Annotation of src/usr.bin/find/find.1, Revision 1.41
1.41 ! millert 1: .\" $OpenBSD: find.1,v 1.40 2003/09/02 18:50:06 jmc Exp $
1.1 deraadt 2: .\" Copyright (c) 1990, 1993
3: .\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved.
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5: .\" This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
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1.1 deraadt 17: .\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
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32: .\" from: @(#)find.1 8.1 (Berkeley) 6/6/93
33: .\"
1.24 millert 34: .Dd December 4, 1999
1.1 deraadt 35: .Dt FIND 1
36: .Os
37: .Sh NAME
38: .Nm find
39: .Nd walk a file hierarchy
40: .Sh SYNOPSIS
41: .Nm find
1.35 millert 42: .Op Fl dHhLXxW
1.1 deraadt 43: .Op Fl f Ar file
1.32 heko 44: .Ar file Op Ar ...
1.34 deraadt 45: .Op Ar expression
1.1 deraadt 46: .Sh DESCRIPTION
1.22 aaron 47: .Nm
1.1 deraadt 48: recursively descends the directory tree for each
49: .Ar file
50: listed, evaluating an
51: .Ar expression
1.22 aaron 52: (composed of the
53: .Dq primaries
54: and
1.33 hugh 55: .Dq operands
1.22 aaron 56: listed below) in terms
1.12 millert 57: of each file in the tree.
1.34 deraadt 58: In the absence of an expression,
59: .Ic -print
60: is assumed.
1.1 deraadt 61: .Pp
62: The options are as follows:
63: .Bl -tag -width Ds
64: .It Fl d
1.16 aaron 65: Causes
1.22 aaron 66: .Nm
67: to perform a depth-first traversal, i.e., directories
68: are visited in post-order and all entries in a directory will be acted
1.1 deraadt 69: on before the directory itself.
70: By default,
1.22 aaron 71: .Nm
72: visits directories in pre-order, i.e., before their contents.
1.1 deraadt 73: Note, the default is
1.22 aaron 74: .Em not
75: a breadth-first traversal.
1.16 aaron 76: .It Fl f Ar file
77: Specifies a file hierarchy for
1.22 aaron 78: .Nm
1.1 deraadt 79: to traverse.
80: File hierarchies may also be specified as the operands immediately
81: following the options.
1.35 millert 82: .It Fl H
83: Causes the file information and file type (see
84: .Xr stat 2 )
85: returned for each symbolic link encountered on the command line to be
86: those of the file referenced by the link, not the link itself.
87: If the referenced file does not exist, the file information and type will
88: be for the link itself.
89: File information of all symbolic links not on
90: the command line is that of the link itself.
1.1 deraadt 91: .It Fl h
1.35 millert 92: An alias for the
93: .Fl L
94: option.
1.37 david 95: This option exists for backwards compatibility.
1.35 millert 96: .It Fl L
1.16 aaron 97: Causes the file information and file type (see
1.22 aaron 98: .Xr stat 2 )
1.1 deraadt 99: returned for each symbolic link to be those of the file referenced by the
100: link, not the link itself.
101: If the referenced file does not exist, the file information and type will
102: be for the link itself.
103: .It Fl X
1.16 aaron 104: Permit
1.1 deraadt 105: .Nm
106: to be safely used in conjunction with
107: .Xr xargs 1 .
108: If a file name contains any of the delimiting characters used by
109: .Xr xargs ,
110: a diagnostic message is displayed on standard error, and the file
111: is skipped.
1.22 aaron 112: The delimiting characters include single
113: .Pq Ql '
114: and double
115: .Pq Ql \&"
116: quotes, backslash
117: .Pq Ql \e ,
118: space, tab, and newline
119: .Pq Sq \en
120: characters.
1.41 ! millert 121: Alternatively, the
1.4 deraadt 122: .Fl print0
1.41 ! millert 123: primary may be used in conjunction with the
1.4 deraadt 124: .Fl 0
1.41 ! millert 125: option to
! 126: .Xr xargs 1 ,
! 127: allowing all file names to be processed safely.
