Annotation of src/usr.bin/find/find.1, Revision 1.34
1.34 ! deraadt 1: .\" $OpenBSD: find.1,v 1.33 2001/08/22 23:02:48 hugh Exp $
1.1 deraadt 2: .\" Copyright (c) 1990, 1993
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36: .\" from: @(#)find.1 8.1 (Berkeley) 6/6/93
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1.24 millert 38: .Dd December 4, 1999
1.1 deraadt 39: .Dt FIND 1
40: .Os
41: .Sh NAME
42: .Nm find
43: .Nd walk a file hierarchy
44: .Sh SYNOPSIS
45: .Nm find
1.19 espie 46: .Op Fl HdhXxW
1.1 deraadt 47: .Op Fl f Ar file
1.32 heko 48: .Ar file Op Ar ...
1.34 ! deraadt 49: .Op Ar expression
1.1 deraadt 50: .Sh DESCRIPTION
1.22 aaron 51: .Nm
1.1 deraadt 52: recursively descends the directory tree for each
53: .Ar file
54: listed, evaluating an
55: .Ar expression
1.22 aaron 56: (composed of the
57: .Dq primaries
58: and
1.33 hugh 59: .Dq operands
1.22 aaron 60: listed below) in terms
1.12 millert 61: of each file in the tree.
1.34 ! deraadt 62: In the absence of an expression,
! 63: .Ic -print
! 64: is assumed.
1.1 deraadt 65: .Pp
66: The options are as follows:
67: .Bl -tag -width Ds
68: .It Fl H
1.16 aaron 69: Causes the file information and file type (see
1.22 aaron 70: .Xr stat 2 )
71: returned for each symbolic link encountered on the command line to be
1.1 deraadt 72: those of the file referenced by the link, not the link itself.
73: If the referenced file does not exist, the file information and type will
1.25 aaron 74: be for the link itself.
75: File information of all symbolic links not on
1.1 deraadt 76: the command line is that of the link itself.
77: .It Fl d
1.16 aaron 78: Causes
1.22 aaron 79: .Nm
80: to perform a depth-first traversal, i.e., directories
81: are visited in post-order and all entries in a directory will be acted
1.1 deraadt 82: on before the directory itself.
83: By default,
1.22 aaron 84: .Nm
85: visits directories in pre-order, i.e., before their contents.
1.1 deraadt 86: Note, the default is
1.22 aaron 87: .Em not
88: a breadth-first traversal.
1.16 aaron 89: .It Fl f Ar file
90: Specifies a file hierarchy for
1.22 aaron 91: .Nm
1.1 deraadt 92: to traverse.
93: File hierarchies may also be specified as the operands immediately
94: following the options.
95: .It Fl h
1.16 aaron 96: Causes the file information and file type (see
1.22 aaron 97: .Xr stat 2 )
1.1 deraadt 98: returned for each symbolic link to be those of the file referenced by the
99: link, not the link itself.
100: If the referenced file does not exist, the file information and type will
101: be for the link itself.
102: .It Fl X
1.16 aaron 103: Permit
1.1 deraadt 104: .Nm
105: to be safely used in conjunction with
106: .Xr xargs 1 .
107: If a file name contains any of the delimiting characters used by
108: .Xr xargs ,
109: a diagnostic message is displayed on standard error, and the file
110: is skipped.
1.22 aaron 111: The delimiting characters include single
112: .Pq Ql '
113: and double
114: .Pq Ql \&"
115: quotes, backslash
116: .Pq Ql \e ,
117: space, tab, and newline
118: .Pq Sq \en
119: characters.
1.4 deraadt 120: As an alternative, the
121: .Fl print0
122: function may be used safely in conjunction with the
123: .Fl 0
124: argument to
1.16 aaron 125: .Xr xargs 1 .
1.1 deraadt 126: .It Fl x
1.16 aaron 127: Prevents
1.22 aaron 128: .Nm
1.1 deraadt 129: from descending into directories that have a device number different
130: than that of the file from which the descent began.
