Annotation of src/usr.bin/find/find.1, Revision 1.38
1.38 ! millert 1: .\" $OpenBSD: find.1,v 1.37 2003/03/07 06:30:38 david Exp $
1.1 deraadt 2: .\" Copyright (c) 1990, 1993
3: .\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved.
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1.1 deraadt 17: .\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
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32: .\" from: @(#)find.1 8.1 (Berkeley) 6/6/93
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1.24 millert 34: .Dd December 4, 1999
1.1 deraadt 35: .Dt FIND 1
36: .Os
37: .Sh NAME
38: .Nm find
39: .Nd walk a file hierarchy
40: .Sh SYNOPSIS
41: .Nm find
1.35 millert 42: .Op Fl dHhLXxW
1.1 deraadt 43: .Op Fl f Ar file
1.32 heko 44: .Ar file Op Ar ...
1.34 deraadt 45: .Op Ar expression
1.1 deraadt 46: .Sh DESCRIPTION
1.22 aaron 47: .Nm
1.1 deraadt 48: recursively descends the directory tree for each
49: .Ar file
50: listed, evaluating an
51: .Ar expression
1.22 aaron 52: (composed of the
53: .Dq primaries
54: and
1.33 hugh 55: .Dq operands
1.22 aaron 56: listed below) in terms
1.12 millert 57: of each file in the tree.
1.34 deraadt 58: In the absence of an expression,
59: .Ic -print
60: is assumed.
1.1 deraadt 61: .Pp
62: The options are as follows:
63: .Bl -tag -width Ds
64: .It Fl d
1.16 aaron 65: Causes
1.22 aaron 66: .Nm
67: to perform a depth-first traversal, i.e., directories
68: are visited in post-order and all entries in a directory will be acted
1.1 deraadt 69: on before the directory itself.
70: By default,
1.22 aaron 71: .Nm
72: visits directories in pre-order, i.e., before their contents.
1.1 deraadt 73: Note, the default is
1.22 aaron 74: .Em not
75: a breadth-first traversal.
1.16 aaron 76: .It Fl f Ar file
77: Specifies a file hierarchy for
1.22 aaron 78: .Nm
1.1 deraadt 79: to traverse.
80: File hierarchies may also be specified as the operands immediately
81: following the options.
1.35 millert 82: .It Fl H
83: Causes the file information and file type (see
84: .Xr stat 2 )
85: returned for each symbolic link encountered on the command line to be
86: those of the file referenced by the link, not the link itself.
87: If the referenced file does not exist, the file information and type will
88: be for the link itself.
89: File information of all symbolic links not on
90: the command line is that of the link itself.
1.1 deraadt 91: .It Fl h
1.35 millert 92: An alias for the
93: .Fl L
94: option.
1.37 david 95: This option exists for backwards compatibility.
1.35 millert 96: .It Fl L
1.16 aaron 97: Causes the file information and file type (see
1.22 aaron 98: .Xr stat 2 )
1.1 deraadt 99: returned for each symbolic link to be those of the file referenced by the
100: link, not the link itself.
101: If the referenced file does not exist, the file information and type will
102: be for the link itself.
103: .It Fl X
1.16 aaron 104: Permit
1.1 deraadt 105: .Nm
106: to be safely used in conjunction with
107: .Xr xargs 1 .
108: If a file name contains any of the delimiting characters used by
109: .Xr xargs ,
110: a diagnostic message is displayed on standard error, and the file
111: is skipped.
1.22 aaron 112: The delimiting characters include single
113: .Pq Ql '
114: and double
115: .Pq Ql \&"
116: quotes, backslash
117: .Pq Ql \e ,
118: space, tab, and newline
119: .Pq Sq \en
120: characters.
1.4 deraadt 121: As an alternative, the
122: .Fl print0
123: function may be used safely in conjunction with the
124: .Fl 0
125: argument to
1.16 aaron 126: .Xr xargs 1 .
