Annotation of src/usr.bin/find/find.1, Revision 1.46
1.46 ! jmc 1: .\" $OpenBSD: find.1,v 1.45 2005/03/14 15:22:27 jmc Exp $
1.1 deraadt 2: .\" Copyright (c) 1990, 1993
3: .\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved.
4: .\"
5: .\" This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
6: .\" the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.
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9: .\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
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13: .\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
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1.38 millert 16: .\" 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
1.1 deraadt 17: .\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
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32: .\" from: @(#)find.1 8.1 (Berkeley) 6/6/93
33: .\"
1.24 millert 34: .Dd December 4, 1999
1.1 deraadt 35: .Dt FIND 1
36: .Os
37: .Sh NAME
38: .Nm find
39: .Nd walk a file hierarchy
40: .Sh SYNOPSIS
41: .Nm find
1.42 jmc 42: .Op Fl dHhLWXx
1.43 jaredy 43: .Op Fl f Ar path
44: .Ar path ...\&
1.34 deraadt 45: .Op Ar expression
1.1 deraadt 46: .Sh DESCRIPTION
1.22 aaron 47: .Nm
1.1 deraadt 48: recursively descends the directory tree for each
1.43 jaredy 49: .Ar path
1.1 deraadt 50: listed, evaluating an
51: .Ar expression
1.22 aaron 52: (composed of the
53: .Dq primaries
54: and
1.33 hugh 55: .Dq operands
1.22 aaron 56: listed below) in terms
1.12 millert 57: of each file in the tree.
1.34 deraadt 58: In the absence of an expression,
59: .Ic -print
60: is assumed.
1.1 deraadt 61: .Pp
62: The options are as follows:
63: .Bl -tag -width Ds
64: .It Fl d
1.16 aaron 65: Causes
1.22 aaron 66: .Nm
1.45 jmc 67: to visit directories in post-order
68: i.e. all entries in a directory will be acted on before the directory itself.
1.1 deraadt 69: By default,
1.22 aaron 70: .Nm
1.45 jmc 71: visits directories in pre-order i.e. before their contents.
1.43 jaredy 72: .It Fl f Ar path
1.16 aaron 73: Specifies a file hierarchy for
1.22 aaron 74: .Nm
1.1 deraadt 75: to traverse.
76: File hierarchies may also be specified as the operands immediately
77: following the options.
1.35 millert 78: .It Fl H
79: Causes the file information and file type (see
80: .Xr stat 2 )
81: returned for each symbolic link encountered on the command line to be
82: those of the file referenced by the link, not the link itself.
83: If the referenced file does not exist, the file information and type will
84: be for the link itself.
85: File information of all symbolic links not on
86: the command line is that of the link itself.
1.1 deraadt 87: .It Fl h
1.35 millert 88: An alias for the
89: .Fl L
90: option.
1.37 david 91: This option exists for backwards compatibility.
1.35 millert 92: .It Fl L
1.16 aaron 93: Causes the file information and file type (see
1.22 aaron 94: .Xr stat 2 )
1.1 deraadt 95: returned for each symbolic link to be those of the file referenced by the
96: link, not the link itself.
97: If the referenced file does not exist, the file information and type will
98: be for the link itself.
1.42 jmc 99: .It Fl W
100: Let
101: .Nm
102: take whiteouts into account when scanning directories.
1.1 deraadt 103: .It Fl X
1.16 aaron 104: Permit
1.1 deraadt 105: .Nm
106: to be safely used in conjunction with
107: .Xr xargs 1 .
108: If a file name contains any of the delimiting characters used by
109: .Xr xargs ,
110: a diagnostic message is displayed on standard error, and the file
111: is skipped.
1.22 aaron 112: The delimiting characters include single
113: .Pq Ql '
114: and double
115: .Pq Ql \&"
116: quotes, backslash
117: .Pq Ql \e ,
118: space, tab, and newline
119: .Pq Sq \en
120: characters.
1.41 millert 121: Alternatively, the
1.4 deraadt 122: .Fl print0
1.41 millert 123: primary may be used in conjunction with the
1.4 deraadt 124: .Fl 0
1.41 millert 125: option to
126: .Xr xargs 1 ,
127: allowing all file names to be processed safely.