1.1 deraadt 128: .It Fl x
1.16 aaron 129: Prevents
1.22 aaron 130: .Nm
1.1 deraadt 131: from descending into directories that have a device number different
132: than that of the file from which the descent began.
1.19 espie 133: .It Fl W
134: Let
135: .Nm
136: take whiteouts into account when scanning directories.
1.1 deraadt 137: .El
138: .Sh PRIMARIES
139: .Bl -tag -width Ds
1.22 aaron 140: .It Ic -amin Ar n
1.15 deraadt 141: True if the difference between the file last access time and the time
1.22 aaron 142: .Nm
1.20 aaron 143: was started, rounded up to the next full minute, is
1.15 deraadt 144: .Ar n
1.20 aaron 145: minutes.
1.24 millert 146: .It Ic -anewer Ar file
147: True if the current file has a more recent last access time than
1.25 aaron 148: .Ar file .
1.22 aaron 149: .It Ic -atime Ar n
1.1 deraadt 150: True if the difference between the file last access time and the time
1.22 aaron 151: .Nm
152: was started, rounded up to the next full 24-hour period, is
1.1 deraadt 153: .Ar n
1.22 aaron 154: 24-hour periods.
155: .It Ic -cmin Ar n
1.15 deraadt 156: True if the difference between the time of last change of file status
157: information and the time
1.22 aaron 158: .Nm
1.20 aaron 159: was started, rounded up to the next full minute, is
1.15 deraadt 160: .Ar n
1.20 aaron 161: minutes.
1.24 millert 162: .It Ic -cnewer Ar file
163: True if the current file has a more recent last change time than
1.25 aaron 164: .Ar file .
1.22 aaron 165: .It Ic -ctime Ar n
1.1 deraadt 166: True if the difference between the time of last change of file status
167: information and the time
1.22 aaron 168: .Nm
169: was started, rounded up to the next full 24-hour period, is
1.1 deraadt 170: .Ar n
1.22 aaron 171: 24-hour periods.
1.8 tholo 172: .It Ic -empty
173: True if the current file or directory is empty.
1.22 aaron 174: .It Ic -exec Ar utility Op argument ... ;
1.1 deraadt 175: True if the program named
176: .Ar utility
177: returns a zero value as its exit status.
178: Optional arguments may be passed to the utility.
1.22 aaron 179: The expression must be terminated by a semicolon
180: .Pq Ql \&; .
181: If the string
182: .Qq {}
183: appears anywhere in the utility name or the
1.1 deraadt 184: arguments it is replaced by the pathname of the current file.
1.16 aaron 185: .Ar utility
1.1 deraadt 186: will be executed from the directory from which
1.22 aaron 187: .Nm
1.1 deraadt 188: was executed.
1.22 aaron 189: .It Ic -execdir Ar utility Op argument ... ;
190: Identical to the
1.10 millert 191: .Ic -exec
192: primary with the exception that
1.16 aaron 193: .Ar utility
1.10 millert 194: will be executed from the directory that holds
1.25 aaron 195: the current file.
196: The filename substituted for the string
1.22 aaron 197: .Qq {}
198: is not qualified.
1.28 millert 199: .It Xo
200: .Ic -flags
201: .Op Fl
202: .Ar flags
203: .Xc
204: The
205: .Ar flags
206: are comma-separated symbolic file flags (see
207: .Xr chflags 1
208: for a list of valid flag names).
209: If the flags are preceded by a dash
210: .Pq Sq \- ,
211: this primary evaluates to true if the file in question has at least
212: one of the file flags specified by
213: .Ar flags .
214: If the flags are not preceded by a dash, this primary evaluates to true if the
215: flags specified exactly match those of the file.
1.2 deraadt 216: .It Ic -follow
217: Follow symbolic links.
1.22 aaron 218: .It Ic -fstype Ar type
1.1 deraadt 219: True if the file is contained in a file system of type
220: .Ar type .
1.22 aaron 221: Two special file system types are recognized:
222: .Dq local
223: and
224: .Dq rdonly .
