Annotation of src/usr.bin/find/find.1, Revision 1.48
1.48 ! millert 1: .\" $OpenBSD: find.1,v 1.47 2005/03/14 15:29:15 jmc Exp $
1.1 deraadt 2: .\" Copyright (c) 1990, 1993
3: .\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved.
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1.1 deraadt 17: .\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
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32: .\" from: @(#)find.1 8.1 (Berkeley) 6/6/93
33: .\"
1.24 millert 34: .Dd December 4, 1999
1.1 deraadt 35: .Dt FIND 1
36: .Os
37: .Sh NAME
38: .Nm find
39: .Nd walk a file hierarchy
40: .Sh SYNOPSIS
41: .Nm find
1.48 ! millert 42: .Op Fl dHhLXx
1.43 jaredy 43: .Op Fl f Ar path
44: .Ar path ...\&
1.34 deraadt 45: .Op Ar expression
1.1 deraadt 46: .Sh DESCRIPTION
1.22 aaron 47: .Nm
1.1 deraadt 48: recursively descends the directory tree for each
1.43 jaredy 49: .Ar path
1.1 deraadt 50: listed, evaluating an
51: .Ar expression
1.22 aaron 52: (composed of the
53: .Dq primaries
54: and
1.33 hugh 55: .Dq operands
1.22 aaron 56: listed below) in terms
1.12 millert 57: of each file in the tree.
1.34 deraadt 58: In the absence of an expression,
59: .Ic -print
60: is assumed.
1.1 deraadt 61: .Pp
62: The options are as follows:
63: .Bl -tag -width Ds
64: .It Fl d
1.16 aaron 65: Causes
1.22 aaron 66: .Nm
1.45 jmc 67: to visit directories in post-order
68: i.e. all entries in a directory will be acted on before the directory itself.
1.1 deraadt 69: By default,
1.22 aaron 70: .Nm
1.45 jmc 71: visits directories in pre-order i.e. before their contents.
1.43 jaredy 72: .It Fl f Ar path
1.16 aaron 73: Specifies a file hierarchy for
1.22 aaron 74: .Nm
1.1 deraadt 75: to traverse.
76: File hierarchies may also be specified as the operands immediately
77: following the options.
1.35 millert 78: .It Fl H
79: Causes the file information and file type (see
80: .Xr stat 2 )
81: returned for each symbolic link encountered on the command line to be
82: those of the file referenced by the link, not the link itself.
83: If the referenced file does not exist, the file information and type will
84: be for the link itself.
85: File information of all symbolic links not on
86: the command line is that of the link itself.
1.1 deraadt 87: .It Fl h
1.35 millert 88: An alias for the
89: .Fl L
90: option.
1.37 david 91: This option exists for backwards compatibility.
1.35 millert 92: .It Fl L
1.16 aaron 93: Causes the file information and file type (see
1.22 aaron 94: .Xr stat 2 )
1.1 deraadt 95: returned for each symbolic link to be those of the file referenced by the
96: link, not the link itself.
97: If the referenced file does not exist, the file information and type will
98: be for the link itself.
99: .It Fl X
1.16 aaron 100: Permit
1.1 deraadt 101: .Nm
102: to be safely used in conjunction with
103: .Xr xargs 1 .
104: If a file name contains any of the delimiting characters used by
105: .Xr xargs ,
106: a diagnostic message is displayed on standard error, and the file
107: is skipped.
1.22 aaron 108: The delimiting characters include single
109: .Pq Ql '
110: and double
111: .Pq Ql \&"
112: quotes, backslash
113: .Pq Ql \e ,
114: space, tab, and newline
115: .Pq Sq \en
116: characters.
1.41 millert 117: Alternatively, the
1.4 deraadt 118: .Fl print0
1.41 millert 119: primary may be used in conjunction with the
1.4 deraadt 120: .Fl 0
1.41 millert 121: option to
122: .Xr xargs 1 ,
123: allowing all file names to be processed safely.
