Annotation of src/usr.bin/find/find.1, Revision 1.59
1.59 ! jmc 1: .\" $OpenBSD: find.1,v 1.58 2006/10/10 10:17:36 jmc Exp $
1.1 deraadt 2: .\" Copyright (c) 1990, 1993
3: .\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved.
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5: .\" This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
6: .\" the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.
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9: .\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
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13: .\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
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1.38 millert 16: .\" 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
1.1 deraadt 17: .\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
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32: .\" from: @(#)find.1 8.1 (Berkeley) 6/6/93
33: .\"
1.24 millert 34: .Dd December 4, 1999
1.1 deraadt 35: .Dt FIND 1
36: .Os
37: .Sh NAME
38: .Nm find
39: .Nd walk a file hierarchy
40: .Sh SYNOPSIS
41: .Nm find
1.48 millert 42: .Op Fl dHhLXx
1.43 jaredy 43: .Op Fl f Ar path
44: .Ar path ...\&
1.34 deraadt 45: .Op Ar expression
1.1 deraadt 46: .Sh DESCRIPTION
1.22 aaron 47: .Nm
1.1 deraadt 48: recursively descends the directory tree for each
1.43 jaredy 49: .Ar path
1.1 deraadt 50: listed, evaluating an
51: .Ar expression
1.22 aaron 52: (composed of the
53: .Dq primaries
54: and
1.52 otto 55: .Dq operators
1.22 aaron 56: listed below) in terms
1.12 millert 57: of each file in the tree.
1.34 deraadt 58: In the absence of an expression,
59: .Ic -print
60: is assumed.
1.1 deraadt 61: .Pp
62: The options are as follows:
63: .Bl -tag -width Ds
64: .It Fl d
1.16 aaron 65: Causes
1.22 aaron 66: .Nm
1.45 jmc 67: to visit directories in post-order
68: i.e. all entries in a directory will be acted on before the directory itself.
1.1 deraadt 69: By default,
1.22 aaron 70: .Nm
1.45 jmc 71: visits directories in pre-order i.e. before their contents.
1.43 jaredy 72: .It Fl f Ar path
1.16 aaron 73: Specifies a file hierarchy for
1.22 aaron 74: .Nm
1.1 deraadt 75: to traverse.
1.52 otto 76: File hierarchies may be specified without the
77: .Fl f
78: option if they are given immediately after any other options.
1.35 millert 79: .It Fl H
80: Causes the file information and file type (see
81: .Xr stat 2 )
82: returned for each symbolic link encountered on the command line to be
83: those of the file referenced by the link, not the link itself.
84: If the referenced file does not exist, the file information and type will
85: be for the link itself.
86: File information of all symbolic links not on
87: the command line is that of the link itself.
1.1 deraadt 88: .It Fl h
1.35 millert 89: An alias for the
90: .Fl L
91: option.
1.37 david 92: This option exists for backwards compatibility.
1.35 millert 93: .It Fl L
1.16 aaron 94: Causes the file information and file type (see
1.22 aaron 95: .Xr stat 2 )
1.1 deraadt 96: returned for each symbolic link to be those of the file referenced by the
97: link, not the link itself.
98: If the referenced file does not exist, the file information and type will
99: be for the link itself.
100: .It Fl X
1.16 aaron 101: Permit
1.1 deraadt 102: .Nm
103: to be safely used in conjunction with
104: .Xr xargs 1 .
105: If a file name contains any of the delimiting characters used by
106: .Xr xargs ,
107: a diagnostic message is displayed on standard error, and the file
108: is skipped.
1.22 aaron 109: The delimiting characters include single
110: .Pq Ql '
111: and double
112: .Pq Ql \&"
113: quotes, backslash
114: .Pq Ql \e ,
115: space, tab, and newline
116: .Pq Sq \en
117: characters.
1.41 millert 118: Alternatively, the
1.4 deraadt 119: .Fl print0
1.41 millert 120: primary may be used in conjunction with the
1.4 deraadt 121: .Fl 0
1.41 millert 122: option to
123: .Xr xargs 1 ,
124: allowing all file names to be processed safely.
