Annotation of src/usr.bin/find/find.1, Revision 1.55
1.55 ! jmc 1: .\" $OpenBSD: find.1,v 1.54 2006/10/02 08:05:32 jmc Exp $
1.1 deraadt 2: .\" Copyright (c) 1990, 1993
3: .\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved.
4: .\"
5: .\" This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
6: .\" the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.
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9: .\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
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13: .\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
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1.38 millert 16: .\" 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
1.1 deraadt 17: .\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
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32: .\" from: @(#)find.1 8.1 (Berkeley) 6/6/93
33: .\"
1.24 millert 34: .Dd December 4, 1999
1.1 deraadt 35: .Dt FIND 1
36: .Os
37: .Sh NAME
38: .Nm find
39: .Nd walk a file hierarchy
40: .Sh SYNOPSIS
41: .Nm find
1.48 millert 42: .Op Fl dHhLXx
1.43 jaredy 43: .Op Fl f Ar path
44: .Ar path ...\&
1.34 deraadt 45: .Op Ar expression
1.1 deraadt 46: .Sh DESCRIPTION
1.22 aaron 47: .Nm
1.1 deraadt 48: recursively descends the directory tree for each
1.43 jaredy 49: .Ar path
1.1 deraadt 50: listed, evaluating an
51: .Ar expression
1.22 aaron 52: (composed of the
53: .Dq primaries
54: and
1.52 otto 55: .Dq operators
1.22 aaron 56: listed below) in terms
1.12 millert 57: of each file in the tree.
1.34 deraadt 58: In the absence of an expression,
59: .Ic -print
60: is assumed.
1.1 deraadt 61: .Pp
62: The options are as follows:
63: .Bl -tag -width Ds
64: .It Fl d
1.16 aaron 65: Causes
1.22 aaron 66: .Nm
1.45 jmc 67: to visit directories in post-order
68: i.e. all entries in a directory will be acted on before the directory itself.
1.1 deraadt 69: By default,
1.22 aaron 70: .Nm
1.45 jmc 71: visits directories in pre-order i.e. before their contents.
1.43 jaredy 72: .It Fl f Ar path
1.16 aaron 73: Specifies a file hierarchy for
1.22 aaron 74: .Nm
1.1 deraadt 75: to traverse.
1.52 otto 76: File hierarchies may be specified without the
77: .Fl f
78: option if they are given immediately after any other options.
1.35 millert 79: .It Fl H
80: Causes the file information and file type (see
81: .Xr stat 2 )
82: returned for each symbolic link encountered on the command line to be
83: those of the file referenced by the link, not the link itself.
84: If the referenced file does not exist, the file information and type will
85: be for the link itself.
86: File information of all symbolic links not on
87: the command line is that of the link itself.
1.1 deraadt 88: .It Fl h
1.35 millert 89: An alias for the
90: .Fl L
91: option.
1.37 david 92: This option exists for backwards compatibility.
1.35 millert 93: .It Fl L
1.16 aaron 94: Causes the file information and file type (see
1.22 aaron 95: .Xr stat 2 )
1.1 deraadt 96: returned for each symbolic link to be those of the file referenced by the
97: link, not the link itself.
98: If the referenced file does not exist, the file information and type will
99: be for the link itself.
100: .It Fl X
1.16 aaron 101: Permit
1.1 deraadt 102: .Nm
103: to be safely used in conjunction with
104: .Xr xargs 1 .
105: If a file name contains any of the delimiting characters used by
106: .Xr xargs ,
107: a diagnostic message is displayed on standard error, and the file
108: is skipped.
1.22 aaron 109: The delimiting characters include single
110: .Pq Ql '
111: and double
112: .Pq Ql \&"
113: quotes, backslash
114: .Pq Ql \e ,
115: space, tab, and newline
116: .Pq Sq \en
117: characters.
1.41 millert 118: Alternatively, the
1.4 deraadt 119: .Fl print0
1.41 millert 120: primary may be used in conjunction with the
1.4 deraadt 121: .Fl 0
1.41 millert 122: option to
123: .Xr xargs 1 ,
124: allowing all file names to be processed safely.
