Annotation of src/usr.bin/find/find.1, Revision 1.57
1.57 ! otto 1: .\" $OpenBSD: find.1,v 1.56 2006/10/05 07:41:04 jmc Exp $
1.1 deraadt 2: .\" Copyright (c) 1990, 1993
3: .\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved.
4: .\"
5: .\" This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
6: .\" the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.
7: .\"
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9: .\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
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13: .\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
14: .\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
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1.38 millert 16: .\" 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
1.1 deraadt 17: .\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
18: .\" without specific prior written permission.
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32: .\" from: @(#)find.1 8.1 (Berkeley) 6/6/93
33: .\"
1.24 millert 34: .Dd December 4, 1999
1.1 deraadt 35: .Dt FIND 1
36: .Os
37: .Sh NAME
38: .Nm find
39: .Nd walk a file hierarchy
40: .Sh SYNOPSIS
41: .Nm find
1.48 millert 42: .Op Fl dHhLXx
1.43 jaredy 43: .Op Fl f Ar path
44: .Ar path ...\&
1.34 deraadt 45: .Op Ar expression
1.1 deraadt 46: .Sh DESCRIPTION
1.22 aaron 47: .Nm
1.1 deraadt 48: recursively descends the directory tree for each
1.43 jaredy 49: .Ar path
1.1 deraadt 50: listed, evaluating an
51: .Ar expression
1.22 aaron 52: (composed of the
53: .Dq primaries
54: and
1.52 otto 55: .Dq operators
1.22 aaron 56: listed below) in terms
1.12 millert 57: of each file in the tree.
1.34 deraadt 58: In the absence of an expression,
59: .Ic -print
60: is assumed.
1.1 deraadt 61: .Pp
62: The options are as follows:
63: .Bl -tag -width Ds
64: .It Fl d
1.16 aaron 65: Causes
1.22 aaron 66: .Nm
1.45 jmc 67: to visit directories in post-order
68: i.e. all entries in a directory will be acted on before the directory itself.
1.1 deraadt 69: By default,
1.22 aaron 70: .Nm
1.45 jmc 71: visits directories in pre-order i.e. before their contents.
1.43 jaredy 72: .It Fl f Ar path
1.16 aaron 73: Specifies a file hierarchy for
1.22 aaron 74: .Nm
1.1 deraadt 75: to traverse.
1.52 otto 76: File hierarchies may be specified without the
77: .Fl f
78: option if they are given immediately after any other options.
1.35 millert 79: .It Fl H
80: Causes the file information and file type (see
81: .Xr stat 2 )
82: returned for each symbolic link encountered on the command line to be
83: those of the file referenced by the link, not the link itself.
84: If the referenced file does not exist, the file information and type will
85: be for the link itself.
86: File information of all symbolic links not on
87: the command line is that of the link itself.
1.1 deraadt 88: .It Fl h
1.35 millert 89: An alias for the
90: .Fl L
91: option.
1.37 david 92: This option exists for backwards compatibility.
1.35 millert 93: .It Fl L
1.16 aaron 94: Causes the file information and file type (see
1.22 aaron 95: .Xr stat 2 )
1.1 deraadt 96: returned for each symbolic link to be those of the file referenced by the
97: link, not the link itself.
98: If the referenced file does not exist, the file information and type will
99: be for the link itself.
100: .It Fl X
1.16 aaron 101: Permit
1.1 deraadt 102: .Nm
103: to be safely used in conjunction with
104: .Xr xargs 1 .
105: If a file name contains any of the delimiting characters used by
106: .Xr xargs ,
107: a diagnostic message is displayed on standard error, and the file
108: is skipped.
1.22 aaron 109: The delimiting characters include single
110: .Pq Ql '
111: and double
112: .Pq Ql \&"
113: quotes, backslash
114: .Pq Ql \e ,
115: space, tab, and newline
116: .Pq Sq \en
117: characters.
1.41 millert 118: Alternatively, the
1.4 deraadt 119: .Fl print0
1.41 millert 120: primary may be used in conjunction with the
1.4 deraadt 121: .Fl 0
1.41 millert 122: option to
123: .Xr xargs 1 ,
124: allowing all file names to be processed safely.