1.19 espie 131: .It Fl W
132: Let
133: .Nm
134: take whiteouts into account when scanning directories.
1.1 deraadt 135: .El
136: .Sh PRIMARIES
137: .Bl -tag -width Ds
1.22 aaron 138: .It Ic -amin Ar n
1.15 deraadt 139: True if the difference between the file last access time and the time
1.22 aaron 140: .Nm
1.20 aaron 141: was started, rounded up to the next full minute, is
1.15 deraadt 142: .Ar n
1.20 aaron 143: minutes.
1.24 millert 144: .It Ic -anewer Ar file
145: True if the current file has a more recent last access time than
1.25 aaron 146: .Ar file .
1.22 aaron 147: .It Ic -atime Ar n
1.1 deraadt 148: True if the difference between the file last access time and the time
1.22 aaron 149: .Nm
150: was started, rounded up to the next full 24-hour period, is
1.1 deraadt 151: .Ar n
1.22 aaron 152: 24-hour periods.
153: .It Ic -cmin Ar n
1.15 deraadt 154: True if the difference between the time of last change of file status
155: information and the time
1.22 aaron 156: .Nm
1.20 aaron 157: was started, rounded up to the next full minute, is
1.15 deraadt 158: .Ar n
1.20 aaron 159: minutes.
1.24 millert 160: .It Ic -cnewer Ar file
161: True if the current file has a more recent last change time than
1.25 aaron 162: .Ar file .
1.22 aaron 163: .It Ic -ctime Ar n
1.1 deraadt 164: True if the difference between the time of last change of file status
165: information and the time
1.22 aaron 166: .Nm
167: was started, rounded up to the next full 24-hour period, is
1.1 deraadt 168: .Ar n
1.22 aaron 169: 24-hour periods.
1.8 tholo 170: .It Ic -empty
171: True if the current file or directory is empty.
1.22 aaron 172: .It Ic -exec Ar utility Op argument ... ;
1.1 deraadt 173: True if the program named
174: .Ar utility
175: returns a zero value as its exit status.
176: Optional arguments may be passed to the utility.
1.22 aaron 177: The expression must be terminated by a semicolon
178: .Pq Ql \&; .
179: If the string
180: .Qq {}
181: appears anywhere in the utility name or the
1.1 deraadt 182: arguments it is replaced by the pathname of the current file.
1.16 aaron 183: .Ar utility
1.1 deraadt 184: will be executed from the directory from which
1.22 aaron 185: .Nm
1.1 deraadt 186: was executed.
1.22 aaron 187: .It Ic -execdir Ar utility Op argument ... ;
188: Identical to the
1.10 millert 189: .Ic -exec
190: primary with the exception that
1.16 aaron 191: .Ar utility
1.10 millert 192: will be executed from the directory that holds
1.25 aaron 193: the current file.
194: The filename substituted for the string
1.22 aaron 195: .Qq {}
196: is not qualified.
1.28 millert 197: .It Xo
198: .Ic -flags
199: .Op Fl
200: .Ar flags
201: .Xc
202: The
203: .Ar flags
204: are comma-separated symbolic file flags (see
205: .Xr chflags 1
206: for a list of valid flag names).
207: If the flags are preceded by a dash
208: .Pq Sq \- ,
209: this primary evaluates to true if the file in question has at least
210: one of the file flags specified by
211: .Ar flags .
212: If the flags are not preceded by a dash, this primary evaluates to true if the
213: flags specified exactly match those of the file.
1.2 deraadt 214: .It Ic -follow
215: Follow symbolic links.
1.22 aaron 216: .It Ic -fstype Ar type
1.1 deraadt 217: True if the file is contained in a file system of type
218: .Ar type .
1.22 aaron 219: Two special file system types are recognized:
220: .Dq local
221: and
222: .Dq rdonly .
