Annotation of src/usr.bin/find/find.1, Revision 1.78
1.78 ! schwarze 1: .\" $OpenBSD: find.1,v 1.77 2010/02/03 00:08:15 schwarze Exp $
1.1 deraadt 2: .\" Copyright (c) 1990, 1993
3: .\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved.
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5: .\" This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
6: .\" the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.
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9: .\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
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13: .\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
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1.38 millert 16: .\" 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
1.1 deraadt 17: .\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
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32: .\" from: @(#)find.1 8.1 (Berkeley) 6/6/93
33: .\"
1.78 ! schwarze 34: .Dd $Mdocdate: February 3 2010 $
1.1 deraadt 35: .Dt FIND 1
36: .Os
37: .Sh NAME
38: .Nm find
39: .Nd walk a file hierarchy
40: .Sh SYNOPSIS
41: .Nm find
1.48 millert 42: .Op Fl dHhLXx
1.43 jaredy 43: .Op Fl f Ar path
44: .Ar path ...\&
1.34 deraadt 45: .Op Ar expression
1.1 deraadt 46: .Sh DESCRIPTION
1.22 aaron 47: .Nm
1.1 deraadt 48: recursively descends the directory tree for each
1.43 jaredy 49: .Ar path
1.1 deraadt 50: listed, evaluating an
51: .Ar expression
1.22 aaron 52: (composed of the
53: .Dq primaries
54: and
1.52 otto 55: .Dq operators
1.22 aaron 56: listed below) in terms
1.12 millert 57: of each file in the tree.
1.34 deraadt 58: In the absence of an expression,
59: .Ic -print
60: is assumed.
1.66 jmc 61: If an expression is given,
62: but none of the primaries
63: .Ic -exec ,
64: .Ic -ls ,
65: .Ic -ok ,
66: .Ic -print ,
67: or
68: .Ic -print0
1.67 jmc 69: are specified, the given expression is effectively replaced by
1.66 jmc 70: .Cm \&( Ar given expression Cm \&)
71: .Ic -print .
1.1 deraadt 72: .Pp
73: The options are as follows:
74: .Bl -tag -width Ds
75: .It Fl d
1.16 aaron 76: Causes
1.22 aaron 77: .Nm
1.45 jmc 78: to visit directories in post-order
79: i.e. all entries in a directory will be acted on before the directory itself.
1.1 deraadt 80: By default,
1.22 aaron 81: .Nm
1.45 jmc 82: visits directories in pre-order i.e. before their contents.
1.43 jaredy 83: .It Fl f Ar path
1.16 aaron 84: Specifies a file hierarchy for
1.22 aaron 85: .Nm
1.1 deraadt 86: to traverse.
1.52 otto 87: File hierarchies may be specified without the
88: .Fl f
89: option if they are given immediately after any other options.
1.35 millert 90: .It Fl H
91: Causes the file information and file type (see
92: .Xr stat 2 )
93: returned for each symbolic link encountered on the command line to be
94: those of the file referenced by the link, not the link itself.
95: If the referenced file does not exist, the file information and type will
96: be for the link itself.
97: File information of all symbolic links not on
98: the command line is that of the link itself.
1.1 deraadt 99: .It Fl h
1.35 millert 100: An alias for the
101: .Fl L
102: option.
1.37 david 103: This option exists for backwards compatibility.
1.35 millert 104: .It Fl L
1.16 aaron 105: Causes the file information and file type (see
1.22 aaron 106: .Xr stat 2 )
1.1 deraadt 107: returned for each symbolic link to be those of the file referenced by the
108: link, not the link itself.
109: If the referenced file does not exist, the file information and type will
110: be for the link itself.
111: .It Fl X
1.16 aaron 112: Permit
1.1 deraadt 113: .Nm
114: to be safely used in conjunction with
115: .Xr xargs 1 .
116: If a file name contains any of the delimiting characters used by
117: .Xr xargs ,
118: a diagnostic message is displayed on standard error, and the file
119: is skipped.