1.1 deraadt 125: .It Fl x
1.16 aaron 126: Prevents
1.22 aaron 127: .Nm
1.1 deraadt 128: from descending into directories that have a device number different
129: than that of the file from which the descent began.
130: .El
131: .Sh PRIMARIES
132: .Bl -tag -width Ds
1.22 aaron 133: .It Ic -amin Ar n
1.15 deraadt 134: True if the difference between the file last access time and the time
1.22 aaron 135: .Nm
1.20 aaron 136: was started, rounded up to the next full minute, is
1.15 deraadt 137: .Ar n
1.20 aaron 138: minutes.
1.24 millert 139: .It Ic -anewer Ar file
140: True if the current file has a more recent last access time than
1.25 aaron 141: .Ar file .
1.22 aaron 142: .It Ic -atime Ar n
1.1 deraadt 143: True if the difference between the file last access time and the time
1.22 aaron 144: .Nm
145: was started, rounded up to the next full 24-hour period, is
1.1 deraadt 146: .Ar n
1.22 aaron 147: 24-hour periods.
148: .It Ic -cmin Ar n
1.15 deraadt 149: True if the difference between the time of last change of file status
150: information and the time
1.22 aaron 151: .Nm
1.20 aaron 152: was started, rounded up to the next full minute, is
1.15 deraadt 153: .Ar n
1.20 aaron 154: minutes.
1.24 millert 155: .It Ic -cnewer Ar file
156: True if the current file has a more recent last change time than
1.25 aaron 157: .Ar file .
1.22 aaron 158: .It Ic -ctime Ar n
1.1 deraadt 159: True if the difference between the time of last change of file status
160: information and the time
1.22 aaron 161: .Nm
162: was started, rounded up to the next full 24-hour period, is
1.1 deraadt 163: .Ar n
1.22 aaron 164: 24-hour periods.
1.56 jmc 165: .It Ic -depth
166: The same as specifying the
167: .Fl d
168: option.
1.8 tholo 169: .It Ic -empty
170: True if the current file or directory is empty.
1.22 aaron 171: .It Ic -exec Ar utility Op argument ... ;
1.1 deraadt 172: True if the program named
173: .Ar utility
174: returns a zero value as its exit status.
175: Optional arguments may be passed to the utility.
1.22 aaron 176: The expression must be terminated by a semicolon
177: .Pq Ql \&; .
178: If the string
179: .Qq {}
180: appears anywhere in the utility name or the
1.1 deraadt 181: arguments it is replaced by the pathname of the current file.
1.16 aaron 182: .Ar utility
1.1 deraadt 183: will be executed from the directory from which
1.22 aaron 184: .Nm
1.1 deraadt 185: was executed.
1.22 aaron 186: .It Ic -execdir Ar utility Op argument ... ;
187: Identical to the
1.10 millert 188: .Ic -exec
189: primary with the exception that
1.16 aaron 190: .Ar utility
1.10 millert 191: will be executed from the directory that holds
1.25 aaron 192: the current file.
193: The filename substituted for the string
1.22 aaron 194: .Qq {}
195: is not qualified.
1.28 millert 196: .It Xo
197: .Ic -flags
198: .Op Fl
199: .Ar flags
200: .Xc
201: The
202: .Ar flags
203: are comma-separated symbolic file flags (see
204: .Xr chflags 1
205: for a list of valid flag names).
206: If the flags are preceded by a dash
1.54 jmc 207: .Pq Sq - ,
1.49 otto 208: this primary evaluates to true if at least all specified
209: .Ar flags
210: are set in the file's flags.
1.28 millert 211: If the flags are not preceded by a dash, this primary evaluates to true if the
212: flags specified exactly match those of the file.
1.2 deraadt 213: .It Ic -follow
1.56 jmc 214: The same as specifying the
215: .Fl H
216: option.
1.22 aaron 217: .It Ic -fstype Ar type
1.1 deraadt 218: True if the file is contained in a file system of type
219: .Ar type .
1.22 aaron 220: Two special file system types are recognized:
221: .Dq local
222: and
223: .Dq rdonly .