1.1 deraadt 128: .It Fl x
1.16 aaron 129: Prevents
1.22 aaron 130: .Nm
1.1 deraadt 131: from descending into directories that have a device number different
132: than that of the file from which the descent began.
133: .El
134: .Sh PRIMARIES
135: .Bl -tag -width Ds
1.22 aaron 136: .It Ic -amin Ar n
1.15 deraadt 137: True if the difference between the file last access time and the time
1.22 aaron 138: .Nm
1.20 aaron 139: was started, rounded up to the next full minute, is
1.15 deraadt 140: .Ar n
1.20 aaron 141: minutes.
1.24 millert 142: .It Ic -anewer Ar file
143: True if the current file has a more recent last access time than
1.25 aaron 144: .Ar file .
1.22 aaron 145: .It Ic -atime Ar n
1.1 deraadt 146: True if the difference between the file last access time and the time
1.22 aaron 147: .Nm
148: was started, rounded up to the next full 24-hour period, is
1.1 deraadt 149: .Ar n
1.22 aaron 150: 24-hour periods.
151: .It Ic -cmin Ar n
1.15 deraadt 152: True if the difference between the time of last change of file status
153: information and the time
1.22 aaron 154: .Nm
1.20 aaron 155: was started, rounded up to the next full minute, is
1.15 deraadt 156: .Ar n
1.20 aaron 157: minutes.
1.24 millert 158: .It Ic -cnewer Ar file
159: True if the current file has a more recent last change time than
1.25 aaron 160: .Ar file .
1.22 aaron 161: .It Ic -ctime Ar n
1.1 deraadt 162: True if the difference between the time of last change of file status
163: information and the time
1.22 aaron 164: .Nm
165: was started, rounded up to the next full 24-hour period, is
1.1 deraadt 166: .Ar n
1.22 aaron 167: 24-hour periods.
1.8 tholo 168: .It Ic -empty
169: True if the current file or directory is empty.
1.22 aaron 170: .It Ic -exec Ar utility Op argument ... ;
1.1 deraadt 171: True if the program named
172: .Ar utility
173: returns a zero value as its exit status.
174: Optional arguments may be passed to the utility.
1.22 aaron 175: The expression must be terminated by a semicolon
176: .Pq Ql \&; .
177: If the string
178: .Qq {}
179: appears anywhere in the utility name or the
1.1 deraadt 180: arguments it is replaced by the pathname of the current file.
1.16 aaron 181: .Ar utility
1.1 deraadt 182: will be executed from the directory from which
1.22 aaron 183: .Nm
1.1 deraadt 184: was executed.
1.22 aaron 185: .It Ic -execdir Ar utility Op argument ... ;
186: Identical to the
1.10 millert 187: .Ic -exec
188: primary with the exception that
1.16 aaron 189: .Ar utility
1.10 millert 190: will be executed from the directory that holds
1.25 aaron 191: the current file.
192: The filename substituted for the string
1.22 aaron 193: .Qq {}
194: is not qualified.
1.28 millert 195: .It Xo
196: .Ic -flags
197: .Op Fl
198: .Ar flags
199: .Xc
200: The
201: .Ar flags
202: are comma-separated symbolic file flags (see
203: .Xr chflags 1
204: for a list of valid flag names).
205: If the flags are preceded by a dash
206: .Pq Sq \- ,
207: this primary evaluates to true if the file in question has at least
208: one of the file flags specified by
209: .Ar flags .
210: If the flags are not preceded by a dash, this primary evaluates to true if the
211: flags specified exactly match those of the file.
1.2 deraadt 212: .It Ic -follow
213: Follow symbolic links.
1.22 aaron 214: .It Ic -fstype Ar type
1.1 deraadt 215: True if the file is contained in a file system of type
216: .Ar type .
1.22 aaron 217: Two special file system types are recognized:
218: .Dq local
219: and
220: .Dq rdonly .