1.1 deraadt 225: These do not describe actual file system types;
226: the former matches any file system physically mounted on the system where
1.22 aaron 227: .Nm
228: is being executed whereas the latter matches any file system which is
1.1 deraadt 229: mounted read-only.
1.22 aaron 230: .It Ic -group Ar gname
1.1 deraadt 231: True if the file belongs to the group
1.25 aaron 232: .Ar gname .
1.1 deraadt 233: If
234: .Ar gname
235: is numeric and there is no such group name, then
236: .Ar gname
1.16 aaron 237: is treated as a group ID.
1.27 deraadt 238: .It Ic -iname Ar pattern
239: True if the last component of the pathname being examined
240: matches
241: .Ar pattern .
242: Case insensitive.
1.22 aaron 243: .It Ic -inum Ar n
1.1 deraadt 244: True if the file has inode number
1.25 aaron 245: .Ar n .
1.22 aaron 246: .It Ic -links Ar n
1.1 deraadt 247: True if the file has
248: .Ar n
249: links.
250: .It Ic -ls
251: This primary always evaluates to true.
252: The following information for the current file is written to standard output:
1.22 aaron 253: its inode number, size in 512-byte blocks, file permissions, number of hard
1.1 deraadt 254: links, owner, group, size in bytes, last modification time, and pathname.
255: If the file is a block or character special file, the major and minor numbers
256: will be displayed instead of the size in bytes.
1.22 aaron 257: If the file is a symbolic link, the pathname of the linked-to file will be
258: displayed preceded by
259: .Dq \-> .
260: The format is identical to that produced by
261: .Dq ls \-dgils .
1.6 tholo 262: .It Ic -maxdepth Ar n
1.7 tholo 263: True if the current search depth is less than or equal to what is specified in
264: .Ar n .
265: .It Ic -mindepth Ar n
266: True if the current search depth is at least what is specified in
1.6 tholo 267: .Ar n .
1.22 aaron 268: .It Ic -mmin Ar n
1.15 deraadt 269: True if the difference between the file last modification time and the time
1.22 aaron 270: .Nm
1.20 aaron 271: was started, rounded up to the next full minute, is
1.15 deraadt 272: .Ar n
1.20 aaron 273: minutes.
1.22 aaron 274: .It Ic -mtime Ar n
1.1 deraadt 275: True if the difference between the file last modification time and the time
1.22 aaron 276: .Nm
277: was started, rounded up to the next full 24-hour period, is
1.1 deraadt 278: .Ar n
1.22 aaron 279: 24-hour periods.
280: .It Ic -name Ar pattern
1.1 deraadt 281: True if the last component of the pathname being examined matches
1.25 aaron 282: .Ar pattern .
1.22 aaron 283: Special shell pattern matching characters
284: .Pf ( Ql [ ,
285: .Ql \&] ,
286: .Ql * ,
287: and
1.40 jmc 288: .Ql \&? )
1.1 deraadt 289: may be used as part of
1.25 aaron 290: .Ar pattern .
1.1 deraadt 291: These characters may be matched explicitly by escaping them with a
1.22 aaron 292: backslash
293: .Pq Ql \e .
294: .It Ic -newer Ar file
1.1 deraadt 295: True if the current file has a more recent last modification time than
1.25 aaron 296: .Ar file .
1.1 deraadt 297: .It Ic -nouser
298: True if the file belongs to an unknown user.
299: .It Ic -nogroup
300: True if the file belongs to an unknown group.
1.22 aaron 301: .It Ic \&-ok Ar utility Op argument ... ;
302: Identical to the
303: .Ic -exec
304: primary with the exception that
305: .Nm
306: requests user affirmation for the execution of
307: .Ar utility
308: by printing
309: a message to the terminal and reading a response.
310: If the response is other than
311: .Sq y
312: the command is not executed and the
313: value of the
314: .Ic \&ok
315: expression is false.
316: .It Ic -path Ar pattern
1.1 deraadt 317: True if the pathname being examined matches
1.25 aaron 318: .Ar pattern .