1.1 deraadt 224: These do not describe actual file system types;
225: the former matches any file system physically mounted on the system where
1.22 aaron 226: .Nm
227: is being executed whereas the latter matches any file system which is
1.1 deraadt 228: mounted read-only.
1.22 aaron 229: .It Ic -group Ar gname
1.1 deraadt 230: True if the file belongs to the group
1.25 aaron 231: .Ar gname .
1.1 deraadt 232: If
233: .Ar gname
234: is numeric and there is no such group name, then
235: .Ar gname
1.16 aaron 236: is treated as a group ID.
1.27 deraadt 237: .It Ic -iname Ar pattern
238: True if the last component of the pathname being examined
239: matches
240: .Ar pattern .
241: Case insensitive.
1.22 aaron 242: .It Ic -inum Ar n
1.1 deraadt 243: True if the file has inode number
1.25 aaron 244: .Ar n .
1.22 aaron 245: .It Ic -links Ar n
1.1 deraadt 246: True if the file has
247: .Ar n
248: links.
249: .It Ic -ls
250: This primary always evaluates to true.
251: The following information for the current file is written to standard output:
1.22 aaron 252: its inode number, size in 512-byte blocks, file permissions, number of hard
1.1 deraadt 253: links, owner, group, size in bytes, last modification time, and pathname.
254: If the file is a block or character special file, the major and minor numbers
255: will be displayed instead of the size in bytes.
1.22 aaron 256: If the file is a symbolic link, the pathname of the linked-to file will be
257: displayed preceded by
1.54 jmc 258: .Dq -\*(Gt .
1.22 aaron 259: The format is identical to that produced by
1.54 jmc 260: .Dq ls -dgils .
1.6 tholo 261: .It Ic -maxdepth Ar n
1.7 tholo 262: True if the current search depth is less than or equal to what is specified in
263: .Ar n .
264: .It Ic -mindepth Ar n
265: True if the current search depth is at least what is specified in
1.6 tholo 266: .Ar n .
1.22 aaron 267: .It Ic -mmin Ar n
1.15 deraadt 268: True if the difference between the file last modification time and the time
1.22 aaron 269: .Nm
1.20 aaron 270: was started, rounded up to the next full minute, is
1.15 deraadt 271: .Ar n
1.20 aaron 272: minutes.
1.22 aaron 273: .It Ic -mtime Ar n
1.1 deraadt 274: True if the difference between the file last modification time and the time
1.22 aaron 275: .Nm
276: was started, rounded up to the next full 24-hour period, is
1.1 deraadt 277: .Ar n
1.22 aaron 278: 24-hour periods.
279: .It Ic -name Ar pattern
1.1 deraadt 280: True if the last component of the pathname being examined matches
1.25 aaron 281: .Ar pattern .
1.22 aaron 282: Special shell pattern matching characters
283: .Pf ( Ql [ ,
284: .Ql \&] ,
285: .Ql * ,
286: and
1.40 jmc 287: .Ql \&? )
1.1 deraadt 288: may be used as part of
1.25 aaron 289: .Ar pattern .
1.1 deraadt 290: These characters may be matched explicitly by escaping them with a
1.22 aaron 291: backslash
292: .Pq Ql \e .
293: .It Ic -newer Ar file
1.1 deraadt 294: True if the current file has a more recent last modification time than
1.25 aaron 295: .Ar file .
1.44 jmc 296: .It Ic -nogroup
297: True if the file belongs to an unknown group.
1.1 deraadt 298: .It Ic -nouser
299: True if the file belongs to an unknown user.
1.54 jmc 300: .It Ic -ok Ar utility Op argument ... ;
1.22 aaron 301: Identical to the
302: .Ic -exec
303: primary with the exception that
304: .Nm
305: requests user affirmation for the execution of
306: .Ar utility
307: by printing
308: a message to the terminal and reading a response.
309: If the response is other than
310: .Sq y
311: the command is not executed and the
312: value of the
1.54 jmc 313: .Ic ok
1.22 aaron 314: expression is false.
315: .It Ic -path Ar pattern
1.1 deraadt 316: True if the pathname being examined matches
1.25 aaron 317: .Ar pattern .