1.1 deraadt 223: These do not describe actual file system types;
224: the former matches any file system physically mounted on the system where
1.22 aaron 225: .Nm
226: is being executed whereas the latter matches any file system which is
1.1 deraadt 227: mounted read-only.
1.22 aaron 228: .It Ic -group Ar gname
1.1 deraadt 229: True if the file belongs to the group
1.25 aaron 230: .Ar gname .
1.1 deraadt 231: If
232: .Ar gname
233: is numeric and there is no such group name, then
234: .Ar gname
1.16 aaron 235: is treated as a group ID.
1.27 deraadt 236: .It Ic -iname Ar pattern
237: True if the last component of the pathname being examined
238: matches
239: .Ar pattern .
240: Case insensitive.
1.22 aaron 241: .It Ic -inum Ar n
1.1 deraadt 242: True if the file has inode number
1.25 aaron 243: .Ar n .
1.22 aaron 244: .It Ic -links Ar n
1.1 deraadt 245: True if the file has
246: .Ar n
247: links.
248: .It Ic -ls
249: This primary always evaluates to true.
250: The following information for the current file is written to standard output:
1.22 aaron 251: its inode number, size in 512-byte blocks, file permissions, number of hard
1.1 deraadt 252: links, owner, group, size in bytes, last modification time, and pathname.
253: If the file is a block or character special file, the major and minor numbers
254: will be displayed instead of the size in bytes.
1.22 aaron 255: If the file is a symbolic link, the pathname of the linked-to file will be
256: displayed preceded by
257: .Dq \-> .
258: The format is identical to that produced by
259: .Dq ls \-dgils .
1.6 tholo 260: .It Ic -maxdepth Ar n
1.7 tholo 261: True if the current search depth is less than or equal to what is specified in
262: .Ar n .
263: .It Ic -mindepth Ar n
264: True if the current search depth is at least what is specified in
1.6 tholo 265: .Ar n .
1.22 aaron 266: .It Ic -mmin Ar n
1.15 deraadt 267: True if the difference between the file last modification time and the time
1.22 aaron 268: .Nm
1.20 aaron 269: was started, rounded up to the next full minute, is
1.15 deraadt 270: .Ar n
1.20 aaron 271: minutes.
1.22 aaron 272: .It Ic -mtime Ar n
1.1 deraadt 273: True if the difference between the file last modification time and the time
1.22 aaron 274: .Nm
275: was started, rounded up to the next full 24-hour period, is
1.1 deraadt 276: .Ar n
1.22 aaron 277: 24-hour periods.
278: .It Ic -name Ar pattern
1.1 deraadt 279: True if the last component of the pathname being examined matches
1.25 aaron 280: .Ar pattern .
1.22 aaron 281: Special shell pattern matching characters
282: .Pf ( Ql [ ,
283: .Ql \&] ,
284: .Ql * ,
285: and
286: .Ql ? )
1.1 deraadt 287: may be used as part of
1.25 aaron 288: .Ar pattern .
1.1 deraadt 289: These characters may be matched explicitly by escaping them with a
1.22 aaron 290: backslash
291: .Pq Ql \e .
292: .It Ic -newer Ar file
1.1 deraadt 293: True if the current file has a more recent last modification time than
1.25 aaron 294: .Ar file .
1.1 deraadt 295: .It Ic -nouser
296: True if the file belongs to an unknown user.
297: .It Ic -nogroup
298: True if the file belongs to an unknown group.
1.22 aaron 299: .It Ic \&-ok Ar utility Op argument ... ;
300: Identical to the
301: .Ic -exec
302: primary with the exception that
303: .Nm
304: requests user affirmation for the execution of
305: .Ar utility
306: by printing
307: a message to the terminal and reading a response.
308: If the response is other than
309: .Sq y
310: the command is not executed and the
311: value of the
312: .Ic \&ok
313: expression is false.
314: .It Ic -path Ar pattern
1.1 deraadt 315: True if the pathname being examined matches
1.25 aaron 316: .Ar pattern .