1.1 deraadt 127: .It Fl x
1.16 aaron 128: Prevents
1.22 aaron 129: .Nm
1.1 deraadt 130: from descending into directories that have a device number different
131: than that of the file from which the descent began.
1.19 espie 132: .It Fl W
133: Let
134: .Nm
135: take whiteouts into account when scanning directories.
1.1 deraadt 136: .El
137: .Sh PRIMARIES
138: .Bl -tag -width Ds
1.22 aaron 139: .It Ic -amin Ar n
1.15 deraadt 140: True if the difference between the file last access time and the time
1.22 aaron 141: .Nm
1.20 aaron 142: was started, rounded up to the next full minute, is
1.15 deraadt 143: .Ar n
1.20 aaron 144: minutes.
1.24 millert 145: .It Ic -anewer Ar file
146: True if the current file has a more recent last access time than
1.25 aaron 147: .Ar file .
1.22 aaron 148: .It Ic -atime Ar n
1.1 deraadt 149: True if the difference between the file last access time and the time
1.22 aaron 150: .Nm
151: was started, rounded up to the next full 24-hour period, is
1.1 deraadt 152: .Ar n
1.22 aaron 153: 24-hour periods.
154: .It Ic -cmin Ar n
1.15 deraadt 155: True if the difference between the time of last change of file status
156: information and the time
1.22 aaron 157: .Nm
1.20 aaron 158: was started, rounded up to the next full minute, is
1.15 deraadt 159: .Ar n
1.20 aaron 160: minutes.
1.24 millert 161: .It Ic -cnewer Ar file
162: True if the current file has a more recent last change time than
1.25 aaron 163: .Ar file .
1.22 aaron 164: .It Ic -ctime Ar n
1.1 deraadt 165: True if the difference between the time of last change of file status
166: information and the time
1.22 aaron 167: .Nm
168: was started, rounded up to the next full 24-hour period, is
1.1 deraadt 169: .Ar n
1.22 aaron 170: 24-hour periods.
1.8 tholo 171: .It Ic -empty
172: True if the current file or directory is empty.
1.22 aaron 173: .It Ic -exec Ar utility Op argument ... ;
1.1 deraadt 174: True if the program named
175: .Ar utility
176: returns a zero value as its exit status.
177: Optional arguments may be passed to the utility.
1.22 aaron 178: The expression must be terminated by a semicolon
179: .Pq Ql \&; .
180: If the string
181: .Qq {}
182: appears anywhere in the utility name or the
1.1 deraadt 183: arguments it is replaced by the pathname of the current file.
1.16 aaron 184: .Ar utility
1.1 deraadt 185: will be executed from the directory from which
1.22 aaron 186: .Nm
1.1 deraadt 187: was executed.
1.22 aaron 188: .It Ic -execdir Ar utility Op argument ... ;
189: Identical to the
1.10 millert 190: .Ic -exec
191: primary with the exception that
1.16 aaron 192: .Ar utility
1.10 millert 193: will be executed from the directory that holds
1.25 aaron 194: the current file.
195: The filename substituted for the string
1.22 aaron 196: .Qq {}
197: is not qualified.
1.28 millert 198: .It Xo
199: .Ic -flags
200: .Op Fl
201: .Ar flags
202: .Xc
203: The
204: .Ar flags
205: are comma-separated symbolic file flags (see
206: .Xr chflags 1
207: for a list of valid flag names).
208: If the flags are preceded by a dash
209: .Pq Sq \- ,
210: this primary evaluates to true if the file in question has at least
211: one of the file flags specified by
212: .Ar flags .
213: If the flags are not preceded by a dash, this primary evaluates to true if the
214: flags specified exactly match those of the file.
1.2 deraadt 215: .It Ic -follow
216: Follow symbolic links.
1.22 aaron 217: .It Ic -fstype Ar type
1.1 deraadt 218: True if the file is contained in a file system of type
219: .Ar type .
1.22 aaron 220: Two special file system types are recognized:
221: .Dq local
222: and
223: .Dq rdonly .
