Annotation of src/usr.bin/find/find.1, Revision 1.76
1.76 ! schwarze 1: .\" $OpenBSD: find.1,v 1.75 2009/12/20 16:15:26 schwarze Exp $
1.1 deraadt 2: .\" Copyright (c) 1990, 1993
3: .\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved.
4: .\"
5: .\" This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
6: .\" the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.
7: .\"
8: .\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
9: .\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
10: .\" are met:
11: .\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
12: .\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
13: .\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
14: .\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
15: .\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
1.38 millert 16: .\" 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
1.1 deraadt 17: .\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
18: .\" without specific prior written permission.
19: .\"
20: .\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
21: .\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
22: .\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
23: .\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
24: .\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
25: .\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
26: .\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
27: .\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
28: .\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
29: .\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
30: .\" SUCH DAMAGE.
31: .\"
32: .\" from: @(#)find.1 8.1 (Berkeley) 6/6/93
33: .\"
1.76 ! schwarze 34: .Dd $Mdocdate: December 20 2009 $
1.1 deraadt 35: .Dt FIND 1
36: .Os
37: .Sh NAME
38: .Nm find
39: .Nd walk a file hierarchy
40: .Sh SYNOPSIS
41: .Nm find
1.48 millert 42: .Op Fl dHhLXx
1.43 jaredy 43: .Op Fl f Ar path
44: .Ar path ...\&
1.34 deraadt 45: .Op Ar expression
1.1 deraadt 46: .Sh DESCRIPTION
1.22 aaron 47: .Nm
1.1 deraadt 48: recursively descends the directory tree for each
1.43 jaredy 49: .Ar path
1.1 deraadt 50: listed, evaluating an
51: .Ar expression
1.22 aaron 52: (composed of the
53: .Dq primaries
54: and
1.52 otto 55: .Dq operators
1.22 aaron 56: listed below) in terms
1.12 millert 57: of each file in the tree.
1.34 deraadt 58: In the absence of an expression,
59: .Ic -print
60: is assumed.
1.66 jmc 61: If an expression is given,
62: but none of the primaries
63: .Ic -exec ,
64: .Ic -ls ,
65: .Ic -ok ,
66: .Ic -print ,
67: or
68: .Ic -print0
1.67 jmc 69: are specified, the given expression is effectively replaced by
1.66 jmc 70: .Cm \&( Ar given expression Cm \&)
71: .Ic -print .
1.1 deraadt 72: .Pp
73: The options are as follows:
74: .Bl -tag -width Ds
75: .It Fl d
1.16 aaron 76: Causes
1.22 aaron 77: .Nm
1.45 jmc 78: to visit directories in post-order
79: i.e. all entries in a directory will be acted on before the directory itself.
1.1 deraadt 80: By default,
1.22 aaron 81: .Nm
1.45 jmc 82: visits directories in pre-order i.e. before their contents.
1.43 jaredy 83: .It Fl f Ar path
1.16 aaron 84: Specifies a file hierarchy for
1.22 aaron 85: .Nm
1.1 deraadt 86: to traverse.
1.52 otto 87: File hierarchies may be specified without the
88: .Fl f
89: option if they are given immediately after any other options.
1.35 millert 90: .It Fl H
91: Causes the file information and file type (see
92: .Xr stat 2 )
93: returned for each symbolic link encountered on the command line to be
94: those of the file referenced by the link, not the link itself.
95: If the referenced file does not exist, the file information and type will
96: be for the link itself.
97: File information of all symbolic links not on
98: the command line is that of the link itself.
1.1 deraadt 99: .It Fl h
1.35 millert 100: An alias for the
101: .Fl L
102: option.
1.37 david 103: This option exists for backwards compatibility.
1.35 millert 104: .It Fl L
1.16 aaron 105: Causes the file information and file type (see
1.22 aaron 106: .Xr stat 2 )
1.1 deraadt 107: returned for each symbolic link to be those of the file referenced by the
108: link, not the link itself.
109: If the referenced file does not exist, the file information and type will
110: be for the link itself.
111: .It Fl X
1.16 aaron 112: Permit
1.1 deraadt 113: .Nm
114: to be safely used in conjunction with
115: .Xr xargs 1 .
116: If a file name contains any of the delimiting characters used by
117: .Xr xargs ,
118: a diagnostic message is displayed on standard error, and the file
119: is skipped.