1.1 deraadt 125: .It Fl x
1.16 aaron 126: Prevents
1.22 aaron 127: .Nm
1.1 deraadt 128: from descending into directories that have a device number different
129: than that of the file from which the descent began.
130: .El
131: .Sh PRIMARIES
132: .Bl -tag -width Ds
1.22 aaron 133: .It Ic -amin Ar n
1.15 deraadt 134: True if the difference between the file last access time and the time
1.22 aaron 135: .Nm
1.20 aaron 136: was started, rounded up to the next full minute, is
1.15 deraadt 137: .Ar n
1.20 aaron 138: minutes.
1.24 millert 139: .It Ic -anewer Ar file
140: True if the current file has a more recent last access time than
1.25 aaron 141: .Ar file .
1.22 aaron 142: .It Ic -atime Ar n
1.1 deraadt 143: True if the difference between the file last access time and the time
1.22 aaron 144: .Nm
145: was started, rounded up to the next full 24-hour period, is
1.1 deraadt 146: .Ar n
1.22 aaron 147: 24-hour periods.
148: .It Ic -cmin Ar n
1.15 deraadt 149: True if the difference between the time of last change of file status
150: information and the time
1.22 aaron 151: .Nm
1.20 aaron 152: was started, rounded up to the next full minute, is
1.15 deraadt 153: .Ar n
1.20 aaron 154: minutes.
1.24 millert 155: .It Ic -cnewer Ar file
156: True if the current file has a more recent last change time than
1.25 aaron 157: .Ar file .
1.22 aaron 158: .It Ic -ctime Ar n
1.1 deraadt 159: True if the difference between the time of last change of file status
160: information and the time
1.22 aaron 161: .Nm
162: was started, rounded up to the next full 24-hour period, is
1.1 deraadt 163: .Ar n
1.22 aaron 164: 24-hour periods.
1.56 jmc 165: .It Ic -depth
166: The same as specifying the
167: .Fl d
168: option.
1.8 tholo 169: .It Ic -empty
170: True if the current file or directory is empty.
1.59 ! jmc 171: .It Xo
! 172: .Ic -exec Ar utility
! 173: .Op argument ...
! 174: .No ;
! 175: .Xc
1.1 deraadt 176: True if the program named
177: .Ar utility
178: returns a zero value as its exit status.
179: Optional arguments may be passed to the utility.
1.22 aaron 180: The expression must be terminated by a semicolon
181: .Pq Ql \&; .
182: If the string
183: .Qq {}
184: appears anywhere in the utility name or the
1.1 deraadt 185: arguments it is replaced by the pathname of the current file.
1.16 aaron 186: .Ar utility
1.1 deraadt 187: will be executed from the directory from which
1.22 aaron 188: .Nm
1.1 deraadt 189: was executed.
1.59 ! jmc 190: .It Xo
! 191: .Ic -execdir Ar utility
! 192: .Op argument ...
! 193: .No ;
! 194: .Xc
1.22 aaron 195: Identical to the
1.10 millert 196: .Ic -exec
197: primary with the exception that
1.16 aaron 198: .Ar utility
1.10 millert 199: will be executed from the directory that holds
1.25 aaron 200: the current file.
201: The filename substituted for the string
1.22 aaron 202: .Qq {}
203: is not qualified.
1.28 millert 204: .It Xo
205: .Ic -flags
206: .Op Fl
207: .Ar flags
208: .Xc
209: The
210: .Ar flags
211: are comma-separated symbolic file flags (see
212: .Xr chflags 1
213: for a list of valid flag names).
214: If the flags are preceded by a dash
1.54 jmc 215: .Pq Sq - ,
1.49 otto 216: this primary evaluates to true if at least all specified
217: .Ar flags
218: are set in the file's flags.
1.28 millert 219: If the flags are not preceded by a dash, this primary evaluates to true if the
220: flags specified exactly match those of the file.
1.2 deraadt 221: .It Ic -follow
1.56 jmc 222: The same as specifying the
223: .Fl H
224: option.
1.22 aaron 225: .It Ic -fstype Ar type
1.1 deraadt 226: True if the file is contained in a file system of type
227: .Ar type .
1.22 aaron 228: Two special file system types are recognized:
229: .Dq local
230: and
231: .Dq rdonly .