1.1 deraadt 124: .It Fl x
1.16 aaron 125: Prevents
1.22 aaron 126: .Nm
1.1 deraadt 127: from descending into directories that have a device number different
128: than that of the file from which the descent began.
129: .El
130: .Sh PRIMARIES
131: .Bl -tag -width Ds
1.22 aaron 132: .It Ic -amin Ar n
1.15 deraadt 133: True if the difference between the file last access time and the time
1.22 aaron 134: .Nm
1.20 aaron 135: was started, rounded up to the next full minute, is
1.15 deraadt 136: .Ar n
1.20 aaron 137: minutes.
1.24 millert 138: .It Ic -anewer Ar file
139: True if the current file has a more recent last access time than
1.25 aaron 140: .Ar file .
1.22 aaron 141: .It Ic -atime Ar n
1.1 deraadt 142: True if the difference between the file last access time and the time
1.22 aaron 143: .Nm
144: was started, rounded up to the next full 24-hour period, is
1.1 deraadt 145: .Ar n
1.22 aaron 146: 24-hour periods.
147: .It Ic -cmin Ar n
1.15 deraadt 148: True if the difference between the time of last change of file status
149: information and the time
1.22 aaron 150: .Nm
1.20 aaron 151: was started, rounded up to the next full minute, is
1.15 deraadt 152: .Ar n
1.20 aaron 153: minutes.
1.24 millert 154: .It Ic -cnewer Ar file
155: True if the current file has a more recent last change time than
1.25 aaron 156: .Ar file .
1.22 aaron 157: .It Ic -ctime Ar n
1.1 deraadt 158: True if the difference between the time of last change of file status
159: information and the time
1.22 aaron 160: .Nm
161: was started, rounded up to the next full 24-hour period, is
1.1 deraadt 162: .Ar n
1.22 aaron 163: 24-hour periods.
1.8 tholo 164: .It Ic -empty
165: True if the current file or directory is empty.
1.22 aaron 166: .It Ic -exec Ar utility Op argument ... ;
1.1 deraadt 167: True if the program named
168: .Ar utility
169: returns a zero value as its exit status.
170: Optional arguments may be passed to the utility.
1.22 aaron 171: The expression must be terminated by a semicolon
172: .Pq Ql \&; .
173: If the string
174: .Qq {}
175: appears anywhere in the utility name or the
1.1 deraadt 176: arguments it is replaced by the pathname of the current file.
1.16 aaron 177: .Ar utility
1.1 deraadt 178: will be executed from the directory from which
1.22 aaron 179: .Nm
1.1 deraadt 180: was executed.
1.22 aaron 181: .It Ic -execdir Ar utility Op argument ... ;
182: Identical to the
1.10 millert 183: .Ic -exec
184: primary with the exception that
1.16 aaron 185: .Ar utility
1.10 millert 186: will be executed from the directory that holds
1.25 aaron 187: the current file.
188: The filename substituted for the string
1.22 aaron 189: .Qq {}
190: is not qualified.
1.28 millert 191: .It Xo
192: .Ic -flags
193: .Op Fl
194: .Ar flags
195: .Xc
196: The
197: .Ar flags
198: are comma-separated symbolic file flags (see
199: .Xr chflags 1
200: for a list of valid flag names).
201: If the flags are preceded by a dash
202: .Pq Sq \- ,
203: this primary evaluates to true if the file in question has at least
204: one of the file flags specified by
205: .Ar flags .
206: If the flags are not preceded by a dash, this primary evaluates to true if the
207: flags specified exactly match those of the file.
1.2 deraadt 208: .It Ic -follow
209: Follow symbolic links.
1.22 aaron 210: .It Ic -fstype Ar type
1.1 deraadt 211: True if the file is contained in a file system of type
212: .Ar type .
1.22 aaron 213: Two special file system types are recognized:
214: .Dq local
215: and
216: .Dq rdonly .
1.1 deraadt 217: These do not describe actual file system types;
218: the former matches any file system physically mounted on the system where
1.22 aaron 219: .Nm
220: is being executed whereas the latter matches any file system which is
1.1 deraadt 221: mounted read-only.
