4 ,
.Xr options 4 ,
.Xr core 5 ,
.Xr pmap 9
.Rs
.%A Charles D. Cranor
.%D August 1998
.%C St. Louis, Missouri
.%Q Department of Computer Science, Sever Institute of Technology, Washington University
.%T Design and Implementation of the UVM Virtual Memory System, D.Sc. dissertation
.Re
.Sh HISTORY
The UVM virtual memory system was developed at Washington University in St. Louis.
UVM's roots lie partly in the Mach-based
.Bx 4.4
VM system, the
.Fx
VM system, and the SunOS4 VM system.
UVM's basic structure is based on the
.Bx 4.4
VM system.
UVM's new anonymous memory system is based on the
anonymous memory system found in the SunOS4 VM (as described in papers
published by Sun Microsystems, Inc.).
UVM also includes a number of features
new to
.Bx
including page loanout, map entry passing, simplified
copy-on-write, and clustered anonymous memory pageout.
.Pp
UVM appeared in
.Ox 2.9 .
.Sh AUTHORS
.An -nosplit
.An Charles D. Cranor Aq Mt chuck@ccrc.wustl.edu
designed and implemented UVM.
.Pp
.An Matthew Green Aq Mt mrg@eterna.com.au
wrote the swap-space management code.
.Pp
.An Chuck Silvers Aq Mt chuq@chuq.com
implemented the aobj pager, thus allowing
UVM to support System V shared memory and process swapping.
.Pp
.An Artur Grabowski Aq Mt art@openbsd.org
handled the logistical issues involved with merging UVM into the
.Ox
source tree.