1.1 deraadt 232: These do not describe actual file system types;
233: the former matches any file system physically mounted on the system where
1.22 aaron 234: .Nm
235: is being executed whereas the latter matches any file system which is
1.1 deraadt 236: mounted read-only.
1.22 aaron 237: .It Ic -group Ar gname
1.1 deraadt 238: True if the file belongs to the group
1.25 aaron 239: .Ar gname .
1.1 deraadt 240: If
241: .Ar gname
242: is numeric and there is no such group name, then
243: .Ar gname
1.16 aaron 244: is treated as a group ID.
1.27 deraadt 245: .It Ic -iname Ar pattern
246: True if the last component of the pathname being examined
247: matches
248: .Ar pattern .
249: Case insensitive.
1.22 aaron 250: .It Ic -inum Ar n
1.1 deraadt 251: True if the file has inode number
1.25 aaron 252: .Ar n .
1.22 aaron 253: .It Ic -links Ar n
1.1 deraadt 254: True if the file has
255: .Ar n
256: links.
257: .It Ic -ls
258: This primary always evaluates to true.
259: The following information for the current file is written to standard output:
1.22 aaron 260: its inode number, size in 512-byte blocks, file permissions, number of hard
1.1 deraadt 261: links, owner, group, size in bytes, last modification time, and pathname.
262: If the file is a block or character special file, the major and minor numbers
263: will be displayed instead of the size in bytes.
1.22 aaron 264: If the file is a symbolic link, the pathname of the linked-to file will be
265: displayed preceded by
1.54 jmc 266: .Dq -\*(Gt .
1.22 aaron 267: The format is identical to that produced by
1.54 jmc 268: .Dq ls -dgils .
1.6 tholo 269: .It Ic -maxdepth Ar n
1.7 tholo 270: True if the current search depth is less than or equal to what is specified in
271: .Ar n .
272: .It Ic -mindepth Ar n
273: True if the current search depth is at least what is specified in
1.6 tholo 274: .Ar n .
1.22 aaron 275: .It Ic -mmin Ar n
1.15 deraadt 276: True if the difference between the file last modification time and the time
1.22 aaron 277: .Nm
1.20 aaron 278: was started, rounded up to the next full minute, is
1.15 deraadt 279: .Ar n
1.20 aaron 280: minutes.
1.22 aaron 281: .It Ic -mtime Ar n
1.1 deraadt 282: True if the difference between the file last modification time and the time
1.22 aaron 283: .Nm
284: was started, rounded up to the next full 24-hour period, is
1.1 deraadt 285: .Ar n
1.22 aaron 286: 24-hour periods.
287: .It Ic -name Ar pattern
1.1 deraadt 288: True if the last component of the pathname being examined matches
1.25 aaron 289: .Ar pattern .
1.22 aaron 290: Special shell pattern matching characters
291: .Pf ( Ql [ ,
292: .Ql \&] ,
293: .Ql * ,
294: and
1.40 jmc 295: .Ql \&? )
1.1 deraadt 296: may be used as part of
1.25 aaron 297: .Ar pattern .
1.1 deraadt 298: These characters may be matched explicitly by escaping them with a
1.22 aaron 299: backslash
300: .Pq Ql \e .
301: .It Ic -newer Ar file
1.1 deraadt 302: True if the current file has a more recent last modification time than
1.25 aaron 303: .Ar file .
1.44 jmc 304: .It Ic -nogroup
305: True if the file belongs to an unknown group.
1.1 deraadt 306: .It Ic -nouser
307: True if the file belongs to an unknown user.
1.54 jmc 308: .It Ic -ok Ar utility Op argument ... ;
1.22 aaron 309: Identical to the
310: .Ic -exec
311: primary with the exception that
312: .Nm
313: requests user affirmation for the execution of
314: .Ar utility
315: by printing
316: a message to the terminal and reading a response.
317: If the response is other than
318: .Sq y
319: the command is not executed and the
320: value of the
1.54 jmc 321: .Ic ok
1.22 aaron 322: expression is false.
323: .It Ic -path Ar pattern
1.1 deraadt 324: True if the pathname being examined matches
1.25 aaron 325: .Ar pattern .