1.22 aaron 319: Special shell pattern matching characters
320: .Pf ( Ql [ ,
321: .Ql \&] ,
322: .Ql * ,
323: and
1.40 jmc 324: .Ql \&? )
1.1 deraadt 325: may be used as part of
1.25 aaron 326: .Ar pattern .
1.1 deraadt 327: These characters may be matched explicitly by escaping them with a
1.22 aaron 328: backslash
329: .Pq Ql \e .
330: Slashes
331: .Pq Ql /
332: are treated as normal characters and do not have to be
1.1 deraadt 333: matched explicitly.
1.21 aaron 334: .It Xo
335: .Ic -perm
336: .Op Fl
337: .Ar mode
338: .Xc
1.1 deraadt 339: The
340: .Ar mode
341: may be either symbolic (see
1.25 aaron 342: .Xr chmod 1 )
1.1 deraadt 343: or an octal number.
344: If the mode is symbolic, a starting value of zero is assumed and the
1.16 aaron 345: mode sets or clears permissions without regard to the process's file mode
1.1 deraadt 346: creation mask.
347: If the mode is octal, only bits 07777
348: .Pf ( Dv S_ISUID
349: |
350: .Dv S_ISGID
351: |
352: .Dv S_ISTXT
353: |
354: .Dv S_IRWXU
355: |
356: .Dv S_IRWXG
357: |
358: .Dv S_IRWXO )
359: of the file's mode bits participate
360: in the comparison.
1.22 aaron 361: If the mode is preceded by a dash
362: .Pq Sq \- ,
363: this primary evaluates to true
1.1 deraadt 364: if at least all of the bits in the mode are set in the file's mode bits.
1.22 aaron 365: If the mode is not preceded by a dash, this primary evaluates to
1.16 aaron 366: true if the bits in the mode exactly match the file's mode bits.
1.22 aaron 367: Note, the first character of a symbolic mode may not be a dash.
1.1 deraadt 368: .It Ic -print
369: This primary always evaluates to true.
370: It prints the pathname of the current file to standard output, followed
1.22 aaron 371: by a newline
372: .Pq Ql \en
373: character.
1.1 deraadt 374: If neither
375: .Ic -exec ,
376: .Ic -ls ,
377: .Ic -ok ,
378: nor
379: .Ic -print0
380: is specified, the given expression shall be effectively replaced by
1.22 aaron 381: .Cm \&( Ns Ar given\& expression Ns Cm \&)
1.1 deraadt 382: .Ic -print .
383: .It Ic -print0
384: This primary always evaluates to true.
385: It prints the pathname of the current file to standard output, followed
386: by a null character.
387: .It Ic -prune
388: This primary always evaluates to true.
389: It causes
1.22 aaron 390: .Nm
1.1 deraadt 391: to not descend into the current file.
392: Note, the
393: .Ic -prune
394: primary has no effect if the
395: .Fl d
396: option was specified.
1.22 aaron 397: .It Ic -size Ar n Ns Op Cm c
398: True if the file's size, rounded up, in 512-byte blocks is
1.25 aaron 399: .Ar n .
1.1 deraadt 400: If
401: .Ar n
1.22 aaron 402: is followed by a
403: .Sq c ,
404: then the primary is true if the
1.1 deraadt 405: file's size is
406: .Ar n
407: bytes.
1.22 aaron 408: .It Ic -type Ar t
1.1 deraadt 409: True if the file is of the specified type.
410: Possible file types are as follows:
411: .Pp
412: .Bl -tag -width flag -offset indent -compact
1.3 deraadt 413: .It Cm W
1.22 aaron 414: whiteout (currently, these won't even be visible without also specifying
1.19 espie 415: .Fl W )
1.1 deraadt 416: .It Cm b
417: block special
418: .It Cm c
419: character special
420: .It Cm d
421: directory
422: .It Cm f
423: regular file
424: .It Cm l
425: symbolic link
426: .It Cm p
427: FIFO
428: .It Cm s
429: socket
430: .El
431: .Pp
1.22 aaron 432: .It Ic -user Ar uname
1.1 deraadt 433: True if the file belongs to the user
1.25 aaron 434: .Ar uname .