1.22 aaron 120: The delimiting characters include single
121: .Pq Ql '
122: and double
123: .Pq Ql \&"
124: quotes, backslash
125: .Pq Ql \e ,
126: space, tab, and newline
127: .Pq Sq \en
128: characters.
1.41 millert 129: Alternatively, the
1.4 deraadt 130: .Fl print0
1.41 millert 131: primary may be used in conjunction with the
1.4 deraadt 132: .Fl 0
1.41 millert 133: option to
134: .Xr xargs 1 ,
135: allowing all file names to be processed safely.
1.1 deraadt 136: .It Fl x
1.16 aaron 137: Prevents
1.22 aaron 138: .Nm
1.1 deraadt 139: from descending into directories that have a device number different
140: than that of the file from which the descent began.
141: .El
1.76 schwarze 142: .Pp
143: It is not an error to specify more than one of
144: the mutually exclusive options
145: .Fl H
146: and
147: .Fl L .
148: Where more than one of these options is specified,
149: the last option given overrides the others.
1.1 deraadt 150: .Sh PRIMARIES
151: .Bl -tag -width Ds
1.22 aaron 152: .It Ic -amin Ar n
1.15 deraadt 153: True if the difference between the file last access time and the time
1.22 aaron 154: .Nm
1.20 aaron 155: was started, rounded up to the next full minute, is
1.15 deraadt 156: .Ar n
1.20 aaron 157: minutes.
1.24 millert 158: .It Ic -anewer Ar file
159: True if the current file has a more recent last access time than
1.25 aaron 160: .Ar file .
1.22 aaron 161: .It Ic -atime Ar n
1.1 deraadt 162: True if the difference between the file last access time and the time
1.22 aaron 163: .Nm
164: was started, rounded up to the next full 24-hour period, is
1.1 deraadt 165: .Ar n
1.22 aaron 166: 24-hour periods.
167: .It Ic -cmin Ar n
1.15 deraadt 168: True if the difference between the time of last change of file status
169: information and the time
1.22 aaron 170: .Nm
1.20 aaron 171: was started, rounded up to the next full minute, is
1.15 deraadt 172: .Ar n
1.20 aaron 173: minutes.
1.24 millert 174: .It Ic -cnewer Ar file
175: True if the current file has a more recent last change time than
1.25 aaron 176: .Ar file .
1.22 aaron 177: .It Ic -ctime Ar n
1.1 deraadt 178: True if the difference between the time of last change of file status
179: information and the time
1.22 aaron 180: .Nm
181: was started, rounded up to the next full 24-hour period, is
1.1 deraadt 182: .Ar n
1.22 aaron 183: 24-hour periods.
1.56 jmc 184: .It Ic -depth
1.61 jmc 185: This primary always evaluates to true.
1.56 jmc 186: The same as specifying the
187: .Fl d
188: option.
1.8 tholo 189: .It Ic -empty
190: True if the current file or directory is empty.
1.59 jmc 191: .It Xo
192: .Ic -exec Ar utility
193: .Op argument ...
194: .No ;
195: .Xc
1.1 deraadt 196: True if the program named
197: .Ar utility
198: returns a zero value as its exit status.
199: Optional arguments may be passed to the utility.
1.22 aaron 200: The expression must be terminated by a semicolon
201: .Pq Ql \&; .
202: If the string
203: .Qq {}
204: appears anywhere in the utility name or the
1.1 deraadt 205: arguments it is replaced by the pathname of the current file.
1.16 aaron 206: .Ar utility
1.1 deraadt 207: will be executed from the directory from which
1.22 aaron 208: .Nm
1.1 deraadt 209: was executed.
1.63 otto 210: .Pp
211: Since
212: .Ar utility
213: is executed every time a match is made,
214: it is often more efficient to pipe the output of
215: .Nm
216: to
217: .Xr xargs 1 .
1.59 jmc 218: .It Xo
219: .Ic -execdir Ar utility
220: .Op argument ...
221: .No ;
222: .Xc
1.22 aaron 223: Identical to the
1.10 millert 224: .Ic -exec
225: primary with the exception that
1.16 aaron 226: .Ar utility
1.10 millert 227: will be executed from the directory that holds
1.25 aaron 228: the current file.