1.22 aaron 120: The delimiting characters include single
121: .Pq Ql '
122: and double
123: .Pq Ql \&"
124: quotes, backslash
125: .Pq Ql \e ,
126: space, tab, and newline
127: .Pq Sq \en
128: characters.
1.41 millert 129: Alternatively, the
1.4 deraadt 130: .Fl print0
1.41 millert 131: primary may be used in conjunction with the
1.4 deraadt 132: .Fl 0
1.41 millert 133: option to
134: .Xr xargs 1 ,
135: allowing all file names to be processed safely.
1.1 deraadt 136: .It Fl x
1.16 aaron 137: Prevents
1.22 aaron 138: .Nm
1.1 deraadt 139: from descending into directories that have a device number different
140: than that of the file from which the descent began.
141: .El
1.76 ! schwarze 142: .Pp
! 143: It is not an error to specify more than one of
! 144: the mutually exclusive options
! 145: .Fl H
! 146: and
! 147: .Fl L .
! 148: Where more than one of these options is specified,
! 149: the last option given overrides the others.
1.1 deraadt 150: .Sh PRIMARIES
151: .Bl -tag -width Ds
1.22 aaron 152: .It Ic -amin Ar n
1.15 deraadt 153: True if the difference between the file last access time and the time
1.22 aaron 154: .Nm
1.20 aaron 155: was started, rounded up to the next full minute, is
1.15 deraadt 156: .Ar n
1.20 aaron 157: minutes.
1.24 millert 158: .It Ic -anewer Ar file
159: True if the current file has a more recent last access time than
1.25 aaron 160: .Ar file .
1.22 aaron 161: .It Ic -atime Ar n
1.1 deraadt 162: True if the difference between the file last access time and the time
1.22 aaron 163: .Nm
164: was started, rounded up to the next full 24-hour period, is
1.1 deraadt 165: .Ar n
1.22 aaron 166: 24-hour periods.
167: .It Ic -cmin Ar n
1.15 deraadt 168: True if the difference between the time of last change of file status
169: information and the time
1.22 aaron 170: .Nm
1.20 aaron 171: was started, rounded up to the next full minute, is
1.15 deraadt 172: .Ar n
1.20 aaron 173: minutes.
1.24 millert 174: .It Ic -cnewer Ar file
175: True if the current file has a more recent last change time than
1.25 aaron 176: .Ar file .
1.22 aaron 177: .It Ic -ctime Ar n
1.1 deraadt 178: True if the difference between the time of last change of file status
179: information and the time
1.22 aaron 180: .Nm
181: was started, rounded up to the next full 24-hour period, is
1.1 deraadt 182: .Ar n
1.22 aaron 183: 24-hour periods.
1.56 jmc 184: .It Ic -depth
1.61 jmc 185: This primary always evaluates to true.
1.56 jmc 186: The same as specifying the
187: .Fl d
188: option.
1.8 tholo 189: .It Ic -empty
190: True if the current file or directory is empty.
1.59 jmc 191: .It Xo
192: .Ic -exec Ar utility
193: .Op argument ...
194: .No ;
195: .Xc
1.1 deraadt 196: True if the program named
197: .Ar utility
198: returns a zero value as its exit status.
199: Optional arguments may be passed to the utility.
1.22 aaron 200: The expression must be terminated by a semicolon
201: .Pq Ql \&; .
202: If the string
203: .Qq {}
204: appears anywhere in the utility name or the
1.1 deraadt 205: arguments it is replaced by the pathname of the current file.
1.16 aaron 206: .Ar utility
1.1 deraadt 207: will be executed from the directory from which
1.22 aaron 208: .Nm
1.1 deraadt 209: was executed.
1.63 otto 210: .Pp
211: Since
212: .Ar utility
213: is executed every time a match is made,
214: it is often more efficient to pipe the output of
215: .Nm
216: to
217: .Xr xargs 1 .
1.59 jmc 218: .It Xo
219: .Ic -execdir Ar utility
220: .Op argument ...
221: .No ;
222: .Xc
1.22 aaron 223: Identical to the
1.10 millert 224: .Ic -exec
225: primary with the exception that
1.16 aaron 226: .Ar utility
1.10 millert 227: will be executed from the directory that holds
1.25 aaron 228: the current file.
229: The filename substituted for the string
1.22 aaron 230: .Qq {}
231: is not qualified.