1.22 aaron 222: .It Ic -group Ar gname
1.1 deraadt 223: True if the file belongs to the group
1.25 aaron 224: .Ar gname .
1.1 deraadt 225: If
226: .Ar gname
227: is numeric and there is no such group name, then
228: .Ar gname
1.16 aaron 229: is treated as a group ID.
1.27 deraadt 230: .It Ic -iname Ar pattern
231: True if the last component of the pathname being examined
232: matches
233: .Ar pattern .
234: Case insensitive.
1.22 aaron 235: .It Ic -inum Ar n
1.1 deraadt 236: True if the file has inode number
1.25 aaron 237: .Ar n .
1.22 aaron 238: .It Ic -links Ar n
1.1 deraadt 239: True if the file has
240: .Ar n
241: links.
242: .It Ic -ls
243: This primary always evaluates to true.
244: The following information for the current file is written to standard output:
1.22 aaron 245: its inode number, size in 512-byte blocks, file permissions, number of hard
1.1 deraadt 246: links, owner, group, size in bytes, last modification time, and pathname.
247: If the file is a block or character special file, the major and minor numbers
248: will be displayed instead of the size in bytes.
1.22 aaron 249: If the file is a symbolic link, the pathname of the linked-to file will be
250: displayed preceded by
251: .Dq \-> .
252: The format is identical to that produced by
253: .Dq ls \-dgils .
1.6 tholo 254: .It Ic -maxdepth Ar n
1.7 tholo 255: True if the current search depth is less than or equal to what is specified in
256: .Ar n .
257: .It Ic -mindepth Ar n
258: True if the current search depth is at least what is specified in
1.6 tholo 259: .Ar n .
1.22 aaron 260: .It Ic -mmin Ar n
1.15 deraadt 261: True if the difference between the file last modification time and the time
1.22 aaron 262: .Nm
1.20 aaron 263: was started, rounded up to the next full minute, is
1.15 deraadt 264: .Ar n
1.20 aaron 265: minutes.
1.22 aaron 266: .It Ic -mtime Ar n
1.1 deraadt 267: True if the difference between the file last modification time and the time
1.22 aaron 268: .Nm
269: was started, rounded up to the next full 24-hour period, is
1.1 deraadt 270: .Ar n
1.22 aaron 271: 24-hour periods.
272: .It Ic -name Ar pattern
1.1 deraadt 273: True if the last component of the pathname being examined matches
1.25 aaron 274: .Ar pattern .
1.22 aaron 275: Special shell pattern matching characters
276: .Pf ( Ql [ ,
277: .Ql \&] ,
278: .Ql * ,
279: and
1.40 jmc 280: .Ql \&? )
1.1 deraadt 281: may be used as part of
1.25 aaron 282: .Ar pattern .
1.1 deraadt 283: These characters may be matched explicitly by escaping them with a
1.22 aaron 284: backslash
285: .Pq Ql \e .
286: .It Ic -newer Ar file
1.1 deraadt 287: True if the current file has a more recent last modification time than
1.25 aaron 288: .Ar file .
1.44 jmc 289: .It Ic -nogroup
290: True if the file belongs to an unknown group.
1.1 deraadt 291: .It Ic -nouser
292: True if the file belongs to an unknown user.
1.22 aaron 293: .It Ic \&-ok Ar utility Op argument ... ;
294: Identical to the
295: .Ic -exec
296: primary with the exception that
297: .Nm
298: requests user affirmation for the execution of
299: .Ar utility
300: by printing
301: a message to the terminal and reading a response.
302: If the response is other than
303: .Sq y
304: the command is not executed and the
305: value of the
306: .Ic \&ok
307: expression is false.
308: .It Ic -path Ar pattern
1.1 deraadt 309: True if the pathname being examined matches
1.25 aaron 310: .Ar pattern .