229: The filename substituted for the string
1.22 aaron 230: .Qq {}
231: is not qualified.
1.28 millert 232: .It Xo
233: .Ic -flags
1.65 jmc 234: .Oo - Oc Ns Ar flags
1.28 millert 235: .Xc
236: The
237: .Ar flags
238: are comma-separated symbolic file flags (see
239: .Xr chflags 1
240: for a list of valid flag names).
241: If the flags are preceded by a dash
1.54 jmc 242: .Pq Sq - ,
1.49 otto 243: this primary evaluates to true if at least all specified
244: .Ar flags
245: are set in the file's flags.
1.28 millert 246: If the flags are not preceded by a dash, this primary evaluates to true if the
247: flags specified exactly match those of the file.
1.2 deraadt 248: .It Ic -follow
1.61 jmc 249: This primary always evaluates to true.
1.56 jmc 250: The same as specifying the
251: .Fl H
252: option.
1.22 aaron 253: .It Ic -fstype Ar type
1.1 deraadt 254: True if the file is contained in a file system of type
255: .Ar type .
1.22 aaron 256: Two special file system types are recognized:
257: .Dq local
258: and
259: .Dq rdonly .
1.1 deraadt 260: These do not describe actual file system types;
261: the former matches any file system physically mounted on the system where
1.22 aaron 262: .Nm
263: is being executed whereas the latter matches any file system which is
1.1 deraadt 264: mounted read-only.
1.22 aaron 265: .It Ic -group Ar gname
1.1 deraadt 266: True if the file belongs to the group
1.25 aaron 267: .Ar gname .
1.1 deraadt 268: If
269: .Ar gname
270: is numeric and there is no such group name, then
271: .Ar gname
1.16 aaron 272: is treated as a group ID.
1.27 deraadt 273: .It Ic -iname Ar pattern
1.77 schwarze 274: Identical to the
275: .Ic -name
276: primary except that the matching is done in a case insensitive manner.
1.22 aaron 277: .It Ic -inum Ar n
1.1 deraadt 278: True if the file has inode number
1.25 aaron 279: .Ar n .
1.22 aaron 280: .It Ic -links Ar n
1.1 deraadt 281: True if the file has
282: .Ar n
283: links.
284: .It Ic -ls
285: This primary always evaluates to true.
286: The following information for the current file is written to standard output:
1.22 aaron 287: its inode number, size in 512-byte blocks, file permissions, number of hard
1.1 deraadt 288: links, owner, group, size in bytes, last modification time, and pathname.
289: If the file is a block or character special file, the major and minor numbers
290: will be displayed instead of the size in bytes.
1.22 aaron 291: If the file is a symbolic link, the pathname of the linked-to file will be
292: displayed preceded by
1.54 jmc 293: .Dq -\*(Gt .
1.22 aaron 294: The format is identical to that produced by
1.71 jmc 295: .Dq ls -dils .
1.6 tholo 296: .It Ic -maxdepth Ar n
1.7 tholo 297: True if the current search depth is less than or equal to what is specified in
298: .Ar n .
299: .It Ic -mindepth Ar n
300: True if the current search depth is at least what is specified in
1.6 tholo 301: .Ar n .
1.22 aaron 302: .It Ic -mmin Ar n
1.15 deraadt 303: True if the difference between the file last modification time and the time
1.22 aaron 304: .Nm
1.20 aaron 305: was started, rounded up to the next full minute, is
1.15 deraadt 306: .Ar n
1.20 aaron 307: minutes.
1.22 aaron 308: .It Ic -mtime Ar n
1.1 deraadt 309: True if the difference between the file last modification time and the time
1.22 aaron 310: .Nm
311: was started, rounded up to the next full 24-hour period, is
1.1 deraadt 312: .Ar n
1.22 aaron 313: 24-hour periods.