1.28 millert 232: .It Xo
233: .Ic -flags
1.65 jmc 234: .Oo - Oc Ns Ar flags
1.28 millert 235: .Xc
236: The
237: .Ar flags
238: are comma-separated symbolic file flags (see
239: .Xr chflags 1
240: for a list of valid flag names).
241: If the flags are preceded by a dash
1.54 jmc 242: .Pq Sq - ,
1.49 otto 243: this primary evaluates to true if at least all specified
244: .Ar flags
245: are set in the file's flags.
1.28 millert 246: If the flags are not preceded by a dash, this primary evaluates to true if the
247: flags specified exactly match those of the file.
1.2 deraadt 248: .It Ic -follow
1.61 jmc 249: This primary always evaluates to true.
1.56 jmc 250: The same as specifying the
251: .Fl H
252: option.
1.22 aaron 253: .It Ic -fstype Ar type
1.1 deraadt 254: True if the file is contained in a file system of type
255: .Ar type .
1.22 aaron 256: Two special file system types are recognized:
257: .Dq local
258: and
259: .Dq rdonly .
1.1 deraadt 260: These do not describe actual file system types;
261: the former matches any file system physically mounted on the system where
1.22 aaron 262: .Nm
263: is being executed whereas the latter matches any file system which is
1.1 deraadt 264: mounted read-only.
1.22 aaron 265: .It Ic -group Ar gname
1.1 deraadt 266: True if the file belongs to the group
1.25 aaron 267: .Ar gname .
1.1 deraadt 268: If
269: .Ar gname
270: is numeric and there is no such group name, then
271: .Ar gname
1.16 aaron 272: is treated as a group ID.
1.27 deraadt 273: .It Ic -iname Ar pattern
274: True if the last component of the pathname being examined
275: matches
276: .Ar pattern .
277: Case insensitive.
1.22 aaron 278: .It Ic -inum Ar n
1.1 deraadt 279: True if the file has inode number
1.25 aaron 280: .Ar n .
1.22 aaron 281: .It Ic -links Ar n
1.1 deraadt 282: True if the file has
283: .Ar n
284: links.
285: .It Ic -ls
286: This primary always evaluates to true.
287: The following information for the current file is written to standard output:
1.22 aaron 288: its inode number, size in 512-byte blocks, file permissions, number of hard
1.1 deraadt 289: links, owner, group, size in bytes, last modification time, and pathname.
290: If the file is a block or character special file, the major and minor numbers
291: will be displayed instead of the size in bytes.
1.22 aaron 292: If the file is a symbolic link, the pathname of the linked-to file will be
293: displayed preceded by
1.54 jmc 294: .Dq -\*(Gt .
1.22 aaron 295: The format is identical to that produced by
1.71 jmc 296: .Dq ls -dils .
1.6 tholo 297: .It Ic -maxdepth Ar n
1.7 tholo 298: True if the current search depth is less than or equal to what is specified in
299: .Ar n .
300: .It Ic -mindepth Ar n
301: True if the current search depth is at least what is specified in
1.6 tholo 302: .Ar n .
1.22 aaron 303: .It Ic -mmin Ar n
1.15 deraadt 304: True if the difference between the file last modification time and the time
1.22 aaron 305: .Nm
1.20 aaron 306: was started, rounded up to the next full minute, is
1.15 deraadt 307: .Ar n
1.20 aaron 308: minutes.
1.22 aaron 309: .It Ic -mtime Ar n
1.1 deraadt 310: True if the difference between the file last modification time and the time
1.22 aaron 311: .Nm
312: was started, rounded up to the next full 24-hour period, is
1.1 deraadt 313: .Ar n
1.22 aaron 314: 24-hour periods.
315: .It Ic -name Ar pattern
1.1 deraadt 316: True if the last component of the pathname being examined matches
1.25 aaron 317: .Ar pattern .
1.22 aaron 318: Special shell pattern matching characters
319: .Pf ( Ql [ ,
320: .Ql \&] ,
321: .Ql * ,
322: and
1.40 jmc 323: .Ql \&? )
1.1 deraadt 324: may be used as part of
1.25 aaron 325: .Ar pattern .
1.1 deraadt 326: These characters may be matched explicitly by escaping them with a
1.22 aaron 327: backslash
328: .Pq Ql \e .
329: .It Ic -newer Ar file
1.1 deraadt 330: True if the current file has a more recent last modification time than
1.25 aaron 331: .Ar file .
1.44 jmc 332: .It Ic -nogroup
333: True if the file belongs to an unknown group.
1.1 deraadt 334: .It Ic -nouser
335: True if the file belongs to an unknown user.