1.1 deraadt 221: These do not describe actual file system types;
222: the former matches any file system physically mounted on the system where
1.22 aaron 223: .Nm
224: is being executed whereas the latter matches any file system which is
1.1 deraadt 225: mounted read-only.
1.22 aaron 226: .It Ic -group Ar gname
1.1 deraadt 227: True if the file belongs to the group
1.25 aaron 228: .Ar gname .
1.1 deraadt 229: If
230: .Ar gname
231: is numeric and there is no such group name, then
232: .Ar gname
1.16 aaron 233: is treated as a group ID.
1.27 deraadt 234: .It Ic -iname Ar pattern
235: True if the last component of the pathname being examined
236: matches
237: .Ar pattern .
238: Case insensitive.
1.22 aaron 239: .It Ic -inum Ar n
1.1 deraadt 240: True if the file has inode number
1.25 aaron 241: .Ar n .
1.22 aaron 242: .It Ic -links Ar n
1.1 deraadt 243: True if the file has
244: .Ar n
245: links.
246: .It Ic -ls
247: This primary always evaluates to true.
248: The following information for the current file is written to standard output:
1.22 aaron 249: its inode number, size in 512-byte blocks, file permissions, number of hard
1.1 deraadt 250: links, owner, group, size in bytes, last modification time, and pathname.
251: If the file is a block or character special file, the major and minor numbers
252: will be displayed instead of the size in bytes.
1.22 aaron 253: If the file is a symbolic link, the pathname of the linked-to file will be
254: displayed preceded by
255: .Dq \-> .
256: The format is identical to that produced by
257: .Dq ls \-dgils .
1.6 tholo 258: .It Ic -maxdepth Ar n
1.7 tholo 259: True if the current search depth is less than or equal to what is specified in
260: .Ar n .
261: .It Ic -mindepth Ar n
262: True if the current search depth is at least what is specified in
1.6 tholo 263: .Ar n .
1.22 aaron 264: .It Ic -mmin Ar n
1.15 deraadt 265: True if the difference between the file last modification time and the time
1.22 aaron 266: .Nm
1.20 aaron 267: was started, rounded up to the next full minute, is
1.15 deraadt 268: .Ar n
1.20 aaron 269: minutes.
1.22 aaron 270: .It Ic -mtime Ar n
1.1 deraadt 271: True if the difference between the file last modification time and the time
1.22 aaron 272: .Nm
273: was started, rounded up to the next full 24-hour period, is
1.1 deraadt 274: .Ar n
1.22 aaron 275: 24-hour periods.
276: .It Ic -name Ar pattern
1.1 deraadt 277: True if the last component of the pathname being examined matches
1.25 aaron 278: .Ar pattern .
1.22 aaron 279: Special shell pattern matching characters
280: .Pf ( Ql [ ,
281: .Ql \&] ,
282: .Ql * ,
283: and
1.40 jmc 284: .Ql \&? )
1.1 deraadt 285: may be used as part of
1.25 aaron 286: .Ar pattern .
1.1 deraadt 287: These characters may be matched explicitly by escaping them with a
1.22 aaron 288: backslash
289: .Pq Ql \e .
290: .It Ic -newer Ar file
1.1 deraadt 291: True if the current file has a more recent last modification time than
1.25 aaron 292: .Ar file .
1.44 jmc 293: .It Ic -nogroup
294: True if the file belongs to an unknown group.
1.1 deraadt 295: .It Ic -nouser
296: True if the file belongs to an unknown user.
1.22 aaron 297: .It Ic \&-ok Ar utility Op argument ... ;
298: Identical to the
299: .Ic -exec
300: primary with the exception that
301: .Nm
302: requests user affirmation for the execution of
303: .Ar utility
304: by printing
305: a message to the terminal and reading a response.
306: If the response is other than
307: .Sq y
308: the command is not executed and the
309: value of the
310: .Ic \&ok
311: expression is false.
312: .It Ic -path Ar pattern
1.1 deraadt 313: True if the pathname being examined matches
1.25 aaron 314: .Ar pattern .
1.22 aaron 315: Special shell pattern matching characters
316: .Pf ( Ql [ ,
317: .Ql \&] ,
318: .Ql * ,
319: and
1.40 jmc 320: .Ql \&? )
1.1 deraadt 321: may be used as part of
1.25 aaron 322: .Ar pattern .