1.22 aaron 311: Special shell pattern matching characters
312: .Pf ( Ql [ ,
313: .Ql \&] ,
314: .Ql * ,
315: and
1.40 jmc 316: .Ql \&? )
1.1 deraadt 317: may be used as part of
1.25 aaron 318: .Ar pattern .
1.1 deraadt 319: These characters may be matched explicitly by escaping them with a
1.22 aaron 320: backslash
321: .Pq Ql \e .
322: Slashes
323: .Pq Ql /
324: are treated as normal characters and do not have to be
1.1 deraadt 325: matched explicitly.
1.21 aaron 326: .It Xo
327: .Ic -perm
328: .Op Fl
329: .Ar mode
330: .Xc
1.1 deraadt 331: The
332: .Ar mode
333: may be either symbolic (see
1.25 aaron 334: .Xr chmod 1 )
1.1 deraadt 335: or an octal number.
336: If the mode is symbolic, a starting value of zero is assumed and the
1.16 aaron 337: mode sets or clears permissions without regard to the process's file mode
1.1 deraadt 338: creation mask.
339: If the mode is octal, only bits 07777
340: .Pf ( Dv S_ISUID
341: |
342: .Dv S_ISGID
343: |
344: .Dv S_ISTXT
345: |
346: .Dv S_IRWXU
347: |
348: .Dv S_IRWXG
349: |
350: .Dv S_IRWXO )
351: of the file's mode bits participate
352: in the comparison.
1.22 aaron 353: If the mode is preceded by a dash
354: .Pq Sq \- ,
355: this primary evaluates to true
1.1 deraadt 356: if at least all of the bits in the mode are set in the file's mode bits.
1.22 aaron 357: If the mode is not preceded by a dash, this primary evaluates to
1.16 aaron 358: true if the bits in the mode exactly match the file's mode bits.
1.22 aaron 359: Note, the first character of a symbolic mode may not be a dash.
1.1 deraadt 360: .It Ic -print
361: This primary always evaluates to true.
362: It prints the pathname of the current file to standard output, followed
1.22 aaron 363: by a newline
364: .Pq Ql \en
365: character.
1.1 deraadt 366: If neither
367: .Ic -exec ,
368: .Ic -ls ,
369: .Ic -ok ,
370: nor
371: .Ic -print0
372: is specified, the given expression shall be effectively replaced by
1.22 aaron 373: .Cm \&( Ns Ar given\& expression Ns Cm \&)
1.1 deraadt 374: .Ic -print .
375: .It Ic -print0
376: This primary always evaluates to true.
377: It prints the pathname of the current file to standard output, followed
378: by a null character.
379: .It Ic -prune
380: This primary always evaluates to true.
381: It causes
1.22 aaron 382: .Nm
1.1 deraadt 383: to not descend into the current file.
384: Note, the
385: .Ic -prune
386: primary has no effect if the
387: .Fl d
388: option was specified.
1.22 aaron 389: .It Ic -size Ar n Ns Op Cm c
390: True if the file's size, rounded up, in 512-byte blocks is
1.25 aaron 391: .Ar n .
1.1 deraadt 392: If
393: .Ar n
1.22 aaron 394: is followed by a
395: .Sq c ,
396: then the primary is true if the
1.1 deraadt 397: file's size is
398: .Ar n
399: bytes.
1.22 aaron 400: .It Ic -type Ar t
1.1 deraadt 401: True if the file is of the specified type.
402: Possible file types are as follows:
403: .Pp
404: .Bl -tag -width flag -offset indent -compact
405: .It Cm b
406: block special
407: .It Cm c
408: character special
409: .It Cm d
410: directory
411: .It Cm f
412: regular file
413: .It Cm l
414: symbolic link
415: .It Cm p
416: FIFO
417: .It Cm s
418: socket
419: .El
420: .Pp
1.22 aaron 421: .It Ic -user Ar uname
1.1 deraadt 422: True if the file belongs to the user
1.25 aaron 423: .Ar uname .
1.1 deraadt 424: If
425: .Ar uname
426: is numeric and there is no such user name, then
427: .Ar uname
1.16 aaron 428: is treated as a user ID.