1.22 aaron 326: Special shell pattern matching characters
327: .Pf ( Ql [ ,
328: .Ql \&] ,
329: .Ql * ,
330: and
1.40 jmc 331: .Ql \&? )
1.1 deraadt 332: may be used as part of
1.25 aaron 333: .Ar pattern .
1.1 deraadt 334: These characters may be matched explicitly by escaping them with a
1.22 aaron 335: backslash
336: .Pq Ql \e .
337: Slashes
338: .Pq Ql /
339: are treated as normal characters and do not have to be
1.1 deraadt 340: matched explicitly.
1.21 aaron 341: .It Xo
342: .Ic -perm
343: .Op Fl
344: .Ar mode
345: .Xc
1.1 deraadt 346: The
347: .Ar mode
348: may be either symbolic (see
1.25 aaron 349: .Xr chmod 1 )
1.1 deraadt 350: or an octal number.
351: If the mode is symbolic, a starting value of zero is assumed and the
1.16 aaron 352: mode sets or clears permissions without regard to the process's file mode
1.1 deraadt 353: creation mask.
354: If the mode is octal, only bits 07777
355: .Pf ( Dv S_ISUID
356: |
357: .Dv S_ISGID
358: |
359: .Dv S_ISTXT
360: |
361: .Dv S_IRWXU
362: |
363: .Dv S_IRWXG
364: |
365: .Dv S_IRWXO )
366: of the file's mode bits participate
367: in the comparison.
1.22 aaron 368: If the mode is preceded by a dash
1.54 jmc 369: .Pq Sq - ,
1.22 aaron 370: this primary evaluates to true
1.1 deraadt 371: if at least all of the bits in the mode are set in the file's mode bits.
1.22 aaron 372: If the mode is not preceded by a dash, this primary evaluates to
1.16 aaron 373: true if the bits in the mode exactly match the file's mode bits.
1.22 aaron 374: Note, the first character of a symbolic mode may not be a dash.
1.1 deraadt 375: .It Ic -print
376: This primary always evaluates to true.
377: It prints the pathname of the current file to standard output, followed
1.22 aaron 378: by a newline
379: .Pq Ql \en
380: character.
1.1 deraadt 381: If neither
382: .Ic -exec ,
383: .Ic -ls ,
384: .Ic -ok ,
385: nor
386: .Ic -print0
387: is specified, the given expression shall be effectively replaced by
1.22 aaron 388: .Cm \&( Ns Ar given\& expression Ns Cm \&)
1.1 deraadt 389: .Ic -print .
390: .It Ic -print0
391: This primary always evaluates to true.
392: It prints the pathname of the current file to standard output, followed
393: by a null character.
394: .It Ic -prune
395: This primary always evaluates to true.
396: It causes
1.22 aaron 397: .Nm
1.1 deraadt 398: to not descend into the current file.
399: Note, the
400: .Ic -prune
401: primary has no effect if the
402: .Fl d
403: option was specified.
1.22 aaron 404: .It Ic -size Ar n Ns Op Cm c
405: True if the file's size, rounded up, in 512-byte blocks is
1.25 aaron 406: .Ar n .
1.1 deraadt 407: If
408: .Ar n
1.22 aaron 409: is followed by a
410: .Sq c ,
411: then the primary is true if the
1.1 deraadt 412: file's size is
413: .Ar n
414: bytes.
1.22 aaron 415: .It Ic -type Ar t
1.1 deraadt 416: True if the file is of the specified type.
417: Possible file types are as follows:
418: .Pp
419: .Bl -tag -width flag -offset indent -compact
420: .It Cm b
421: block special
422: .It Cm c
423: character special
424: .It Cm d
425: directory
426: .It Cm f
427: regular file
428: .It Cm l
429: symbolic link
430: .It Cm p
431: FIFO
432: .It Cm s
433: socket
434: .El
435: .Pp
1.22 aaron 436: .It Ic -user Ar uname
1.1 deraadt 437: True if the file belongs to the user
1.25 aaron 438: .Ar uname .
1.1 deraadt 439: If
440: .Ar uname
441: is numeric and there is no such user name, then
442: .Ar uname
1.16 aaron 443: is treated as a user ID.