314: .It Ic -name Ar pattern
1.1 deraadt 315: True if the last component of the pathname being examined matches
1.77 schwarze 316: .Ar pattern ,
317: which may use any of the special characters documented in
318: .Xr glob 7 .
1.22 aaron 319: .It Ic -newer Ar file
1.1 deraadt 320: True if the current file has a more recent last modification time than
1.25 aaron 321: .Ar file .
1.44 jmc 322: .It Ic -nogroup
323: True if the file belongs to an unknown group.
1.1 deraadt 324: .It Ic -nouser
325: True if the file belongs to an unknown user.
1.60 jmc 326: .It Xo
327: .Ic -ok Ar utility
328: .Op argument ...
329: .No ;
330: .Xc
1.22 aaron 331: Identical to the
332: .Ic -exec
333: primary with the exception that
334: .Nm
335: requests user affirmation for the execution of
336: .Ar utility
337: by printing
338: a message to the terminal and reading a response.
339: If the response is other than
340: .Sq y
341: the command is not executed and the
342: value of the
1.54 jmc 343: .Ic ok
1.22 aaron 344: expression is false.
345: .It Ic -path Ar pattern
1.1 deraadt 346: True if the pathname being examined matches
1.77 schwarze 347: .Ar pattern ,
348: which may use any of the special characters documented in
349: .Xr glob 7 .
1.22 aaron 350: Slashes
351: .Pq Ql /
352: are treated as normal characters and do not have to be
1.1 deraadt 353: matched explicitly.
1.21 aaron 354: .It Xo
355: .Ic -perm
1.65 jmc 356: .Oo - Oc Ns Ar mode
1.21 aaron 357: .Xc
1.1 deraadt 358: The
359: .Ar mode
360: may be either symbolic (see
1.25 aaron 361: .Xr chmod 1 )
1.1 deraadt 362: or an octal number.
363: If the mode is symbolic, a starting value of zero is assumed and the
1.16 aaron 364: mode sets or clears permissions without regard to the process's file mode
1.1 deraadt 365: creation mask.
366: If the mode is octal, only bits 07777
1.64 jmc 367: .Po
1.70 kili 368: .Dv S_ISUID \*(Ba S_ISGID \*(Ba S_ISTXT \*(Ba
1.64 jmc 369: .Dv S_IRWXU \*(Ba S_IRWXG \*(Ba S_IRWXO
370: .Pc
1.1 deraadt 371: of the file's mode bits participate
372: in the comparison.
1.22 aaron 373: If the mode is preceded by a dash
1.54 jmc 374: .Pq Sq - ,
1.22 aaron 375: this primary evaluates to true
1.1 deraadt 376: if at least all of the bits in the mode are set in the file's mode bits.
1.22 aaron 377: If the mode is not preceded by a dash, this primary evaluates to
1.16 aaron 378: true if the bits in the mode exactly match the file's mode bits.
1.22 aaron 379: Note, the first character of a symbolic mode may not be a dash.
1.1 deraadt 380: .It Ic -print
381: This primary always evaluates to true.
382: It prints the pathname of the current file to standard output, followed
1.22 aaron 383: by a newline
384: .Pq Ql \en
385: character.
1.1 deraadt 386: .It Ic -print0
387: This primary always evaluates to true.
388: It prints the pathname of the current file to standard output, followed
389: by a null character.
390: .It Ic -prune
391: This primary always evaluates to true.
392: It causes
1.22 aaron 393: .Nm
1.1 deraadt 394: to not descend into the current file.
395: Note, the
396: .Ic -prune
397: primary has no effect if the
398: .Fl d
399: option was specified.
1.22 aaron 400: .It Ic -size Ar n Ns Op Cm c
401: True if the file's size, rounded up, in 512-byte blocks is
1.25 aaron 402: .Ar n .
1.1 deraadt 403: If
404: .Ar n
1.22 aaron 405: is followed by a
406: .Sq c ,
407: then the primary is true if the
1.1 deraadt 408: file's size is
409: .Ar n
410: bytes.
1.22 aaron 411: .It Ic -type Ar t
1.1 deraadt 412: True if the file is of the specified type.