1.1 deraadt 429: .El
430: .Pp
431: All primaries which take a numeric argument allow the number to be
1.22 aaron 432: preceded by a plus sign
433: .Pq Ql +
434: or a minus sign
435: .Pq Ql \- .
436: A preceding plus sign means
437: .Dq more than n ,
438: a preceding minus sign means
439: .Dq less than n ,
440: and neither means
441: .Dq exactly n .
1.1 deraadt 442: .Sh OPERATORS
443: The primaries may be combined using the following operators.
444: The operators are listed in order of decreasing precedence.
1.47 jmc 445: .Pp
446: .Bl -tag -width "(expression)" -compact
1.22 aaron 447: .It Cm \&( Ns Ar expression Ns Cm \&)
1.1 deraadt 448: This evaluates to true if the parenthesized expression evaluates to
449: true.
450: .Pp
1.22 aaron 451: .It Cm \&! Ns Ar expression
1.1 deraadt 452: This is the unary
453: .Tn NOT
454: operator.
455: It evaluates to true if the expression is false.
456: .Pp
1.22 aaron 457: .It Ar expression Cm -and Ar expression
458: .It Ar expression expression
1.1 deraadt 459: The
460: .Cm -and
461: operator is the logical
462: .Tn AND
463: operator.
464: As it is implied by the juxtaposition of two expressions it does not
465: have to be specified.
466: The expression evaluates to true if both expressions are true.
467: The second expression is not evaluated if the first expression is false.
468: .Pp
1.22 aaron 469: .It Ar expression Cm -or Ar expression
1.1 deraadt 470: The
471: .Cm -or
472: operator is the logical
473: .Tn OR
474: operator.
475: The expression evaluates to true if either the first or the second expression
476: is true.
477: The second expression is not evaluated if the first expression is true.
478: .El
479: .Pp
480: All operands and primaries must be separate arguments to
1.22 aaron 481: .Nm find .
1.1 deraadt 482: Primaries which themselves take arguments expect each argument
483: to be a separate argument to
1.22 aaron 484: .Nm find .
1.1 deraadt 485: .Sh EXAMPLES
1.22 aaron 486: Print out a list of all the files whose names do not end in
1.43 jaredy 487: .Dq \&.c :
488: .Pp
489: .Dl "$ find / \e! -name '*.c' -print"
490: .Pp
1.22 aaron 491: Print out a list of all the files owned by user
492: .Dq wnj
1.43 jaredy 493: that are newer than the file
494: .Dq ttt :
495: .Pp
496: .Dl "$ find / -newer ttt -user wnj -print"
497: .Pp
1.22 aaron 498: Print out a list of all the files which are not both newer than
499: .Dq ttt
500: and owned by
1.43 jaredy 501: .Dq wnj :
502: .Pp
503: .Dl "$ find / \e! \e( -newer ttt -user wnj \e) -print"
504: .Pp
1.22 aaron 505: Print out a list of all the files that are either owned by
506: .Dq wnj
507: or
508: that are newer than
1.43 jaredy 509: .Dq ttt :
510: .Pp
511: .Dl "$ find / \e( -newer ttt -or -user wnj \e) -print"
512: .Pp
513: Print out a list of all core files on local file systems:
514: .Pp
515: .Dl "$ find / \e! -fstype local -prune -or -name '*.core' -print"
1.46 jmc 516: .Pp
517: Find all files in
518: .Pa /usr/src
519: ending in a dot and single digit, but skip directory
520: .Pa /usr/src/gnu :
521: .Pp
522: .Dl "$ find /usr/src -path /usr/src/gnu -prune -or -name \e*\e.[0-9]"
1.1 deraadt 523: .Sh SEE ALSO
1.29 millert 524: .Xr chflags 1 ,
1.1 deraadt 525: .Xr chmod 1 ,
526: .Xr locate 1 ,
1.23 aaron 527: .Xr whereis 1 ,
528: .Xr which 1 ,
1.41 millert 529: .Xr xargs 1 ,
1.1 deraadt 530: .Xr stat 2 ,
531: .Xr fts 3 ,
1.16 aaron 532: .Xr getgrent 3 ,
1.1 deraadt 533: .Xr getpwent 3 ,
534: .Xr strmode 3 ,
535: .Xr symlink 7
536: .Sh STANDARDS
537: The
1.22 aaron 538: .Nm
1.1 deraadt 539: utility syntax is a superset of the syntax specified by the
540: .St -p1003.2
541: standard.