1.1 deraadt 224: These do not describe actual file system types;
225: the former matches any file system physically mounted on the system where
1.22 aaron 226: .Nm
227: is being executed whereas the latter matches any file system which is
1.1 deraadt 228: mounted read-only.
1.22 aaron 229: .It Ic -group Ar gname
1.1 deraadt 230: True if the file belongs to the group
1.25 aaron 231: .Ar gname .
1.1 deraadt 232: If
233: .Ar gname
234: is numeric and there is no such group name, then
235: .Ar gname
1.16 aaron 236: is treated as a group ID.
1.27 deraadt 237: .It Ic -iname Ar pattern
238: True if the last component of the pathname being examined
239: matches
240: .Ar pattern .
241: Case insensitive.
1.22 aaron 242: .It Ic -inum Ar n
1.1 deraadt 243: True if the file has inode number
1.25 aaron 244: .Ar n .
1.22 aaron 245: .It Ic -links Ar n
1.1 deraadt 246: True if the file has
247: .Ar n
248: links.
249: .It Ic -ls
250: This primary always evaluates to true.
251: The following information for the current file is written to standard output:
1.22 aaron 252: its inode number, size in 512-byte blocks, file permissions, number of hard
1.1 deraadt 253: links, owner, group, size in bytes, last modification time, and pathname.
254: If the file is a block or character special file, the major and minor numbers
255: will be displayed instead of the size in bytes.
1.22 aaron 256: If the file is a symbolic link, the pathname of the linked-to file will be
257: displayed preceded by
258: .Dq \-> .
259: The format is identical to that produced by
260: .Dq ls \-dgils .
1.6 tholo 261: .It Ic -maxdepth Ar n
1.7 tholo 262: True if the current search depth is less than or equal to what is specified in
263: .Ar n .
264: .It Ic -mindepth Ar n
265: True if the current search depth is at least what is specified in
1.6 tholo 266: .Ar n .
1.22 aaron 267: .It Ic -mmin Ar n
1.15 deraadt 268: True if the difference between the file last modification time and the time
1.22 aaron 269: .Nm
1.20 aaron 270: was started, rounded up to the next full minute, is
1.15 deraadt 271: .Ar n
1.20 aaron 272: minutes.
1.22 aaron 273: .It Ic -mtime Ar n
1.1 deraadt 274: True if the difference between the file last modification time and the time
1.22 aaron 275: .Nm
276: was started, rounded up to the next full 24-hour period, is
1.1 deraadt 277: .Ar n
1.22 aaron 278: 24-hour periods.
279: .It Ic -name Ar pattern
1.1 deraadt 280: True if the last component of the pathname being examined matches
1.25 aaron 281: .Ar pattern .
1.22 aaron 282: Special shell pattern matching characters
283: .Pf ( Ql [ ,
284: .Ql \&] ,
285: .Ql * ,
286: and
287: .Ql ? )
1.1 deraadt 288: may be used as part of
1.25 aaron 289: .Ar pattern .
1.1 deraadt 290: These characters may be matched explicitly by escaping them with a
1.22 aaron 291: backslash
292: .Pq Ql \e .
293: .It Ic -newer Ar file
1.1 deraadt 294: True if the current file has a more recent last modification time than
1.25 aaron 295: .Ar file .
1.1 deraadt 296: .It Ic -nouser
297: True if the file belongs to an unknown user.
298: .It Ic -nogroup
299: True if the file belongs to an unknown group.
1.22 aaron 300: .It Ic \&-ok Ar utility Op argument ... ;
301: Identical to the
302: .Ic -exec
303: primary with the exception that
304: .Nm
305: requests user affirmation for the execution of
306: .Ar utility
307: by printing
308: a message to the terminal and reading a response.
309: If the response is other than
310: .Sq y
311: the command is not executed and the
312: value of the
313: .Ic \&ok
314: expression is false.
315: .It Ic -path Ar pattern
1.1 deraadt 316: True if the pathname being examined matches
1.25 aaron 317: .Ar pattern .