1.1 deraadt 323: These characters may be matched explicitly by escaping them with a
1.22 aaron 324: backslash
325: .Pq Ql \e .
326: Slashes
327: .Pq Ql /
328: are treated as normal characters and do not have to be
1.1 deraadt 329: matched explicitly.
1.21 aaron 330: .It Xo
331: .Ic -perm
332: .Op Fl
333: .Ar mode
334: .Xc
1.1 deraadt 335: The
336: .Ar mode
337: may be either symbolic (see
1.25 aaron 338: .Xr chmod 1 )
1.1 deraadt 339: or an octal number.
340: If the mode is symbolic, a starting value of zero is assumed and the
1.16 aaron 341: mode sets or clears permissions without regard to the process's file mode
1.1 deraadt 342: creation mask.
343: If the mode is octal, only bits 07777
344: .Pf ( Dv S_ISUID
345: |
346: .Dv S_ISGID
347: |
348: .Dv S_ISTXT
349: |
350: .Dv S_IRWXU
351: |
352: .Dv S_IRWXG
353: |
354: .Dv S_IRWXO )
355: of the file's mode bits participate
356: in the comparison.
1.22 aaron 357: If the mode is preceded by a dash
358: .Pq Sq \- ,
359: this primary evaluates to true
1.1 deraadt 360: if at least all of the bits in the mode are set in the file's mode bits.
1.22 aaron 361: If the mode is not preceded by a dash, this primary evaluates to
1.16 aaron 362: true if the bits in the mode exactly match the file's mode bits.
1.22 aaron 363: Note, the first character of a symbolic mode may not be a dash.
1.1 deraadt 364: .It Ic -print
365: This primary always evaluates to true.
366: It prints the pathname of the current file to standard output, followed
1.22 aaron 367: by a newline
368: .Pq Ql \en
369: character.
1.1 deraadt 370: If neither
371: .Ic -exec ,
372: .Ic -ls ,
373: .Ic -ok ,
374: nor
375: .Ic -print0
376: is specified, the given expression shall be effectively replaced by
1.22 aaron 377: .Cm \&( Ns Ar given\& expression Ns Cm \&)
1.1 deraadt 378: .Ic -print .
379: .It Ic -print0
380: This primary always evaluates to true.
381: It prints the pathname of the current file to standard output, followed
382: by a null character.
383: .It Ic -prune
384: This primary always evaluates to true.
385: It causes
1.22 aaron 386: .Nm
1.1 deraadt 387: to not descend into the current file.
388: Note, the
389: .Ic -prune
390: primary has no effect if the
391: .Fl d
392: option was specified.
1.22 aaron 393: .It Ic -size Ar n Ns Op Cm c
394: True if the file's size, rounded up, in 512-byte blocks is
1.25 aaron 395: .Ar n .
1.1 deraadt 396: If
397: .Ar n
1.22 aaron 398: is followed by a
399: .Sq c ,
400: then the primary is true if the
1.1 deraadt 401: file's size is
402: .Ar n
403: bytes.
1.22 aaron 404: .It Ic -type Ar t
1.1 deraadt 405: True if the file is of the specified type.
406: Possible file types are as follows:
407: .Pp
408: .Bl -tag -width flag -offset indent -compact
1.3 deraadt 409: .It Cm W
1.22 aaron 410: whiteout (currently, these won't even be visible without also specifying
1.19 espie 411: .Fl W )
1.1 deraadt 412: .It Cm b
413: block special
414: .It Cm c
415: character special
416: .It Cm d
417: directory
418: .It Cm f
419: regular file
420: .It Cm l
421: symbolic link
422: .It Cm p
423: FIFO
424: .It Cm s
425: socket
426: .El
427: .Pp
1.22 aaron 428: .It Ic -user Ar uname
1.1 deraadt 429: True if the file belongs to the user
1.25 aaron 430: .Ar uname .
1.1 deraadt 431: If
432: .Ar uname
433: is numeric and there is no such user name, then
434: .Ar uname
1.16 aaron 435: is treated as a user ID.