1.1 deraadt 125: .It Fl x
1.16 aaron 126: Prevents
1.22 aaron 127: .Nm
1.1 deraadt 128: from descending into directories that have a device number different
129: than that of the file from which the descent began.
130: .El
131: .Sh PRIMARIES
132: .Bl -tag -width Ds
1.22 aaron 133: .It Ic -amin Ar n
1.15 deraadt 134: True if the difference between the file last access time and the time
1.22 aaron 135: .Nm
1.20 aaron 136: was started, rounded up to the next full minute, is
1.15 deraadt 137: .Ar n
1.20 aaron 138: minutes.
1.24 millert 139: .It Ic -anewer Ar file
140: True if the current file has a more recent last access time than
1.25 aaron 141: .Ar file .
1.22 aaron 142: .It Ic -atime Ar n
1.1 deraadt 143: True if the difference between the file last access time and the time
1.22 aaron 144: .Nm
145: was started, rounded up to the next full 24-hour period, is
1.1 deraadt 146: .Ar n
1.22 aaron 147: 24-hour periods.
148: .It Ic -cmin Ar n
1.15 deraadt 149: True if the difference between the time of last change of file status
150: information and the time
1.22 aaron 151: .Nm
1.20 aaron 152: was started, rounded up to the next full minute, is
1.15 deraadt 153: .Ar n
1.20 aaron 154: minutes.
1.24 millert 155: .It Ic -cnewer Ar file
156: True if the current file has a more recent last change time than
1.25 aaron 157: .Ar file .
1.22 aaron 158: .It Ic -ctime Ar n
1.1 deraadt 159: True if the difference between the time of last change of file status
160: information and the time
1.22 aaron 161: .Nm
162: was started, rounded up to the next full 24-hour period, is
1.1 deraadt 163: .Ar n
1.22 aaron 164: 24-hour periods.
1.8 tholo 165: .It Ic -empty
166: True if the current file or directory is empty.
1.22 aaron 167: .It Ic -exec Ar utility Op argument ... ;
1.1 deraadt 168: True if the program named
169: .Ar utility
170: returns a zero value as its exit status.
171: Optional arguments may be passed to the utility.
1.22 aaron 172: The expression must be terminated by a semicolon
173: .Pq Ql \&; .
174: If the string
175: .Qq {}
176: appears anywhere in the utility name or the
1.1 deraadt 177: arguments it is replaced by the pathname of the current file.
1.16 aaron 178: .Ar utility
1.1 deraadt 179: will be executed from the directory from which
1.22 aaron 180: .Nm
1.1 deraadt 181: was executed.
1.22 aaron 182: .It Ic -execdir Ar utility Op argument ... ;
183: Identical to the
1.10 millert 184: .Ic -exec
185: primary with the exception that
1.16 aaron 186: .Ar utility
1.10 millert 187: will be executed from the directory that holds
1.25 aaron 188: the current file.
189: The filename substituted for the string
1.22 aaron 190: .Qq {}
191: is not qualified.
1.28 millert 192: .It Xo
193: .Ic -flags
194: .Op Fl
195: .Ar flags
196: .Xc
197: The
198: .Ar flags
199: are comma-separated symbolic file flags (see
200: .Xr chflags 1
201: for a list of valid flag names).
202: If the flags are preceded by a dash
1.54 jmc 203: .Pq Sq - ,
1.49 otto 204: this primary evaluates to true if at least all specified
205: .Ar flags
206: are set in the file's flags.
1.28 millert 207: If the flags are not preceded by a dash, this primary evaluates to true if the
208: flags specified exactly match those of the file.
1.2 deraadt 209: .It Ic -follow
210: Follow symbolic links.
1.22 aaron 211: .It Ic -fstype Ar type
1.1 deraadt 212: True if the file is contained in a file system of type
213: .Ar type .
1.22 aaron 214: Two special file system types are recognized:
215: .Dq local
216: and
217: .Dq rdonly .
1.1 deraadt 218: These do not describe actual file system types;
219: the former matches any file system physically mounted on the system where
1.22 aaron 220: .Nm
221: is being executed whereas the latter matches any file system which is
1.1 deraadt 222: mounted read-only.