1.22 aaron 318: Special shell pattern matching characters
319: .Pf ( Ql [ ,
320: .Ql \&] ,
321: .Ql * ,
322: and
323: .Ql ? )
1.1 deraadt 324: may be used as part of
1.25 aaron 325: .Ar pattern .
1.1 deraadt 326: These characters may be matched explicitly by escaping them with a
1.22 aaron 327: backslash
328: .Pq Ql \e .
329: Slashes
330: .Pq Ql /
331: are treated as normal characters and do not have to be
1.1 deraadt 332: matched explicitly.
1.21 aaron 333: .It Xo
334: .Ic -perm
335: .Op Fl
336: .Ar mode
337: .Xc
1.1 deraadt 338: The
339: .Ar mode
340: may be either symbolic (see
1.25 aaron 341: .Xr chmod 1 )
1.1 deraadt 342: or an octal number.
343: If the mode is symbolic, a starting value of zero is assumed and the
1.16 aaron 344: mode sets or clears permissions without regard to the process's file mode
1.1 deraadt 345: creation mask.
346: If the mode is octal, only bits 07777
347: .Pf ( Dv S_ISUID
348: |
349: .Dv S_ISGID
350: |
351: .Dv S_ISTXT
352: |
353: .Dv S_IRWXU
354: |
355: .Dv S_IRWXG
356: |
357: .Dv S_IRWXO )
358: of the file's mode bits participate
359: in the comparison.
1.22 aaron 360: If the mode is preceded by a dash
361: .Pq Sq \- ,
362: this primary evaluates to true
1.1 deraadt 363: if at least all of the bits in the mode are set in the file's mode bits.
1.22 aaron 364: If the mode is not preceded by a dash, this primary evaluates to
1.16 aaron 365: true if the bits in the mode exactly match the file's mode bits.
1.22 aaron 366: Note, the first character of a symbolic mode may not be a dash.
1.1 deraadt 367: .It Ic -print
368: This primary always evaluates to true.
369: It prints the pathname of the current file to standard output, followed
1.22 aaron 370: by a newline
371: .Pq Ql \en
372: character.
1.1 deraadt 373: If neither
374: .Ic -exec ,
375: .Ic -ls ,
376: .Ic -ok ,
377: nor
378: .Ic -print0
379: is specified, the given expression shall be effectively replaced by
1.22 aaron 380: .Cm \&( Ns Ar given\& expression Ns Cm \&)
1.1 deraadt 381: .Ic -print .
382: .It Ic -print0
383: This primary always evaluates to true.
384: It prints the pathname of the current file to standard output, followed
385: by a null character.
386: .It Ic -prune
387: This primary always evaluates to true.
388: It causes
1.22 aaron 389: .Nm
1.1 deraadt 390: to not descend into the current file.
391: Note, the
392: .Ic -prune
393: primary has no effect if the
394: .Fl d
395: option was specified.
1.22 aaron 396: .It Ic -size Ar n Ns Op Cm c
397: True if the file's size, rounded up, in 512-byte blocks is
1.25 aaron 398: .Ar n .
1.1 deraadt 399: If
400: .Ar n
1.22 aaron 401: is followed by a
402: .Sq c ,
403: then the primary is true if the
1.1 deraadt 404: file's size is
405: .Ar n
406: bytes.
1.22 aaron 407: .It Ic -type Ar t
1.1 deraadt 408: True if the file is of the specified type.
409: Possible file types are as follows:
410: .Pp
411: .Bl -tag -width flag -offset indent -compact
1.3 deraadt 412: .It Cm W
1.22 aaron 413: whiteout (currently, these won't even be visible without also specifying
1.19 espie 414: .Fl W )
1.1 deraadt 415: .It Cm b
416: block special
417: .It Cm c
418: character special
419: .It Cm d
420: directory
421: .It Cm f
422: regular file
423: .It Cm l
424: symbolic link
425: .It Cm p
426: FIFO
427: .It Cm s
428: socket
429: .El
430: .Pp
1.22 aaron 431: .It Ic -user Ar uname
1.1 deraadt 432: True if the file belongs to the user
1.25 aaron 433: .Ar uname .