1.1 deraadt 436: .El
437: .Pp
438: All primaries which take a numeric argument allow the number to be
1.22 aaron 439: preceded by a plus sign
440: .Pq Ql +
441: or a minus sign
442: .Pq Ql \- .
443: A preceding plus sign means
444: .Dq more than n ,
445: a preceding minus sign means
446: .Dq less than n ,
447: and neither means
448: .Dq exactly n .
1.1 deraadt 449: .Sh OPERATORS
450: The primaries may be combined using the following operators.
451: The operators are listed in order of decreasing precedence.
1.22 aaron 452: .Bl -tag -width (expression)
453: .It Cm \&( Ns Ar expression Ns Cm \&)
1.1 deraadt 454: This evaluates to true if the parenthesized expression evaluates to
455: true.
456: .Pp
1.22 aaron 457: .It Cm \&! Ns Ar expression
1.1 deraadt 458: This is the unary
459: .Tn NOT
460: operator.
461: It evaluates to true if the expression is false.
462: .Pp
1.22 aaron 463: .It Ar expression Cm -and Ar expression
464: .It Ar expression expression
1.1 deraadt 465: The
466: .Cm -and
467: operator is the logical
468: .Tn AND
469: operator.
470: As it is implied by the juxtaposition of two expressions it does not
471: have to be specified.
472: The expression evaluates to true if both expressions are true.
473: The second expression is not evaluated if the first expression is false.
474: .Pp
1.22 aaron 475: .It Ar expression Cm -or Ar expression
1.1 deraadt 476: The
477: .Cm -or
478: operator is the logical
479: .Tn OR
480: operator.
481: The expression evaluates to true if either the first or the second expression
482: is true.
483: The second expression is not evaluated if the first expression is true.
484: .El
485: .Pp
486: All operands and primaries must be separate arguments to
1.22 aaron 487: .Nm find .
1.1 deraadt 488: Primaries which themselves take arguments expect each argument
489: to be a separate argument to
1.22 aaron 490: .Nm find .
1.1 deraadt 491: .Sh EXAMPLES
1.22 aaron 492: Print out a list of all the files whose names do not end in
1.43 jaredy 493: .Dq \&.c :
494: .Pp
495: .Dl "$ find / \e! -name '*.c' -print"
496: .Pp
1.22 aaron 497: Print out a list of all the files owned by user
498: .Dq wnj
1.43 jaredy 499: that are newer than the file
500: .Dq ttt :
501: .Pp
502: .Dl "$ find / -newer ttt -user wnj -print"
503: .Pp
1.22 aaron 504: Print out a list of all the files which are not both newer than
505: .Dq ttt
506: and owned by
1.43 jaredy 507: .Dq wnj :
508: .Pp
509: .Dl "$ find / \e! \e( -newer ttt -user wnj \e) -print"
510: .Pp
1.22 aaron 511: Print out a list of all the files that are either owned by
512: .Dq wnj
513: or
514: that are newer than
1.43 jaredy 515: .Dq ttt :
516: .Pp
517: .Dl "$ find / \e( -newer ttt -or -user wnj \e) -print"
518: .Pp
519: Print out a list of all core files on local file systems:
520: .Pp
521: .Dl "$ find / \e! -fstype local -prune -or -name '*.core' -print"
1.46 ! jmc 522: .Pp
! 523: Find all files in
! 524: .Pa /usr/src
! 525: ending in a dot and single digit, but skip directory
! 526: .Pa /usr/src/gnu :
! 527: .Pp
! 528: .Dl "$ find /usr/src -path /usr/src/gnu -prune -or -name \e*\e.[0-9]"
1.1 deraadt 529: .Sh SEE ALSO
1.29 millert 530: .Xr chflags 1 ,
1.1 deraadt 531: .Xr chmod 1 ,
532: .Xr locate 1 ,
1.23 aaron 533: .Xr whereis 1 ,
534: .Xr which 1 ,
1.41 millert 535: .Xr xargs 1 ,
1.1 deraadt 536: .Xr stat 2 ,
537: .Xr fts 3 ,
1.16 aaron 538: .Xr getgrent 3 ,
1.1 deraadt 539: .Xr getpwent 3 ,
540: .Xr strmode 3 ,
541: .Xr symlink 7
542: .Sh STANDARDS
543: The
1.22 aaron 544: .Nm
1.1 deraadt 545: utility syntax is a superset of the syntax specified by the
546: .St -p1003.2
547: standard.