1.22 aaron 223: .It Ic -group Ar gname
1.1 deraadt 224: True if the file belongs to the group
1.25 aaron 225: .Ar gname .
1.1 deraadt 226: If
227: .Ar gname
228: is numeric and there is no such group name, then
229: .Ar gname
1.16 aaron 230: is treated as a group ID.
1.27 deraadt 231: .It Ic -iname Ar pattern
232: True if the last component of the pathname being examined
233: matches
234: .Ar pattern .
235: Case insensitive.
1.22 aaron 236: .It Ic -inum Ar n
1.1 deraadt 237: True if the file has inode number
1.25 aaron 238: .Ar n .
1.22 aaron 239: .It Ic -links Ar n
1.1 deraadt 240: True if the file has
241: .Ar n
242: links.
243: .It Ic -ls
244: This primary always evaluates to true.
245: The following information for the current file is written to standard output:
1.22 aaron 246: its inode number, size in 512-byte blocks, file permissions, number of hard
1.1 deraadt 247: links, owner, group, size in bytes, last modification time, and pathname.
248: If the file is a block or character special file, the major and minor numbers
249: will be displayed instead of the size in bytes.
1.22 aaron 250: If the file is a symbolic link, the pathname of the linked-to file will be
251: displayed preceded by
1.54 jmc 252: .Dq -\*(Gt .
1.22 aaron 253: The format is identical to that produced by
1.54 jmc 254: .Dq ls -dgils .
1.6 tholo 255: .It Ic -maxdepth Ar n
1.7 tholo 256: True if the current search depth is less than or equal to what is specified in
257: .Ar n .
258: .It Ic -mindepth Ar n
259: True if the current search depth is at least what is specified in
1.6 tholo 260: .Ar n .
1.22 aaron 261: .It Ic -mmin Ar n
1.15 deraadt 262: True if the difference between the file last modification time and the time
1.22 aaron 263: .Nm
1.20 aaron 264: was started, rounded up to the next full minute, is
1.15 deraadt 265: .Ar n
1.20 aaron 266: minutes.
1.22 aaron 267: .It Ic -mtime Ar n
1.1 deraadt 268: True if the difference between the file last modification time and the time
1.22 aaron 269: .Nm
270: was started, rounded up to the next full 24-hour period, is
1.1 deraadt 271: .Ar n
1.22 aaron 272: 24-hour periods.
273: .It Ic -name Ar pattern
1.1 deraadt 274: True if the last component of the pathname being examined matches
1.25 aaron 275: .Ar pattern .
1.22 aaron 276: Special shell pattern matching characters
277: .Pf ( Ql [ ,
278: .Ql \&] ,
279: .Ql * ,
280: and
1.40 jmc 281: .Ql \&? )
1.1 deraadt 282: may be used as part of
1.25 aaron 283: .Ar pattern .
1.1 deraadt 284: These characters may be matched explicitly by escaping them with a
1.22 aaron 285: backslash
286: .Pq Ql \e .
287: .It Ic -newer Ar file
1.1 deraadt 288: True if the current file has a more recent last modification time than
1.25 aaron 289: .Ar file .
1.44 jmc 290: .It Ic -nogroup
291: True if the file belongs to an unknown group.
1.1 deraadt 292: .It Ic -nouser
293: True if the file belongs to an unknown user.
1.54 jmc 294: .It Ic -ok Ar utility Op argument ... ;
1.22 aaron 295: Identical to the
296: .Ic -exec
297: primary with the exception that
298: .Nm
299: requests user affirmation for the execution of
300: .Ar utility
301: by printing
302: a message to the terminal and reading a response.
303: If the response is other than
304: .Sq y
305: the command is not executed and the
306: value of the
1.54 jmc 307: .Ic ok
1.22 aaron 308: expression is false.
309: .It Ic -path Ar pattern
1.1 deraadt 310: True if the pathname being examined matches
1.25 aaron 311: .Ar pattern .
1.22 aaron 312: Special shell pattern matching characters
313: .Pf ( Ql [ ,
314: .Ql \&] ,
315: .Ql * ,
316: and
1.40 jmc 317: .Ql \&? )
1.1 deraadt 318: may be used as part of
1.25 aaron 319: .Ar pattern .