1.22 aaron 318: Special shell pattern matching characters
319: .Pf ( Ql [ ,
320: .Ql \&] ,
321: .Ql * ,
322: and
1.40 jmc 323: .Ql \&? )
1.1 deraadt 324: may be used as part of
1.25 aaron 325: .Ar pattern .
1.1 deraadt 326: These characters may be matched explicitly by escaping them with a
1.22 aaron 327: backslash
328: .Pq Ql \e .
329: Slashes
330: .Pq Ql /
331: are treated as normal characters and do not have to be
1.1 deraadt 332: matched explicitly.
1.21 aaron 333: .It Xo
334: .Ic -perm
335: .Op Fl
336: .Ar mode
337: .Xc
1.1 deraadt 338: The
339: .Ar mode
340: may be either symbolic (see
1.25 aaron 341: .Xr chmod 1 )
1.1 deraadt 342: or an octal number.
343: If the mode is symbolic, a starting value of zero is assumed and the
1.16 aaron 344: mode sets or clears permissions without regard to the process's file mode
1.1 deraadt 345: creation mask.
346: If the mode is octal, only bits 07777
347: .Pf ( Dv S_ISUID
348: |
349: .Dv S_ISGID
350: |
351: .Dv S_ISTXT
352: |
353: .Dv S_IRWXU
354: |
355: .Dv S_IRWXG
356: |
357: .Dv S_IRWXO )
358: of the file's mode bits participate
359: in the comparison.
1.22 aaron 360: If the mode is preceded by a dash
1.54 jmc 361: .Pq Sq - ,
1.22 aaron 362: this primary evaluates to true
1.1 deraadt 363: if at least all of the bits in the mode are set in the file's mode bits.
1.22 aaron 364: If the mode is not preceded by a dash, this primary evaluates to
1.16 aaron 365: true if the bits in the mode exactly match the file's mode bits.
1.22 aaron 366: Note, the first character of a symbolic mode may not be a dash.
1.1 deraadt 367: .It Ic -print
368: This primary always evaluates to true.
369: It prints the pathname of the current file to standard output, followed
1.22 aaron 370: by a newline
371: .Pq Ql \en
372: character.
1.1 deraadt 373: If neither
374: .Ic -exec ,
375: .Ic -ls ,
376: .Ic -ok ,
377: nor
378: .Ic -print0
379: is specified, the given expression shall be effectively replaced by
1.22 aaron 380: .Cm \&( Ns Ar given\& expression Ns Cm \&)
1.1 deraadt 381: .Ic -print .
382: .It Ic -print0
383: This primary always evaluates to true.
384: It prints the pathname of the current file to standard output, followed
385: by a null character.
386: .It Ic -prune
387: This primary always evaluates to true.
388: It causes
1.22 aaron 389: .Nm
1.1 deraadt 390: to not descend into the current file.
391: Note, the
392: .Ic -prune
393: primary has no effect if the
394: .Fl d
395: option was specified.
1.22 aaron 396: .It Ic -size Ar n Ns Op Cm c
397: True if the file's size, rounded up, in 512-byte blocks is
1.25 aaron 398: .Ar n .
1.1 deraadt 399: If
400: .Ar n
1.22 aaron 401: is followed by a
402: .Sq c ,
403: then the primary is true if the
1.1 deraadt 404: file's size is
405: .Ar n
406: bytes.
1.22 aaron 407: .It Ic -type Ar t
1.1 deraadt 408: True if the file is of the specified type.
409: Possible file types are as follows:
410: .Pp
411: .Bl -tag -width flag -offset indent -compact
412: .It Cm b
413: block special
414: .It Cm c
415: character special
416: .It Cm d
417: directory
418: .It Cm f
419: regular file
420: .It Cm l
421: symbolic link
422: .It Cm p
423: FIFO
424: .It Cm s
425: socket
426: .El
427: .Pp
1.22 aaron 428: .It Ic -user Ar uname
1.1 deraadt 429: True if the file belongs to the user
1.25 aaron 430: .Ar uname .
1.1 deraadt 431: If
432: .Ar uname
433: is numeric and there is no such user name, then
434: .Ar uname
1.16 aaron 435: is treated as a user ID.
1.56 jmc 436: .It Ic -xdev
437: The same as specifying the
438: .Fl x
439: option.