1.1 deraadt 435: If
436: .Ar uname
437: is numeric and there is no such user name, then
438: .Ar uname
1.16 aaron 439: is treated as a user ID.
1.1 deraadt 440: .El
441: .Pp
442: All primaries which take a numeric argument allow the number to be
1.22 aaron 443: preceded by a plus sign
444: .Pq Ql +
445: or a minus sign
446: .Pq Ql \- .
447: A preceding plus sign means
448: .Dq more than n ,
449: a preceding minus sign means
450: .Dq less than n ,
451: and neither means
452: .Dq exactly n .
1.1 deraadt 453: .Sh OPERATORS
454: The primaries may be combined using the following operators.
455: The operators are listed in order of decreasing precedence.
1.22 aaron 456: .Bl -tag -width (expression)
457: .It Cm \&( Ns Ar expression Ns Cm \&)
1.1 deraadt 458: This evaluates to true if the parenthesized expression evaluates to
459: true.
460: .Pp
1.22 aaron 461: .It Cm \&! Ns Ar expression
1.1 deraadt 462: This is the unary
463: .Tn NOT
464: operator.
465: It evaluates to true if the expression is false.
466: .Pp
1.22 aaron 467: .It Ar expression Cm -and Ar expression
468: .It Ar expression expression
1.1 deraadt 469: The
470: .Cm -and
471: operator is the logical
472: .Tn AND
473: operator.
474: As it is implied by the juxtaposition of two expressions it does not
475: have to be specified.
476: The expression evaluates to true if both expressions are true.
477: The second expression is not evaluated if the first expression is false.
478: .Pp
1.22 aaron 479: .It Ar expression Cm -or Ar expression
1.1 deraadt 480: The
481: .Cm -or
482: operator is the logical
483: .Tn OR
484: operator.
485: The expression evaluates to true if either the first or the second expression
486: is true.
487: The second expression is not evaluated if the first expression is true.
488: .El
489: .Pp
490: All operands and primaries must be separate arguments to
1.22 aaron 491: .Nm find .
1.1 deraadt 492: Primaries which themselves take arguments expect each argument
493: to be a separate argument to
1.22 aaron 494: .Nm find .
1.1 deraadt 495: .Sh EXAMPLES
496: The following examples are shown as given to the shell:
497: .Bl -tag -width findx
1.36 deraadt 498: .It Li "$ find / \e! -name \*q*.c\*q -print"
1.22 aaron 499: Print out a list of all the files whose names do not end in
1.31 deraadt 500: .Dq \&.c .
1.36 deraadt 501: .It Li "$ find / -newer ttt -user wnj -print"
1.22 aaron 502: Print out a list of all the files owned by user
503: .Dq wnj
504: that are newer
505: than the file
506: .Dq ttt .
1.36 deraadt 507: .It Li "$ find / \e! \e( -newer ttt -user wnj \e) -print"
1.22 aaron 508: Print out a list of all the files which are not both newer than
509: .Dq ttt
510: and owned by
511: .Dq wnj .
1.36 deraadt 512: .It Li "$ find / \e( -newer ttt -or -user wnj \e) -print"
1.22 aaron 513: Print out a list of all the files that are either owned by
514: .Dq wnj
515: or
516: that are newer than
517: .Dq ttt .
1.39 millert 518: .It Li "$ find / \e! -fstype local -prune -or -name '*.core' -print"
519: Print out a list of all core files on local file systems.
1.1 deraadt 520: .El
521: .Sh SEE ALSO
1.29 millert 522: .Xr chflags 1 ,
1.1 deraadt 523: .Xr chmod 1 ,
524: .Xr locate 1 ,
1.23 aaron 525: .Xr whereis 1 ,
526: .Xr which 1 ,
1.41 ! millert 527: .Xr xargs 1 ,
1.1 deraadt 528: .Xr stat 2 ,
529: .Xr fts 3 ,
1.16 aaron 530: .Xr getgrent 3 ,
1.1 deraadt 531: .Xr getpwent 3 ,
532: .Xr strmode 3 ,
533: .Xr symlink 7
534: .Sh STANDARDS
535: The
1.22 aaron 536: .Nm
1.1 deraadt 537: utility syntax is a superset of the syntax specified by the
538: .St -p1003.2
539: standard.