1.1 deraadt 434: If
435: .Ar uname
436: is numeric and there is no such user name, then
437: .Ar uname
1.16 aaron 438: is treated as a user ID.
1.1 deraadt 439: .El
440: .Pp
441: All primaries which take a numeric argument allow the number to be
1.22 aaron 442: preceded by a plus sign
443: .Pq Ql +
444: or a minus sign
445: .Pq Ql \- .
446: A preceding plus sign means
447: .Dq more than n ,
448: a preceding minus sign means
449: .Dq less than n ,
450: and neither means
451: .Dq exactly n .
1.1 deraadt 452: .Sh OPERATORS
453: The primaries may be combined using the following operators.
454: The operators are listed in order of decreasing precedence.
1.22 aaron 455: .Bl -tag -width (expression)
456: .It Cm \&( Ns Ar expression Ns Cm \&)
1.1 deraadt 457: This evaluates to true if the parenthesized expression evaluates to
458: true.
459: .Pp
1.22 aaron 460: .It Cm \&! Ns Ar expression
1.1 deraadt 461: This is the unary
462: .Tn NOT
463: operator.
464: It evaluates to true if the expression is false.
465: .Pp
1.22 aaron 466: .It Ar expression Cm -and Ar expression
467: .It Ar expression expression
1.1 deraadt 468: The
469: .Cm -and
470: operator is the logical
471: .Tn AND
472: operator.
473: As it is implied by the juxtaposition of two expressions it does not
474: have to be specified.
475: The expression evaluates to true if both expressions are true.
476: The second expression is not evaluated if the first expression is false.
477: .Pp
1.22 aaron 478: .It Ar expression Cm -or Ar expression
1.1 deraadt 479: The
480: .Cm -or
481: operator is the logical
482: .Tn OR
483: operator.
484: The expression evaluates to true if either the first or the second expression
485: is true.
486: The second expression is not evaluated if the first expression is true.
487: .El
488: .Pp
489: All operands and primaries must be separate arguments to
1.22 aaron 490: .Nm find .
1.1 deraadt 491: Primaries which themselves take arguments expect each argument
492: to be a separate argument to
1.22 aaron 493: .Nm find .
1.1 deraadt 494: .Sh EXAMPLES
495: The following examples are shown as given to the shell:
496: .Bl -tag -width findx
1.36 deraadt 497: .It Li "$ find / \e! -name \*q*.c\*q -print"
1.22 aaron 498: Print out a list of all the files whose names do not end in
1.31 deraadt 499: .Dq \&.c .
1.36 deraadt 500: .It Li "$ find / -newer ttt -user wnj -print"
1.22 aaron 501: Print out a list of all the files owned by user
502: .Dq wnj
503: that are newer
504: than the file
505: .Dq ttt .
1.36 deraadt 506: .It Li "$ find / \e! \e( -newer ttt -user wnj \e) -print"
1.22 aaron 507: Print out a list of all the files which are not both newer than
508: .Dq ttt
509: and owned by
510: .Dq wnj .
1.36 deraadt 511: .It Li "$ find / \e( -newer ttt -or -user wnj \e) -print"
1.22 aaron 512: Print out a list of all the files that are either owned by
513: .Dq wnj
514: or
515: that are newer than
516: .Dq ttt .
1.1 deraadt 517: .El
518: .Sh SEE ALSO
1.29 millert 519: .Xr chflags 1 ,
1.1 deraadt 520: .Xr chmod 1 ,
521: .Xr locate 1 ,
1.23 aaron 522: .Xr whereis 1 ,
523: .Xr which 1 ,
1.1 deraadt 524: .Xr stat 2 ,
525: .Xr fts 3 ,
1.16 aaron 526: .Xr getgrent 3 ,
1.1 deraadt 527: .Xr getpwent 3 ,
528: .Xr strmode 3 ,
529: .Xr symlink 7
530: .Sh STANDARDS
531: The
1.22 aaron 532: .Nm
1.1 deraadt 533: utility syntax is a superset of the syntax specified by the
534: .St -p1003.2
535: standard.