1.56 jmc 444: .It Ic -xdev
445: The same as specifying the
446: .Fl x
447: option.
1.1 deraadt 448: .El
449: .Pp
450: All primaries which take a numeric argument allow the number to be
1.22 aaron 451: preceded by a plus sign
452: .Pq Ql +
453: or a minus sign
1.54 jmc 454: .Pq Ql - .
1.22 aaron 455: A preceding plus sign means
456: .Dq more than n ,
457: a preceding minus sign means
458: .Dq less than n ,
459: and neither means
460: .Dq exactly n .
1.1 deraadt 461: .Sh OPERATORS
462: The primaries may be combined using the following operators.
463: The operators are listed in order of decreasing precedence.
1.47 jmc 464: .Pp
465: .Bl -tag -width "(expression)" -compact
1.51 jmc 466: .It Cm \&( Ar expression Cm \&)
1.1 deraadt 467: This evaluates to true if the parenthesized expression evaluates to
468: true.
469: .Pp
1.51 jmc 470: .It Cm \&! Ar expression
1.1 deraadt 471: This is the unary
472: .Tn NOT
473: operator.
474: It evaluates to true if the expression is false.
475: .Pp
1.22 aaron 476: .It Ar expression Cm -and Ar expression
477: .It Ar expression expression
1.1 deraadt 478: The
479: .Cm -and
480: operator is the logical
481: .Tn AND
482: operator.
483: As it is implied by the juxtaposition of two expressions it does not
484: have to be specified.
485: The expression evaluates to true if both expressions are true.
486: The second expression is not evaluated if the first expression is false.
487: .Pp
1.22 aaron 488: .It Ar expression Cm -or Ar expression
1.1 deraadt 489: The
490: .Cm -or
491: operator is the logical
492: .Tn OR
493: operator.
494: The expression evaluates to true if either the first or the second expression
495: is true.
496: The second expression is not evaluated if the first expression is true.
497: .El
498: .Pp
1.53 otto 499: Operators, primaries, and arguments to primaries must be separate
500: arguments to
501: .Nm find ,
502: i.e. they should be separated by whitespace.
1.1 deraadt 503: .Sh EXAMPLES
1.22 aaron 504: Print out a list of all the files whose names do not end in
1.43 jaredy 505: .Dq \&.c :
506: .Pp
507: .Dl "$ find / \e! -name '*.c' -print"
508: .Pp
1.22 aaron 509: Print out a list of all the files owned by user
510: .Dq wnj
1.43 jaredy 511: that are newer than the file
512: .Dq ttt :
513: .Pp
514: .Dl "$ find / -newer ttt -user wnj -print"
515: .Pp
1.22 aaron 516: Print out a list of all the files which are not both newer than
517: .Dq ttt
518: and owned by
1.43 jaredy 519: .Dq wnj :
520: .Pp
521: .Dl "$ find / \e! \e( -newer ttt -user wnj \e) -print"
522: .Pp
1.58 jmc 523: Find and remove all *.jpg files in the current working directory:
1.43 jaredy 524: .Pp
1.58 jmc 525: .Dl "$ find . -name \e*\e.jpg -exec rm {} \e;"
1.43 jaredy 526: .Pp
527: Print out a list of all core files on local file systems:
528: .Pp
529: .Dl "$ find / \e! -fstype local -prune -or -name '*.core' -print"
1.46 jmc 530: .Pp
531: Find all files in
532: .Pa /usr/src
533: ending in a dot and single digit, but skip directory
534: .Pa /usr/src/gnu :
535: .Pp
536: .Dl "$ find /usr/src -path /usr/src/gnu -prune -or -name \e*\e.[0-9]"
1.1 deraadt 537: .Sh SEE ALSO
1.29 millert 538: .Xr chflags 1 ,
1.1 deraadt 539: .Xr chmod 1 ,
540: .Xr locate 1 ,
1.23 aaron 541: .Xr whereis 1 ,
542: .Xr which 1 ,
1.41 millert 543: .Xr xargs 1 ,
1.1 deraadt 544: .Xr stat 2 ,
545: .Xr fts 3 ,
1.16 aaron 546: .Xr getgrent 3 ,
1.1 deraadt 547: .Xr getpwent 3 ,
548: .Xr strmode 3 ,
549: .Xr symlink 7
550: .Sh STANDARDS
551: The
1.22 aaron 552: .Nm
1.1 deraadt 553: utility syntax is a superset of the syntax specified by the
1.55 jmc 554: .St -p1003.1-2004
1.1 deraadt 555: standard.