1.1 deraadt 320: These characters may be matched explicitly by escaping them with a
1.22 aaron 321: backslash
322: .Pq Ql \e .
323: Slashes
324: .Pq Ql /
325: are treated as normal characters and do not have to be
1.1 deraadt 326: matched explicitly.
1.21 aaron 327: .It Xo
328: .Ic -perm
329: .Op Fl
330: .Ar mode
331: .Xc
1.1 deraadt 332: The
333: .Ar mode
334: may be either symbolic (see
1.25 aaron 335: .Xr chmod 1 )
1.1 deraadt 336: or an octal number.
337: If the mode is symbolic, a starting value of zero is assumed and the
1.16 aaron 338: mode sets or clears permissions without regard to the process's file mode
1.1 deraadt 339: creation mask.
340: If the mode is octal, only bits 07777
341: .Pf ( Dv S_ISUID
342: |
343: .Dv S_ISGID
344: |
345: .Dv S_ISTXT
346: |
347: .Dv S_IRWXU
348: |
349: .Dv S_IRWXG
350: |
351: .Dv S_IRWXO )
352: of the file's mode bits participate
353: in the comparison.
1.22 aaron 354: If the mode is preceded by a dash
1.54 jmc 355: .Pq Sq - ,
1.22 aaron 356: this primary evaluates to true
1.1 deraadt 357: if at least all of the bits in the mode are set in the file's mode bits.
1.22 aaron 358: If the mode is not preceded by a dash, this primary evaluates to
1.16 aaron 359: true if the bits in the mode exactly match the file's mode bits.
1.22 aaron 360: Note, the first character of a symbolic mode may not be a dash.
1.1 deraadt 361: .It Ic -print
362: This primary always evaluates to true.
363: It prints the pathname of the current file to standard output, followed
1.22 aaron 364: by a newline
365: .Pq Ql \en
366: character.
1.1 deraadt 367: If neither
368: .Ic -exec ,
369: .Ic -ls ,
370: .Ic -ok ,
371: nor
372: .Ic -print0
373: is specified, the given expression shall be effectively replaced by
1.22 aaron 374: .Cm \&( Ns Ar given\& expression Ns Cm \&)
1.1 deraadt 375: .Ic -print .
376: .It Ic -print0
377: This primary always evaluates to true.
378: It prints the pathname of the current file to standard output, followed
379: by a null character.
380: .It Ic -prune
381: This primary always evaluates to true.
382: It causes
1.22 aaron 383: .Nm
1.1 deraadt 384: to not descend into the current file.
385: Note, the
386: .Ic -prune
387: primary has no effect if the
388: .Fl d
389: option was specified.
1.22 aaron 390: .It Ic -size Ar n Ns Op Cm c
391: True if the file's size, rounded up, in 512-byte blocks is
1.25 aaron 392: .Ar n .
1.1 deraadt 393: If
394: .Ar n
1.22 aaron 395: is followed by a
396: .Sq c ,
397: then the primary is true if the
1.1 deraadt 398: file's size is
399: .Ar n
400: bytes.
1.22 aaron 401: .It Ic -type Ar t
1.1 deraadt 402: True if the file is of the specified type.
403: Possible file types are as follows:
404: .Pp
405: .Bl -tag -width flag -offset indent -compact
406: .It Cm b
407: block special
408: .It Cm c
409: character special
410: .It Cm d
411: directory
412: .It Cm f
413: regular file
414: .It Cm l
415: symbolic link
416: .It Cm p
417: FIFO
418: .It Cm s
419: socket
420: .El
421: .Pp
1.22 aaron 422: .It Ic -user Ar uname
1.1 deraadt 423: True if the file belongs to the user
1.25 aaron 424: .Ar uname .
1.1 deraadt 425: If
426: .Ar uname
427: is numeric and there is no such user name, then
428: .Ar uname
1.16 aaron 429: is treated as a user ID.
1.1 deraadt 430: .El
431: .Pp
432: All primaries which take a numeric argument allow the number to be
1.22 aaron 433: preceded by a plus sign
434: .Pq Ql +
435: or a minus sign
1.54 jmc 436: .Pq Ql - .