536: .Pp
1.13 deraadt 537: The options and primaries
1.18 deraadt 538: .Ic -amin ,
539: .Ic -cmin ,
1.9 tholo 540: .Ic -empty ,
1.1 deraadt 541: .Ic -follow ,
542: .Ic -fstype ,
1.27 deraadt 543: .Ic -iname ,
1.2 deraadt 544: .Ic -inum ,
1.1 deraadt 545: .Ic -links ,
1.9 tholo 546: .Ic -ls ,
1.18 deraadt 547: .Ic -mmin ,
1.9 tholo 548: .Ic -maxdepth ,
1.13 deraadt 549: .Ic -mindepth ,
550: .Ic -execdir ,
1.1 deraadt 551: and
552: .Ic -print0
1.13 deraadt 553: are extensions to
1.1 deraadt 554: .St -p1003.2 .
1.27 deraadt 555: The
556: .Ic -iname
557: option was inspired by GNU find.
1.1 deraadt 558: .Pp
559: Historically, the
560: .Fl d ,
1.26 aaron 561: .Fl H ,
1.1 deraadt 562: and
563: .Fl x
1.14 deraadt 564: options were implemented using the primaries
565: .Ic -depth ,
566: .Ic -follow ,
567: and
568: .Ic -xdev .
1.1 deraadt 569: These primaries always evaluated to true.
570: As they were really global variables that took effect before the traversal
571: began, some legal expressions could have unexpected results.
1.22 aaron 572: An example is the expression
573: .Dq \-print \-o \-depth .
574: As
575: .Cm \-print
576: always evaluates to true, the standard order of evaluation
577: implies that
578: .Cm \-depth
579: would never be evaluated.
1.1 deraadt 580: This is not the case.
581: .Pp
1.22 aaron 582: The operator
583: .Cm -or
584: was implemented as
585: .Cm \-o ,
586: and the operator
587: .Cm -and
588: was implemented as
589: .Cm \-a .
1.1 deraadt 590: .Pp
591: Historic implementations of the
592: .Ic -exec
593: and
594: .Ic -ok
1.22 aaron 595: primaries did not replace the string
596: .Qq {}
597: in the utility name or the
1.1 deraadt 598: utility arguments if it had preceding or following non-whitespace characters.
599: This version replaces it no matter where in the utility name or arguments
600: it appears.
1.30 aaron 601: .Sh HISTORY
602: A
603: .Nm
604: command appeared in
605: .At v1 .
1.1 deraadt 606: .Sh BUGS
607: The special characters used by
1.22 aaron 608: .Nm
1.1 deraadt 609: are also special characters to many shell programs.
1.22 aaron 610: In particular, the characters
611: .Ql * ,
612: .Ql [ ,
613: .Ql \&] ,
614: .Ql ? ,
615: .Ql ( ,
616: .Ql \&) ,
617: .Ql ! ,
618: .Ql \e ,
619: and
620: .Ql \&;
621: may have to be escaped from the shell.
1.1 deraadt 622: .Pp
623: As there is no delimiter separating options and file names or file
624: names and the
625: .Ar expression ,
1.22 aaron 626: it is difficult to specify files named
627: .Dq -xdev
628: or
629: .Dq ! .
1.1 deraadt 630: These problems are handled by the
631: .Fl f
632: option and the
633: .Xr getopt 3
1.22 aaron 634: .Dq \-\-
635: construct.
1.19 espie 636: .Pp
637: The
638: .Fl W
1.26 aaron 639: option is probably not the most elegant way to handle whiteouts.
640: It may be replaced by a more sophisticated algorithm eventually.