1.22 aaron 317: Special shell pattern matching characters
318: .Pf ( Ql [ ,
319: .Ql \&] ,
320: .Ql * ,
321: and
322: .Ql ? )
1.1 deraadt 323: may be used as part of
1.25 aaron 324: .Ar pattern .
1.1 deraadt 325: These characters may be matched explicitly by escaping them with a
1.22 aaron 326: backslash
327: .Pq Ql \e .
328: Slashes
329: .Pq Ql /
330: are treated as normal characters and do not have to be
1.1 deraadt 331: matched explicitly.
1.21 aaron 332: .It Xo
333: .Ic -perm
334: .Op Fl
335: .Ar mode
336: .Xc
1.1 deraadt 337: The
338: .Ar mode
339: may be either symbolic (see
1.25 aaron 340: .Xr chmod 1 )
1.1 deraadt 341: or an octal number.
342: If the mode is symbolic, a starting value of zero is assumed and the
1.16 aaron 343: mode sets or clears permissions without regard to the process's file mode
1.1 deraadt 344: creation mask.
345: If the mode is octal, only bits 07777
346: .Pf ( Dv S_ISUID
347: |
348: .Dv S_ISGID
349: |
350: .Dv S_ISTXT
351: |
352: .Dv S_IRWXU
353: |
354: .Dv S_IRWXG
355: |
356: .Dv S_IRWXO )
357: of the file's mode bits participate
358: in the comparison.
1.22 aaron 359: If the mode is preceded by a dash
360: .Pq Sq \- ,
361: this primary evaluates to true
1.1 deraadt 362: if at least all of the bits in the mode are set in the file's mode bits.
1.22 aaron 363: If the mode is not preceded by a dash, this primary evaluates to
1.16 aaron 364: true if the bits in the mode exactly match the file's mode bits.
1.22 aaron 365: Note, the first character of a symbolic mode may not be a dash.
1.1 deraadt 366: .It Ic -print
367: This primary always evaluates to true.
368: It prints the pathname of the current file to standard output, followed
1.22 aaron 369: by a newline
370: .Pq Ql \en
371: character.
1.1 deraadt 372: If neither
373: .Ic -exec ,
374: .Ic -ls ,
375: .Ic -ok ,
376: nor
377: .Ic -print0
378: is specified, the given expression shall be effectively replaced by
1.22 aaron 379: .Cm \&( Ns Ar given\& expression Ns Cm \&)
1.1 deraadt 380: .Ic -print .
381: .It Ic -print0
382: This primary always evaluates to true.
383: It prints the pathname of the current file to standard output, followed
384: by a null character.
385: .It Ic -prune
386: This primary always evaluates to true.
387: It causes
1.22 aaron 388: .Nm
1.1 deraadt 389: to not descend into the current file.
390: Note, the
391: .Ic -prune
392: primary has no effect if the
393: .Fl d
394: option was specified.
1.22 aaron 395: .It Ic -size Ar n Ns Op Cm c
396: True if the file's size, rounded up, in 512-byte blocks is
1.25 aaron 397: .Ar n .
1.1 deraadt 398: If
399: .Ar n
1.22 aaron 400: is followed by a
401: .Sq c ,
402: then the primary is true if the
1.1 deraadt 403: file's size is
404: .Ar n
405: bytes.
1.22 aaron 406: .It Ic -type Ar t
1.1 deraadt 407: True if the file is of the specified type.
408: Possible file types are as follows:
409: .Pp
410: .Bl -tag -width flag -offset indent -compact
1.3 deraadt 411: .It Cm W
1.22 aaron 412: whiteout (currently, these won't even be visible without also specifying
1.19 espie 413: .Fl W )
1.1 deraadt 414: .It Cm b
415: block special
416: .It Cm c
417: character special
418: .It Cm d
419: directory
420: .It Cm f
421: regular file
422: .It Cm l
423: symbolic link
424: .It Cm p
425: FIFO
426: .It Cm s
427: socket
428: .El
429: .Pp
1.22 aaron 430: .It Ic -user Ar uname
1.1 deraadt 431: True if the file belongs to the user
1.25 aaron 432: .Ar uname .