1.22 aaron 437: A preceding plus sign means
438: .Dq more than n ,
439: a preceding minus sign means
440: .Dq less than n ,
441: and neither means
442: .Dq exactly n .
1.1 deraadt 443: .Sh OPERATORS
444: The primaries may be combined using the following operators.
445: The operators are listed in order of decreasing precedence.
1.47 jmc 446: .Pp
447: .Bl -tag -width "(expression)" -compact
1.51 jmc 448: .It Cm \&( Ar expression Cm \&)
1.1 deraadt 449: This evaluates to true if the parenthesized expression evaluates to
450: true.
451: .Pp
1.51 jmc 452: .It Cm \&! Ar expression
1.1 deraadt 453: This is the unary
454: .Tn NOT
455: operator.
456: It evaluates to true if the expression is false.
457: .Pp
1.22 aaron 458: .It Ar expression Cm -and Ar expression
459: .It Ar expression expression
1.1 deraadt 460: The
461: .Cm -and
462: operator is the logical
463: .Tn AND
464: operator.
465: As it is implied by the juxtaposition of two expressions it does not
466: have to be specified.
467: The expression evaluates to true if both expressions are true.
468: The second expression is not evaluated if the first expression is false.
469: .Pp
1.22 aaron 470: .It Ar expression Cm -or Ar expression
1.1 deraadt 471: The
472: .Cm -or
473: operator is the logical
474: .Tn OR
475: operator.
476: The expression evaluates to true if either the first or the second expression
477: is true.
478: The second expression is not evaluated if the first expression is true.
479: .El
480: .Pp
1.53 otto 481: Operators, primaries, and arguments to primaries must be separate
482: arguments to
483: .Nm find ,
484: i.e. they should be separated by whitespace.
1.1 deraadt 485: .Sh EXAMPLES
1.22 aaron 486: Print out a list of all the files whose names do not end in
1.43 jaredy 487: .Dq \&.c :
488: .Pp
489: .Dl "$ find / \e! -name '*.c' -print"
490: .Pp
1.22 aaron 491: Print out a list of all the files owned by user
492: .Dq wnj
1.43 jaredy 493: that are newer than the file
494: .Dq ttt :
495: .Pp
496: .Dl "$ find / -newer ttt -user wnj -print"
497: .Pp
1.22 aaron 498: Print out a list of all the files which are not both newer than
499: .Dq ttt
500: and owned by
1.43 jaredy 501: .Dq wnj :
502: .Pp
503: .Dl "$ find / \e! \e( -newer ttt -user wnj \e) -print"
504: .Pp
1.22 aaron 505: Print out a list of all the files that are either owned by
506: .Dq wnj
507: or
508: that are newer than
1.43 jaredy 509: .Dq ttt :
510: .Pp
511: .Dl "$ find / \e( -newer ttt -or -user wnj \e) -print"
512: .Pp
513: Print out a list of all core files on local file systems:
514: .Pp
515: .Dl "$ find / \e! -fstype local -prune -or -name '*.core' -print"
1.46 jmc 516: .Pp
517: Find all files in
518: .Pa /usr/src
519: ending in a dot and single digit, but skip directory
520: .Pa /usr/src/gnu :
521: .Pp
522: .Dl "$ find /usr/src -path /usr/src/gnu -prune -or -name \e*\e.[0-9]"
1.1 deraadt 523: .Sh SEE ALSO
1.29 millert 524: .Xr chflags 1 ,
1.1 deraadt 525: .Xr chmod 1 ,
526: .Xr locate 1 ,
1.23 aaron 527: .Xr whereis 1 ,
528: .Xr which 1 ,
1.41 millert 529: .Xr xargs 1 ,
1.1 deraadt 530: .Xr stat 2 ,
531: .Xr fts 3 ,
1.16 aaron 532: .Xr getgrent 3 ,
1.1 deraadt 533: .Xr getpwent 3 ,
534: .Xr strmode 3 ,
535: .Xr symlink 7
536: .Sh STANDARDS
537: The
1.22 aaron 538: .Nm
1.1 deraadt 539: utility syntax is a superset of the syntax specified by the
1.55 ! jmc 540: .St -p1003.1-2004
1.1 deraadt 541: standard.