542: .Pp
1.13 deraadt 543: The options and primaries
1.18 deraadt 544: .Ic -amin ,
545: .Ic -cmin ,
1.9 tholo 546: .Ic -empty ,
1.1 deraadt 547: .Ic -follow ,
548: .Ic -fstype ,
1.27 deraadt 549: .Ic -iname ,
1.2 deraadt 550: .Ic -inum ,
1.1 deraadt 551: .Ic -links ,
1.9 tholo 552: .Ic -ls ,
1.18 deraadt 553: .Ic -mmin ,
1.9 tholo 554: .Ic -maxdepth ,
1.13 deraadt 555: .Ic -mindepth ,
556: .Ic -execdir ,
1.1 deraadt 557: and
558: .Ic -print0
1.13 deraadt 559: are extensions to
1.1 deraadt 560: .St -p1003.2 .
1.27 deraadt 561: The
562: .Ic -iname
563: option was inspired by GNU find.
1.1 deraadt 564: .Pp
565: Historically, the
566: .Fl d ,
1.26 aaron 567: .Fl H ,
1.1 deraadt 568: and
569: .Fl x
1.14 deraadt 570: options were implemented using the primaries
571: .Ic -depth ,
572: .Ic -follow ,
573: and
574: .Ic -xdev .
1.1 deraadt 575: These primaries always evaluated to true.
576: As they were really global variables that took effect before the traversal
577: began, some legal expressions could have unexpected results.
1.22 aaron 578: An example is the expression
579: .Dq \-print \-o \-depth .
580: As
581: .Cm \-print
582: always evaluates to true, the standard order of evaluation
583: implies that
584: .Cm \-depth
585: would never be evaluated.
1.1 deraadt 586: This is not the case.
587: .Pp
1.22 aaron 588: The operator
589: .Cm -or
590: was implemented as
591: .Cm \-o ,
592: and the operator
593: .Cm -and
594: was implemented as
595: .Cm \-a .
1.1 deraadt 596: .Pp
597: Historic implementations of the
598: .Ic -exec
599: and
600: .Ic -ok
1.22 aaron 601: primaries did not replace the string
602: .Qq {}
603: in the utility name or the
1.1 deraadt 604: utility arguments if it had preceding or following non-whitespace characters.
605: This version replaces it no matter where in the utility name or arguments
606: it appears.
1.30 aaron 607: .Sh HISTORY
608: A
609: .Nm
610: command appeared in
611: .At v1 .
1.1 deraadt 612: .Sh BUGS
613: The special characters used by
1.22 aaron 614: .Nm
1.1 deraadt 615: are also special characters to many shell programs.
1.22 aaron 616: In particular, the characters
617: .Ql * ,
618: .Ql [ ,
619: .Ql \&] ,
1.40 jmc 620: .Ql \&? ,
1.22 aaron 621: .Ql ( ,
622: .Ql \&) ,
1.40 jmc 623: .Ql \&! ,
1.22 aaron 624: .Ql \e ,
625: and
626: .Ql \&;
627: may have to be escaped from the shell.
1.1 deraadt 628: .Pp
629: As there is no delimiter separating options and file names or file
630: names and the
631: .Ar expression ,
1.22 aaron 632: it is difficult to specify files named
633: .Dq -xdev
634: or
1.40 jmc 635: .Dq \&! .
1.1 deraadt 636: These problems are handled by the
637: .Fl f
638: option and the
639: .Xr getopt 3
1.22 aaron 640: .Dq \-\-
641: construct.
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