413: Possible file types are as follows:
414: .Pp
415: .Bl -tag -width flag -offset indent -compact
416: .It Cm b
417: block special
418: .It Cm c
419: character special
420: .It Cm d
421: directory
422: .It Cm f
423: regular file
424: .It Cm l
425: symbolic link
426: .It Cm p
427: FIFO
428: .It Cm s
429: socket
430: .El
431: .Pp
1.22 aaron 432: .It Ic -user Ar uname
1.1 deraadt 433: True if the file belongs to the user
1.25 aaron 434: .Ar uname .
1.1 deraadt 435: If
436: .Ar uname
437: is numeric and there is no such user name, then
438: .Ar uname
1.16 aaron 439: is treated as a user ID.
1.56 jmc 440: .It Ic -xdev
1.61 jmc 441: This primary always evaluates to true.
1.56 jmc 442: The same as specifying the
443: .Fl x
444: option.
1.1 deraadt 445: .El
446: .Pp
447: All primaries which take a numeric argument allow the number to be
1.22 aaron 448: preceded by a plus sign
449: .Pq Ql +
450: or a minus sign
1.54 jmc 451: .Pq Ql - .
1.22 aaron 452: A preceding plus sign means
453: .Dq more than n ,
454: a preceding minus sign means
455: .Dq less than n ,
456: and neither means
457: .Dq exactly n .
1.74 jmc 458: Exceptions are the primaries
459: .Ic mindepth
460: and
461: .Ic maxdepth .
1.1 deraadt 462: .Sh OPERATORS
463: The primaries may be combined using the following operators.
464: The operators are listed in order of decreasing precedence.
1.47 jmc 465: .Pp
466: .Bl -tag -width "(expression)" -compact
1.51 jmc 467: .It Cm \&( Ar expression Cm \&)
1.1 deraadt 468: This evaluates to true if the parenthesized expression evaluates to
469: true.
470: .Pp
1.51 jmc 471: .It Cm \&! Ar expression
1.1 deraadt 472: This is the unary
473: .Tn NOT
474: operator.
475: It evaluates to true if the expression is false.
476: .Pp
1.22 aaron 477: .It Ar expression Cm -and Ar expression
478: .It Ar expression expression
1.1 deraadt 479: The
480: .Cm -and
481: operator is the logical
482: .Tn AND
483: operator.
484: As it is implied by the juxtaposition of two expressions it does not
485: have to be specified.
486: The expression evaluates to true if both expressions are true.
487: The second expression is not evaluated if the first expression is false.
488: .Pp
1.22 aaron 489: .It Ar expression Cm -or Ar expression
1.1 deraadt 490: The
491: .Cm -or
492: operator is the logical
493: .Tn OR
494: operator.
495: The expression evaluates to true if either the first or the second expression
496: is true.
497: The second expression is not evaluated if the first expression is true.
498: .El
499: .Pp
1.53 otto 500: Operators, primaries, and arguments to primaries must be separate
501: arguments to
502: .Nm find ,
503: i.e. they should be separated by whitespace.