1.1 deraadt 440: .El
441: .Pp
442: All primaries which take a numeric argument allow the number to be
1.22 aaron 443: preceded by a plus sign
444: .Pq Ql +
445: or a minus sign
1.54 jmc 446: .Pq Ql - .
1.22 aaron 447: A preceding plus sign means
448: .Dq more than n ,
449: a preceding minus sign means
450: .Dq less than n ,
451: and neither means
452: .Dq exactly n .
1.1 deraadt 453: .Sh OPERATORS
454: The primaries may be combined using the following operators.
455: The operators are listed in order of decreasing precedence.
1.47 jmc 456: .Pp
457: .Bl -tag -width "(expression)" -compact
1.51 jmc 458: .It Cm \&( Ar expression Cm \&)
1.1 deraadt 459: This evaluates to true if the parenthesized expression evaluates to
460: true.
461: .Pp
1.51 jmc 462: .It Cm \&! Ar expression
1.1 deraadt 463: This is the unary
464: .Tn NOT
465: operator.
466: It evaluates to true if the expression is false.
467: .Pp
1.22 aaron 468: .It Ar expression Cm -and Ar expression
469: .It Ar expression expression
1.1 deraadt 470: The
471: .Cm -and
472: operator is the logical
473: .Tn AND
474: operator.
475: As it is implied by the juxtaposition of two expressions it does not
476: have to be specified.
477: The expression evaluates to true if both expressions are true.
478: The second expression is not evaluated if the first expression is false.
479: .Pp
1.22 aaron 480: .It Ar expression Cm -or Ar expression
1.1 deraadt 481: The
482: .Cm -or
483: operator is the logical
484: .Tn OR
485: operator.
486: The expression evaluates to true if either the first or the second expression
487: is true.
488: The second expression is not evaluated if the first expression is true.
489: .El
490: .Pp
1.53 otto 491: Operators, primaries, and arguments to primaries must be separate
492: arguments to
493: .Nm find ,
494: i.e. they should be separated by whitespace.
1.1 deraadt 495: .Sh EXAMPLES
1.22 aaron 496: Print out a list of all the files whose names do not end in
1.43 jaredy 497: .Dq \&.c :
498: .Pp
499: .Dl "$ find / \e! -name '*.c' -print"
500: .Pp
1.22 aaron 501: Print out a list of all the files owned by user
502: .Dq wnj
1.43 jaredy 503: that are newer than the file
504: .Dq ttt :
505: .Pp
506: .Dl "$ find / -newer ttt -user wnj -print"
507: .Pp
1.22 aaron 508: Print out a list of all the files which are not both newer than
509: .Dq ttt
510: and owned by
1.43 jaredy 511: .Dq wnj :
512: .Pp
513: .Dl "$ find / \e! \e( -newer ttt -user wnj \e) -print"
514: .Pp
1.22 aaron 515: Print out a list of all the files that are either owned by
516: .Dq wnj
517: or
518: that are newer than
1.43 jaredy 519: .Dq ttt :
520: .Pp
521: .Dl "$ find / \e( -newer ttt -or -user wnj \e) -print"
522: .Pp
523: Print out a list of all core files on local file systems:
524: .Pp
525: .Dl "$ find / \e! -fstype local -prune -or -name '*.core' -print"
1.46 jmc 526: .Pp
527: Find all files in
528: .Pa /usr/src
529: ending in a dot and single digit, but skip directory
530: .Pa /usr/src/gnu :
531: .Pp
532: .Dl "$ find /usr/src -path /usr/src/gnu -prune -or -name \e*\e.[0-9]"
1.1 deraadt 533: .Sh SEE ALSO
1.29 millert 534: .Xr chflags 1 ,
1.1 deraadt 535: .Xr chmod 1 ,
536: .Xr locate 1 ,
1.23 aaron 537: .Xr whereis 1 ,
538: .Xr which 1 ,
1.41 millert 539: .Xr xargs 1 ,
1.1 deraadt 540: .Xr stat 2 ,
541: .Xr fts 3 ,
1.16 aaron 542: .Xr getgrent 3 ,
1.1 deraadt 543: .Xr getpwent 3 ,
544: .Xr strmode 3 ,
545: .Xr symlink 7
546: .Sh STANDARDS
547: The
1.22 aaron 548: .Nm
1.1 deraadt 549: utility syntax is a superset of the syntax specified by the
1.55 jmc 550: .St -p1003.1-2004
1.1 deraadt 551: standard.