1.1 deraadt 433: If
434: .Ar uname
435: is numeric and there is no such user name, then
436: .Ar uname
1.16 aaron 437: is treated as a user ID.
1.1 deraadt 438: .El
439: .Pp
440: All primaries which take a numeric argument allow the number to be
1.22 aaron 441: preceded by a plus sign
442: .Pq Ql +
443: or a minus sign
444: .Pq Ql \- .
445: A preceding plus sign means
446: .Dq more than n ,
447: a preceding minus sign means
448: .Dq less than n ,
449: and neither means
450: .Dq exactly n .
1.1 deraadt 451: .Sh OPERATORS
452: The primaries may be combined using the following operators.
453: The operators are listed in order of decreasing precedence.
1.22 aaron 454: .Bl -tag -width (expression)
455: .It Cm \&( Ns Ar expression Ns Cm \&)
1.1 deraadt 456: This evaluates to true if the parenthesized expression evaluates to
457: true.
458: .Pp
1.22 aaron 459: .It Cm \&! Ns Ar expression
1.1 deraadt 460: This is the unary
461: .Tn NOT
462: operator.
463: It evaluates to true if the expression is false.
464: .Pp
1.22 aaron 465: .It Ar expression Cm -and Ar expression
466: .It Ar expression expression
1.1 deraadt 467: The
468: .Cm -and
469: operator is the logical
470: .Tn AND
471: operator.
472: As it is implied by the juxtaposition of two expressions it does not
473: have to be specified.
474: The expression evaluates to true if both expressions are true.
475: The second expression is not evaluated if the first expression is false.
476: .Pp
1.22 aaron 477: .It Ar expression Cm -or Ar expression
1.1 deraadt 478: The
479: .Cm -or
480: operator is the logical
481: .Tn OR
482: operator.
483: The expression evaluates to true if either the first or the second expression
484: is true.
485: The second expression is not evaluated if the first expression is true.
486: .El
487: .Pp
488: All operands and primaries must be separate arguments to
1.22 aaron 489: .Nm find .
1.1 deraadt 490: Primaries which themselves take arguments expect each argument
491: to be a separate argument to
1.22 aaron 492: .Nm find .
1.1 deraadt 493: .Sh EXAMPLES
494: The following examples are shown as given to the shell:
495: .Bl -tag -width findx
496: .It Li "find / \e! -name \*q*.c\*q -print"
1.22 aaron 497: Print out a list of all the files whose names do not end in
1.31 deraadt 498: .Dq \&.c .
1.1 deraadt 499: .It Li "find / -newer ttt -user wnj -print"
1.22 aaron 500: Print out a list of all the files owned by user
501: .Dq wnj
502: that are newer
503: than the file
504: .Dq ttt .
1.1 deraadt 505: .It Li "find / \e! \e( -newer ttt -user wnj \e) -print"
1.22 aaron 506: Print out a list of all the files which are not both newer than
507: .Dq ttt
508: and owned by
509: .Dq wnj .
1.1 deraadt 510: .It Li "find / \e( -newer ttt -or -user wnj \e) -print"
1.22 aaron 511: Print out a list of all the files that are either owned by
512: .Dq wnj
513: or
514: that are newer than
515: .Dq ttt .
1.1 deraadt 516: .El
517: .Sh SEE ALSO
1.29 millert 518: .Xr chflags 1 ,
1.1 deraadt 519: .Xr chmod 1 ,
520: .Xr locate 1 ,
1.23 aaron 521: .Xr whereis 1 ,
522: .Xr which 1 ,
1.1 deraadt 523: .Xr stat 2 ,
524: .Xr fts 3 ,
1.16 aaron 525: .Xr getgrent 3 ,
1.1 deraadt 526: .Xr getpwent 3 ,
527: .Xr strmode 3 ,
528: .Xr symlink 7
529: .Sh STANDARDS
530: The
1.22 aaron 531: .Nm
1.1 deraadt 532: utility syntax is a superset of the syntax specified by the
533: .St -p1003.2
534: standard.