1.60 jmc 336: .It Xo
337: .Ic -ok Ar utility
338: .Op argument ...
339: .No ;
340: .Xc
1.22 aaron 341: Identical to the
342: .Ic -exec
343: primary with the exception that
344: .Nm
345: requests user affirmation for the execution of
346: .Ar utility
347: by printing
348: a message to the terminal and reading a response.
349: If the response is other than
350: .Sq y
351: the command is not executed and the
352: value of the
1.54 jmc 353: .Ic ok
1.22 aaron 354: expression is false.
355: .It Ic -path Ar pattern
1.1 deraadt 356: True if the pathname being examined matches
1.25 aaron 357: .Ar pattern .
1.22 aaron 358: Special shell pattern matching characters
359: .Pf ( Ql [ ,
360: .Ql \&] ,
361: .Ql * ,
362: and
1.40 jmc 363: .Ql \&? )
1.1 deraadt 364: may be used as part of
1.25 aaron 365: .Ar pattern .
1.1 deraadt 366: These characters may be matched explicitly by escaping them with a
1.22 aaron 367: backslash
368: .Pq Ql \e .
369: Slashes
370: .Pq Ql /
371: are treated as normal characters and do not have to be
1.1 deraadt 372: matched explicitly.
1.21 aaron 373: .It Xo
374: .Ic -perm
1.65 jmc 375: .Oo - Oc Ns Ar mode
1.21 aaron 376: .Xc
1.1 deraadt 377: The
378: .Ar mode
379: may be either symbolic (see
1.25 aaron 380: .Xr chmod 1 )
1.1 deraadt 381: or an octal number.
382: If the mode is symbolic, a starting value of zero is assumed and the
1.16 aaron 383: mode sets or clears permissions without regard to the process's file mode
1.1 deraadt 384: creation mask.
385: If the mode is octal, only bits 07777
1.64 jmc 386: .Po
1.70 kili 387: .Dv S_ISUID \*(Ba S_ISGID \*(Ba S_ISTXT \*(Ba
1.64 jmc 388: .Dv S_IRWXU \*(Ba S_IRWXG \*(Ba S_IRWXO
389: .Pc
1.1 deraadt 390: of the file's mode bits participate
391: in the comparison.
1.22 aaron 392: If the mode is preceded by a dash
1.54 jmc 393: .Pq Sq - ,
1.22 aaron 394: this primary evaluates to true
1.1 deraadt 395: if at least all of the bits in the mode are set in the file's mode bits.
1.22 aaron 396: If the mode is not preceded by a dash, this primary evaluates to
1.16 aaron 397: true if the bits in the mode exactly match the file's mode bits.
1.22 aaron 398: Note, the first character of a symbolic mode may not be a dash.
1.1 deraadt 399: .It Ic -print
400: This primary always evaluates to true.
401: It prints the pathname of the current file to standard output, followed
1.22 aaron 402: by a newline
403: .Pq Ql \en
404: character.
1.1 deraadt 405: .It Ic -print0
406: This primary always evaluates to true.
407: It prints the pathname of the current file to standard output, followed
408: by a null character.
409: .It Ic -prune
410: This primary always evaluates to true.
411: It causes
1.22 aaron 412: .Nm
1.1 deraadt 413: to not descend into the current file.
414: Note, the
415: .Ic -prune
416: primary has no effect if the
417: .Fl d
418: option was specified.
1.22 aaron 419: .It Ic -size Ar n Ns Op Cm c
420: True if the file's size, rounded up, in 512-byte blocks is
1.25 aaron 421: .Ar n .
1.1 deraadt 422: If
423: .Ar n
1.22 aaron 424: is followed by a
425: .Sq c ,
426: then the primary is true if the
1.1 deraadt 427: file's size is
428: .Ar n
429: bytes.
1.22 aaron 430: .It Ic -type Ar t
1.1 deraadt 431: True if the file is of the specified type.
432: Possible file types are as follows:
433: .Pp
434: .Bl -tag -width flag -offset indent -compact
435: .It Cm b
436: block special
437: .It Cm c
438: character special
439: .It Cm d
440: directory
441: .It Cm f
442: regular file
443: .It Cm l
444: symbolic link
445: .It Cm p
446: FIFO
447: .It Cm s
448: socket
449: .El
450: .Pp
1.22 aaron 451: .It Ic -user Ar uname
1.1 deraadt 452: True if the file belongs to the user
1.25 aaron 453: .Ar uname .