542: .Pp
1.55 ! jmc 543: The options
! 544: .Op Fl dfhXx
! 545: and primaries
1.18 deraadt 546: .Ic -amin ,
1.55 ! jmc 547: .Ic -anewer ,
1.18 deraadt 548: .Ic -cmin ,
1.55 ! jmc 549: .Ic -cnewer ,
1.9 tholo 550: .Ic -empty ,
1.55 ! jmc 551: .Ic -execdir ,
! 552: .Ic -flags ,
1.1 deraadt 553: .Ic -follow ,
554: .Ic -fstype ,
1.27 deraadt 555: .Ic -iname ,
1.2 deraadt 556: .Ic -inum ,
1.9 tholo 557: .Ic -ls ,
558: .Ic -maxdepth ,
1.13 deraadt 559: .Ic -mindepth ,
1.55 ! jmc 560: .Ic -mmin ,
! 561: .Ic -path ,
1.1 deraadt 562: and
563: .Ic -print0
1.13 deraadt 564: are extensions to
1.55 ! jmc 565: .St -p1003.1-2004 .
1.27 deraadt 566: The
567: .Ic -iname
568: option was inspired by GNU find.
1.1 deraadt 569: .Pp
570: Historically, the
571: .Fl d ,
1.26 aaron 572: .Fl H ,
1.1 deraadt 573: and
574: .Fl x
1.14 deraadt 575: options were implemented using the primaries
576: .Ic -depth ,
577: .Ic -follow ,
578: and
579: .Ic -xdev .
1.1 deraadt 580: These primaries always evaluated to true.
581: As they were really global variables that took effect before the traversal
582: began, some legal expressions could have unexpected results.
1.22 aaron 583: An example is the expression
1.54 jmc 584: .Dq -print -o -depth .
1.22 aaron 585: As
1.54 jmc 586: .Cm -print
1.22 aaron 587: always evaluates to true, the standard order of evaluation
588: implies that
1.54 jmc 589: .Cm -depth
1.22 aaron 590: would never be evaluated.
1.1 deraadt 591: This is not the case.
592: .Pp
1.22 aaron 593: The operator
594: .Cm -or
595: was implemented as
1.54 jmc 596: .Cm -o ,
1.22 aaron 597: and the operator
598: .Cm -and
599: was implemented as
1.54 jmc 600: .Cm -a .
1.1 deraadt 601: .Pp
602: Historic implementations of the
603: .Ic -exec
604: and
605: .Ic -ok
1.22 aaron 606: primaries did not replace the string
607: .Qq {}
608: in the utility name or the
1.1 deraadt 609: utility arguments if it had preceding or following non-whitespace characters.
610: This version replaces it no matter where in the utility name or arguments
611: it appears.
1.30 aaron 612: .Sh HISTORY
613: A
614: .Nm
615: command appeared in
616: .At v1 .
1.50 jmc 617: .Sh CAVEATS
1.1 deraadt 618: The special characters used by
1.22 aaron 619: .Nm
1.1 deraadt 620: are also special characters to many shell programs.
1.22 aaron 621: In particular, the characters
622: .Ql * ,
623: .Ql [ ,
624: .Ql \&] ,
1.40 jmc 625: .Ql \&? ,
1.22 aaron 626: .Ql ( ,
627: .Ql \&) ,
1.40 jmc 628: .Ql \&! ,
1.22 aaron 629: .Ql \e ,
630: and
631: .Ql \&;
632: may have to be escaped from the shell.
1.1 deraadt 633: .Pp
634: As there is no delimiter separating options and file names or file
635: names and the
636: .Ar expression ,
1.22 aaron 637: it is difficult to specify files named
638: .Dq -xdev
639: or
1.40 jmc 640: .Dq \&! .
1.1 deraadt 641: These problems are handled by the
642: .Fl f
643: option and the
644: .Xr getopt 3
1.54 jmc 645: .Dq --
1.22 aaron 646: construct.
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