535: .Pp
1.13 deraadt 536: The options and primaries
1.18 deraadt 537: .Ic -amin ,
538: .Ic -cmin ,
1.9 tholo 539: .Ic -empty ,
1.1 deraadt 540: .Ic -follow ,
541: .Ic -fstype ,
1.27 deraadt 542: .Ic -iname ,
1.2 deraadt 543: .Ic -inum ,
1.1 deraadt 544: .Ic -links ,
1.9 tholo 545: .Ic -ls ,
1.18 deraadt 546: .Ic -mmin ,
1.9 tholo 547: .Ic -maxdepth ,
1.13 deraadt 548: .Ic -mindepth ,
549: .Ic -execdir ,
1.1 deraadt 550: and
551: .Ic -print0
1.13 deraadt 552: are extensions to
1.1 deraadt 553: .St -p1003.2 .
1.27 deraadt 554: The
555: .Ic -iname
556: option was inspired by GNU find.
1.1 deraadt 557: .Pp
558: Historically, the
559: .Fl d ,
1.26 aaron 560: .Fl H ,
1.1 deraadt 561: and
562: .Fl x
1.14 deraadt 563: options were implemented using the primaries
564: .Ic -depth ,
565: .Ic -follow ,
566: and
567: .Ic -xdev .
1.1 deraadt 568: These primaries always evaluated to true.
569: As they were really global variables that took effect before the traversal
570: began, some legal expressions could have unexpected results.
1.22 aaron 571: An example is the expression
572: .Dq \-print \-o \-depth .
573: As
574: .Cm \-print
575: always evaluates to true, the standard order of evaluation
576: implies that
577: .Cm \-depth
578: would never be evaluated.
1.1 deraadt 579: This is not the case.
580: .Pp
1.22 aaron 581: The operator
582: .Cm -or
583: was implemented as
584: .Cm \-o ,
585: and the operator
586: .Cm -and
587: was implemented as
588: .Cm \-a .
1.1 deraadt 589: .Pp
590: Historic implementations of the
591: .Ic -exec
592: and
593: .Ic -ok
1.22 aaron 594: primaries did not replace the string
595: .Qq {}
596: in the utility name or the
1.1 deraadt 597: utility arguments if it had preceding or following non-whitespace characters.
598: This version replaces it no matter where in the utility name or arguments
599: it appears.
1.30 aaron 600: .Sh HISTORY
601: A
602: .Nm
603: command appeared in
604: .At v1 .
1.1 deraadt 605: .Sh BUGS
606: The special characters used by
1.22 aaron 607: .Nm
1.1 deraadt 608: are also special characters to many shell programs.
1.22 aaron 609: In particular, the characters
610: .Ql * ,
611: .Ql [ ,
612: .Ql \&] ,
613: .Ql ? ,
614: .Ql ( ,
615: .Ql \&) ,
616: .Ql ! ,
617: .Ql \e ,
618: and
619: .Ql \&;
620: may have to be escaped from the shell.
1.1 deraadt 621: .Pp
622: As there is no delimiter separating options and file names or file
623: names and the
624: .Ar expression ,
1.22 aaron 625: it is difficult to specify files named
626: .Dq -xdev
627: or
628: .Dq ! .
1.1 deraadt 629: These problems are handled by the
630: .Fl f
631: option and the
632: .Xr getopt 3
1.22 aaron 633: .Dq \-\-
634: construct.
1.19 espie 635: .Pp
636: The
637: .Fl W
1.26 aaron 638: option is probably not the most elegant way to handle whiteouts.
639: It may be replaced by a more sophisticated algorithm eventually.
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