1.1 deraadt 454: If
455: .Ar uname
456: is numeric and there is no such user name, then
457: .Ar uname
1.16 aaron 458: is treated as a user ID.
1.56 jmc 459: .It Ic -xdev
1.61 jmc 460: This primary always evaluates to true.
1.56 jmc 461: The same as specifying the
462: .Fl x
463: option.
1.1 deraadt 464: .El
465: .Pp
466: All primaries which take a numeric argument allow the number to be
1.22 aaron 467: preceded by a plus sign
468: .Pq Ql +
469: or a minus sign
1.54 jmc 470: .Pq Ql - .
1.22 aaron 471: A preceding plus sign means
472: .Dq more than n ,
473: a preceding minus sign means
474: .Dq less than n ,
475: and neither means
476: .Dq exactly n .
1.74 jmc 477: Exceptions are the primaries
478: .Ic mindepth
479: and
480: .Ic maxdepth .
1.1 deraadt 481: .Sh OPERATORS
482: The primaries may be combined using the following operators.
483: The operators are listed in order of decreasing precedence.
1.47 jmc 484: .Pp
485: .Bl -tag -width "(expression)" -compact
1.51 jmc 486: .It Cm \&( Ar expression Cm \&)
1.1 deraadt 487: This evaluates to true if the parenthesized expression evaluates to
488: true.
489: .Pp
1.51 jmc 490: .It Cm \&! Ar expression
1.1 deraadt 491: This is the unary
492: .Tn NOT
493: operator.
494: It evaluates to true if the expression is false.
495: .Pp
1.22 aaron 496: .It Ar expression Cm -and Ar expression
497: .It Ar expression expression
1.1 deraadt 498: The
499: .Cm -and
500: operator is the logical
501: .Tn AND
502: operator.
503: As it is implied by the juxtaposition of two expressions it does not
504: have to be specified.
505: The expression evaluates to true if both expressions are true.
506: The second expression is not evaluated if the first expression is false.
507: .Pp
1.22 aaron 508: .It Ar expression Cm -or Ar expression
1.1 deraadt 509: The
510: .Cm -or
511: operator is the logical
512: .Tn OR
513: operator.
514: The expression evaluates to true if either the first or the second expression
515: is true.
516: The second expression is not evaluated if the first expression is true.
517: .El
518: .Pp
1.53 otto 519: Operators, primaries, and arguments to primaries must be separate
520: arguments to
521: .Nm find ,
522: i.e. they should be separated by whitespace.
1.1 deraadt 523: .Sh EXAMPLES
1.62 jmc 524: Print out a list of all the files whose names end in
1.43 jaredy 525: .Dq \&.c :
526: .Pp
1.62 jmc 527: .Dl "$ find / -name '*.c'"
1.43 jaredy 528: .Pp
1.22 aaron 529: Print out a list of all the files which are not both newer than
530: .Dq ttt
531: and owned by
1.43 jaredy 532: .Dq wnj :
533: .Pp
1.62 jmc 534: .Dl "$ find / \e! \e( -newer ttt -user wnj \e)"
1.43 jaredy 535: .Pp
536: Print out a list of all core files on local file systems:
537: .Pp
1.62 jmc 538: .Dl "$ find / \e! -fstype local -prune -or -name '*.core'"
1.46 jmc 539: .Pp
540: Find all files in
541: .Pa /usr/src
542: ending in a dot and single digit, but skip directory
543: .Pa /usr/src/gnu :
544: .Pp
1.62 jmc 545: .Dl "$ find /usr/src -path /usr/src/gnu -prune -or -name \e*.[0-9]"
546: .Pp
547: Find and remove all *.jpg files in the current working directory:
548: .Pp
549: .Dl "$ find . -name \e*.jpg -exec rm {} \e;"
1.63 otto 550: or
551: .Dl "$ find . -name \e*.jpg | xargs rm"
1.1 deraadt 552: .Sh SEE ALSO
1.29 millert 553: .Xr chflags 1 ,
1.1 deraadt 554: .Xr chmod 1 ,
555: .Xr locate 1 ,
1.23 aaron 556: .Xr whereis 1 ,
557: .Xr which 1 ,
1.41 millert 558: .Xr xargs 1 ,
1.1 deraadt 559: .Xr stat 2 ,
560: .Xr fts 3 ,
1.16 aaron 561: .Xr getgrent 3 ,
1.1 deraadt 562: .Xr getpwent 3 ,
563: .Xr strmode 3 ,
564: .Xr symlink 7
565: .Sh STANDARDS
566: The
1.22 aaron 567: .Nm
1.68 jmc 568: utility is compliant with the
1.72 jmc 569: .St -p1003.1-2008
1.68 jmc 570: specification.