540: .Pp
1.13 deraadt 541: The options and primaries
1.18 deraadt 542: .Ic -amin ,
543: .Ic -cmin ,
1.9 tholo 544: .Ic -empty ,
1.1 deraadt 545: .Ic -follow ,
546: .Ic -fstype ,
1.27 deraadt 547: .Ic -iname ,
1.2 deraadt 548: .Ic -inum ,
1.1 deraadt 549: .Ic -links ,
1.9 tholo 550: .Ic -ls ,
1.18 deraadt 551: .Ic -mmin ,
1.9 tholo 552: .Ic -maxdepth ,
1.13 deraadt 553: .Ic -mindepth ,
554: .Ic -execdir ,
1.1 deraadt 555: and
556: .Ic -print0
1.13 deraadt 557: are extensions to
1.1 deraadt 558: .St -p1003.2 .
1.27 deraadt 559: The
560: .Ic -iname
561: option was inspired by GNU find.
1.1 deraadt 562: .Pp
563: Historically, the
564: .Fl d ,
1.26 aaron 565: .Fl H ,
1.1 deraadt 566: and
567: .Fl x
1.14 deraadt 568: options were implemented using the primaries
569: .Ic -depth ,
570: .Ic -follow ,
571: and
572: .Ic -xdev .
1.1 deraadt 573: These primaries always evaluated to true.
574: As they were really global variables that took effect before the traversal
575: began, some legal expressions could have unexpected results.
1.22 aaron 576: An example is the expression
577: .Dq \-print \-o \-depth .
578: As
579: .Cm \-print
580: always evaluates to true, the standard order of evaluation
581: implies that
582: .Cm \-depth
583: would never be evaluated.
1.1 deraadt 584: This is not the case.
585: .Pp
1.22 aaron 586: The operator
587: .Cm -or
588: was implemented as
589: .Cm \-o ,
590: and the operator
591: .Cm -and
592: was implemented as
593: .Cm \-a .
1.1 deraadt 594: .Pp
595: Historic implementations of the
596: .Ic -exec
597: and
598: .Ic -ok
1.22 aaron 599: primaries did not replace the string
600: .Qq {}
601: in the utility name or the
1.1 deraadt 602: utility arguments if it had preceding or following non-whitespace characters.
603: This version replaces it no matter where in the utility name or arguments
604: it appears.
1.30 aaron 605: .Sh HISTORY
606: A
607: .Nm
608: command appeared in
609: .At v1 .
1.1 deraadt 610: .Sh BUGS
611: The special characters used by
1.22 aaron 612: .Nm
1.1 deraadt 613: are also special characters to many shell programs.
1.22 aaron 614: In particular, the characters
615: .Ql * ,
616: .Ql [ ,
617: .Ql \&] ,
1.40 jmc 618: .Ql \&? ,
1.22 aaron 619: .Ql ( ,
620: .Ql \&) ,
1.40 jmc 621: .Ql \&! ,
1.22 aaron 622: .Ql \e ,
623: and
624: .Ql \&;
625: may have to be escaped from the shell.
1.1 deraadt 626: .Pp
627: As there is no delimiter separating options and file names or file
628: names and the
629: .Ar expression ,
1.22 aaron 630: it is difficult to specify files named
631: .Dq -xdev
632: or
1.40 jmc 633: .Dq \&! .
1.1 deraadt 634: These problems are handled by the
635: .Fl f
636: option and the
637: .Xr getopt 3
1.22 aaron 638: .Dq \-\-
639: construct.
1.19 espie 640: .Pp
641: The
642: .Fl W
1.26 aaron 643: option is probably not the most elegant way to handle whiteouts.
644: It may be replaced by a more sophisticated algorithm eventually.
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