552: .Pp
1.55 jmc 553: The options
554: .Op Fl dfhXx
555: and primaries
1.18 deraadt 556: .Ic -amin ,
1.55 jmc 557: .Ic -anewer ,
1.18 deraadt 558: .Ic -cmin ,
1.55 jmc 559: .Ic -cnewer ,
1.9 tholo 560: .Ic -empty ,
1.55 jmc 561: .Ic -execdir ,
562: .Ic -flags ,
1.1 deraadt 563: .Ic -follow ,
564: .Ic -fstype ,
1.27 deraadt 565: .Ic -iname ,
1.2 deraadt 566: .Ic -inum ,
1.9 tholo 567: .Ic -ls ,
568: .Ic -maxdepth ,
1.13 deraadt 569: .Ic -mindepth ,
1.55 jmc 570: .Ic -mmin ,
571: .Ic -path ,
1.1 deraadt 572: and
573: .Ic -print0
1.13 deraadt 574: are extensions to
1.55 jmc 575: .St -p1003.1-2004 .
1.27 deraadt 576: The
577: .Ic -iname
1.57 ! otto 578: primary was inspired by GNU find.
1.1 deraadt 579: .Pp
580: Historically, the
581: .Fl d ,
1.26 aaron 582: .Fl H ,
1.1 deraadt 583: and
584: .Fl x
1.14 deraadt 585: options were implemented using the primaries
586: .Ic -depth ,
587: .Ic -follow ,
588: and
589: .Ic -xdev .
1.1 deraadt 590: These primaries always evaluated to true.
591: As they were really global variables that took effect before the traversal
592: began, some legal expressions could have unexpected results.
1.22 aaron 593: An example is the expression
1.54 jmc 594: .Dq -print -o -depth .
1.22 aaron 595: As
1.54 jmc 596: .Cm -print
1.22 aaron 597: always evaluates to true, the standard order of evaluation
598: implies that
1.54 jmc 599: .Cm -depth
1.22 aaron 600: would never be evaluated.
1.1 deraadt 601: This is not the case.
602: .Pp
1.22 aaron 603: The operator
604: .Cm -or
605: was implemented as
1.54 jmc 606: .Cm -o ,
1.22 aaron 607: and the operator
608: .Cm -and
609: was implemented as
1.54 jmc 610: .Cm -a .
1.1 deraadt 611: .Pp
612: Historic implementations of the
613: .Ic -exec
614: and
615: .Ic -ok
1.22 aaron 616: primaries did not replace the string
617: .Qq {}
618: in the utility name or the
1.1 deraadt 619: utility arguments if it had preceding or following non-whitespace characters.
620: This version replaces it no matter where in the utility name or arguments
621: it appears.
1.30 aaron 622: .Sh HISTORY
623: A
624: .Nm
625: command appeared in
626: .At v1 .
1.50 jmc 627: .Sh CAVEATS
1.1 deraadt 628: The special characters used by
1.22 aaron 629: .Nm
1.1 deraadt 630: are also special characters to many shell programs.
1.22 aaron 631: In particular, the characters
632: .Ql * ,
633: .Ql [ ,
634: .Ql \&] ,
1.40 jmc 635: .Ql \&? ,
1.22 aaron 636: .Ql ( ,
637: .Ql \&) ,
1.40 jmc 638: .Ql \&! ,
1.22 aaron 639: .Ql \e ,
640: and
641: .Ql \&;
642: may have to be escaped from the shell.
1.1 deraadt 643: .Pp
644: As there is no delimiter separating options and file names or file
645: names and the
646: .Ar expression ,
1.22 aaron 647: it is difficult to specify files named
648: .Dq -xdev
649: or
1.40 jmc 650: .Dq \&! .
1.1 deraadt 651: These problems are handled by the
652: .Fl f
653: option and the
654: .Xr getopt 3
1.54 jmc 655: .Dq --
1.22 aaron 656: construct.
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