1.1 deraadt 571: .Pp
1.55 jmc 572: The options
573: .Op Fl dfhXx
574: and primaries
1.18 deraadt 575: .Ic -amin ,
1.55 jmc 576: .Ic -anewer ,
1.18 deraadt 577: .Ic -cmin ,
1.55 jmc 578: .Ic -cnewer ,
1.9 tholo 579: .Ic -empty ,
1.55 jmc 580: .Ic -execdir ,
581: .Ic -flags ,
1.1 deraadt 582: .Ic -follow ,
583: .Ic -fstype ,
1.27 deraadt 584: .Ic -iname ,
1.2 deraadt 585: .Ic -inum ,
1.9 tholo 586: .Ic -ls ,
587: .Ic -maxdepth ,
1.13 deraadt 588: .Ic -mindepth ,
1.55 jmc 589: .Ic -mmin ,
1.1 deraadt 590: and
591: .Ic -print0
1.68 jmc 592: are extensions to that specification.
1.27 deraadt 593: The
594: .Ic -iname
1.57 otto 595: primary was inspired by GNU find.
1.1 deraadt 596: .Pp
597: Historically, the
598: .Fl d ,
1.26 aaron 599: .Fl H ,
1.1 deraadt 600: and
601: .Fl x
1.14 deraadt 602: options were implemented using the primaries
603: .Ic -depth ,
604: .Ic -follow ,
605: and
606: .Ic -xdev .
1.1 deraadt 607: These primaries always evaluated to true.
608: As they were really global variables that took effect before the traversal
609: began, some legal expressions could have unexpected results.
1.22 aaron 610: An example is the expression
1.54 jmc 611: .Dq -print -o -depth .
1.22 aaron 612: As
1.54 jmc 613: .Cm -print
1.22 aaron 614: always evaluates to true, the standard order of evaluation
615: implies that
1.54 jmc 616: .Cm -depth
1.22 aaron 617: would never be evaluated.
1.1 deraadt 618: This is not the case.
619: .Pp
1.22 aaron 620: The operator
621: .Cm -or
622: was implemented as
1.54 jmc 623: .Cm -o ,
1.22 aaron 624: and the operator
625: .Cm -and
626: was implemented as
1.54 jmc 627: .Cm -a .
1.1 deraadt 628: .Pp
629: Historic implementations of the
630: .Ic -exec
631: and
632: .Ic -ok
1.22 aaron 633: primaries did not replace the string
634: .Qq {}
635: in the utility name or the
1.1 deraadt 636: utility arguments if it had preceding or following non-whitespace characters.
637: This version replaces it no matter where in the utility name or arguments
638: it appears.
1.30 aaron 639: .Sh HISTORY
640: A
641: .Nm
642: command appeared in
643: .At v1 .
1.50 jmc 644: .Sh CAVEATS
1.1 deraadt 645: The special characters used by
1.22 aaron 646: .Nm
1.1 deraadt 647: are also special characters to many shell programs.
1.22 aaron 648: In particular, the characters
649: .Ql * ,
650: .Ql [ ,
651: .Ql \&] ,
1.40 jmc 652: .Ql \&? ,
1.22 aaron 653: .Ql ( ,
654: .Ql \&) ,
1.40 jmc 655: .Ql \&! ,
1.22 aaron 656: .Ql \e ,
657: and
658: .Ql \&;
659: may have to be escaped from the shell.
1.1 deraadt 660: .Pp
661: As there is no delimiter separating options and file names or file
662: names and the
663: .Ar expression ,
1.22 aaron 664: it is difficult to specify files named
665: .Dq -xdev
666: or
1.65 jmc 667: .Sq \&! .
1.1 deraadt 668: These problems are handled by the
669: .Fl f
670: option and the
671: .Xr getopt 3
1.65 jmc 672: .Sq --
1.22 aaron 673: construct.
![[BACK]](/icons/back.gif){kind=icon}
Return to find.1 CVS log ![[TXT]](/icons/text.gif){kind=icon}
![[DIR]](/icons/dir.gif){kind=icon}
Up to [local] / src / usr.bin / find