556: .Pp
1.55 jmc 557: The options
558: .Op Fl dfhXx
559: and primaries
1.18 deraadt 560: .Ic -amin ,
1.55 jmc 561: .Ic -anewer ,
1.18 deraadt 562: .Ic -cmin ,
1.55 jmc 563: .Ic -cnewer ,
1.9 tholo 564: .Ic -empty ,
1.55 jmc 565: .Ic -execdir ,
566: .Ic -flags ,
1.1 deraadt 567: .Ic -follow ,
568: .Ic -fstype ,
1.27 deraadt 569: .Ic -iname ,
1.2 deraadt 570: .Ic -inum ,
1.9 tholo 571: .Ic -ls ,
572: .Ic -maxdepth ,
1.13 deraadt 573: .Ic -mindepth ,
1.55 jmc 574: .Ic -mmin ,
575: .Ic -path ,
1.1 deraadt 576: and
577: .Ic -print0
1.13 deraadt 578: are extensions to
1.55 jmc 579: .St -p1003.1-2004 .
1.27 deraadt 580: The
581: .Ic -iname
1.57 otto 582: primary was inspired by GNU find.
1.1 deraadt 583: .Pp
584: Historically, the
585: .Fl d ,
1.26 aaron 586: .Fl H ,
1.1 deraadt 587: and
588: .Fl x
1.14 deraadt 589: options were implemented using the primaries
590: .Ic -depth ,
591: .Ic -follow ,
592: and
593: .Ic -xdev .
1.1 deraadt 594: These primaries always evaluated to true.
595: As they were really global variables that took effect before the traversal
596: began, some legal expressions could have unexpected results.
1.22 aaron 597: An example is the expression
1.54 jmc 598: .Dq -print -o -depth .
1.22 aaron 599: As
1.54 jmc 600: .Cm -print
1.22 aaron 601: always evaluates to true, the standard order of evaluation
602: implies that
1.54 jmc 603: .Cm -depth
1.22 aaron 604: would never be evaluated.
1.1 deraadt 605: This is not the case.
606: .Pp
1.22 aaron 607: The operator
608: .Cm -or
609: was implemented as
1.54 jmc 610: .Cm -o ,
1.22 aaron 611: and the operator
612: .Cm -and
613: was implemented as
1.54 jmc 614: .Cm -a .
1.1 deraadt 615: .Pp
616: Historic implementations of the
617: .Ic -exec
618: and
619: .Ic -ok
1.22 aaron 620: primaries did not replace the string
621: .Qq {}
622: in the utility name or the
1.1 deraadt 623: utility arguments if it had preceding or following non-whitespace characters.
624: This version replaces it no matter where in the utility name or arguments
625: it appears.
1.30 aaron 626: .Sh HISTORY
627: A
628: .Nm
629: command appeared in
630: .At v1 .
1.50 jmc 631: .Sh CAVEATS
1.1 deraadt 632: The special characters used by
1.22 aaron 633: .Nm
1.1 deraadt 634: are also special characters to many shell programs.
1.22 aaron 635: In particular, the characters
636: .Ql * ,
637: .Ql [ ,
638: .Ql \&] ,
1.40 jmc 639: .Ql \&? ,
1.22 aaron 640: .Ql ( ,
641: .Ql \&) ,
1.40 jmc 642: .Ql \&! ,
1.22 aaron 643: .Ql \e ,
644: and
645: .Ql \&;
646: may have to be escaped from the shell.
1.1 deraadt 647: .Pp
648: As there is no delimiter separating options and file names or file
649: names and the
650: .Ar expression ,
1.22 aaron 651: it is difficult to specify files named
652: .Dq -xdev
653: or
1.40 jmc 654: .Dq \&! .
1.1 deraadt 655: These problems are handled by the
656: .Fl f
657: option and the
658: .Xr getopt 3
1.54 jmc 659: .Dq --
1.22 aaron 660: construct.
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