548: .Pp
1.13 deraadt 549: The options and primaries
1.18 deraadt 550: .Ic -amin ,
551: .Ic -cmin ,
1.9 tholo 552: .Ic -empty ,
1.1 deraadt 553: .Ic -follow ,
554: .Ic -fstype ,
1.27 deraadt 555: .Ic -iname ,
1.2 deraadt 556: .Ic -inum ,
1.1 deraadt 557: .Ic -links ,
1.9 tholo 558: .Ic -ls ,
1.18 deraadt 559: .Ic -mmin ,
1.9 tholo 560: .Ic -maxdepth ,
1.13 deraadt 561: .Ic -mindepth ,
562: .Ic -execdir ,
1.1 deraadt 563: and
564: .Ic -print0
1.13 deraadt 565: are extensions to
1.1 deraadt 566: .St -p1003.2 .
1.27 deraadt 567: The
568: .Ic -iname
569: option was inspired by GNU find.
1.1 deraadt 570: .Pp
571: Historically, the
572: .Fl d ,
1.26 aaron 573: .Fl H ,
1.1 deraadt 574: and
575: .Fl x
1.14 deraadt 576: options were implemented using the primaries
577: .Ic -depth ,
578: .Ic -follow ,
579: and
580: .Ic -xdev .
1.1 deraadt 581: These primaries always evaluated to true.
582: As they were really global variables that took effect before the traversal
583: began, some legal expressions could have unexpected results.
1.22 aaron 584: An example is the expression
585: .Dq \-print \-o \-depth .
586: As
587: .Cm \-print
588: always evaluates to true, the standard order of evaluation
589: implies that
590: .Cm \-depth
591: would never be evaluated.
1.1 deraadt 592: This is not the case.
593: .Pp
1.22 aaron 594: The operator
595: .Cm -or
596: was implemented as
597: .Cm \-o ,
598: and the operator
599: .Cm -and
600: was implemented as
601: .Cm \-a .
1.1 deraadt 602: .Pp
603: Historic implementations of the
604: .Ic -exec
605: and
606: .Ic -ok
1.22 aaron 607: primaries did not replace the string
608: .Qq {}
609: in the utility name or the
1.1 deraadt 610: utility arguments if it had preceding or following non-whitespace characters.
611: This version replaces it no matter where in the utility name or arguments
612: it appears.
1.30 aaron 613: .Sh HISTORY
614: A
615: .Nm
616: command appeared in
617: .At v1 .
1.1 deraadt 618: .Sh BUGS
619: The special characters used by
1.22 aaron 620: .Nm
1.1 deraadt 621: are also special characters to many shell programs.
1.22 aaron 622: In particular, the characters
623: .Ql * ,
624: .Ql [ ,
625: .Ql \&] ,
1.40 jmc 626: .Ql \&? ,
1.22 aaron 627: .Ql ( ,
628: .Ql \&) ,
1.40 jmc 629: .Ql \&! ,
1.22 aaron 630: .Ql \e ,
631: and
632: .Ql \&;
633: may have to be escaped from the shell.
1.1 deraadt 634: .Pp
635: As there is no delimiter separating options and file names or file
636: names and the
637: .Ar expression ,
1.22 aaron 638: it is difficult to specify files named
639: .Dq -xdev
640: or
1.40 jmc 641: .Dq \&! .
1.1 deraadt 642: These problems are handled by the
643: .Fl f
644: option and the
645: .Xr getopt 3
1.22 aaron 646: .Dq \-\-
647: construct.
1.19 espie 648: .Pp
649: The
650: .Fl W
1.26 aaron 651: option is probably not the most elegant way to handle whiteouts.
652: It may be replaced by a more sophisticated algorithm eventually.
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