1.1 deraadt 504: .Sh EXAMPLES
1.62 jmc 505: Print out a list of all the files whose names end in
1.43 jaredy 506: .Dq \&.c :
507: .Pp
1.62 jmc 508: .Dl "$ find / -name '*.c'"
1.43 jaredy 509: .Pp
1.22 aaron 510: Print out a list of all the files which are not both newer than
511: .Dq ttt
512: and owned by
1.43 jaredy 513: .Dq wnj :
514: .Pp
1.62 jmc 515: .Dl "$ find / \e! \e( -newer ttt -user wnj \e)"
1.43 jaredy 516: .Pp
517: Print out a list of all core files on local file systems:
518: .Pp
1.62 jmc 519: .Dl "$ find / \e! -fstype local -prune -or -name '*.core'"
1.46 jmc 520: .Pp
521: Find all files in
522: .Pa /usr/src
523: ending in a dot and single digit, but skip directory
524: .Pa /usr/src/gnu :
525: .Pp
1.62 jmc 526: .Dl "$ find /usr/src -path /usr/src/gnu -prune -or -name \e*.[0-9]"
527: .Pp
528: Find and remove all *.jpg files in the current working directory:
529: .Pp
530: .Dl "$ find . -name \e*.jpg -exec rm {} \e;"
1.63 otto 531: or
532: .Dl "$ find . -name \e*.jpg | xargs rm"
1.1 deraadt 533: .Sh SEE ALSO
1.29 millert 534: .Xr chflags 1 ,
1.1 deraadt 535: .Xr chmod 1 ,
536: .Xr locate 1 ,
1.77 schwarze 537: .Xr ls 1 ,
1.23 aaron 538: .Xr whereis 1 ,
539: .Xr which 1 ,
1.41 millert 540: .Xr xargs 1 ,
1.1 deraadt 541: .Xr stat 2 ,
542: .Xr fts 3 ,
1.77 schwarze 543: .Xr glob 7 ,
1.1 deraadt 544: .Xr symlink 7
545: .Sh STANDARDS
546: The
1.22 aaron 547: .Nm
1.68 jmc 548: utility is compliant with the
1.72 jmc 549: .St -p1003.1-2008
1.68 jmc 550: specification.
1.1 deraadt 551: .Pp
1.55 jmc 552: The options
553: .Op Fl dfhXx
554: and primaries
1.18 deraadt 555: .Ic -amin ,
1.55 jmc 556: .Ic -anewer ,
1.18 deraadt 557: .Ic -cmin ,
1.55 jmc 558: .Ic -cnewer ,
1.9 tholo 559: .Ic -empty ,
1.55 jmc 560: .Ic -execdir ,
561: .Ic -flags ,
1.1 deraadt 562: .Ic -follow ,
563: .Ic -fstype ,
1.27 deraadt 564: .Ic -iname ,
1.2 deraadt 565: .Ic -inum ,
1.9 tholo 566: .Ic -ls ,
567: .Ic -maxdepth ,
1.13 deraadt 568: .Ic -mindepth ,
1.55 jmc 569: .Ic -mmin ,
1.1 deraadt 570: and
571: .Ic -print0
1.68 jmc 572: are extensions to that specification.
1.27 deraadt 573: The
574: .Ic -iname
1.57 otto 575: primary was inspired by GNU find.
1.1 deraadt 576: .Pp
577: Historically, the
578: .Fl d ,
1.26 aaron 579: .Fl H ,
1.1 deraadt 580: and
581: .Fl x
1.14 deraadt 582: options were implemented using the primaries
583: .Ic -depth ,
584: .Ic -follow ,
585: and
586: .Ic -xdev .
1.1 deraadt 587: These primaries always evaluated to true.
588: As they were really global variables that took effect before the traversal
589: began, some legal expressions could have unexpected results.
1.22 aaron 590: An example is the expression
1.54 jmc 591: .Dq -print -o -depth .
1.22 aaron 592: As
1.54 jmc 593: .Cm -print
1.22 aaron 594: always evaluates to true, the standard order of evaluation
595: implies that
1.54 jmc 596: .Cm -depth
1.22 aaron 597: would never be evaluated.
1.1 deraadt 598: This is not the case.
599: .Pp
1.22 aaron 600: The operator
601: .Cm -or
602: was implemented as
1.54 jmc 603: .Cm -o ,
1.22 aaron 604: and the operator
605: .Cm -and
606: was implemented as
1.54 jmc 607: .Cm -a .
1.1 deraadt 608: .Pp
609: Historic implementations of the
610: .Ic -exec
611: and
612: .Ic -ok
1.22 aaron 613: primaries did not replace the string
614: .Qq {}
615: in the utility name or the
1.1 deraadt 616: utility arguments if it had preceding or following non-whitespace characters.
617: This version replaces it no matter where in the utility name or arguments
618: it appears.
1.30 aaron 619: .Sh HISTORY
620: A
621: .Nm
622: command appeared in
623: .At v1 .
1.50 jmc 624: .Sh CAVEATS
1.1 deraadt 625: The special characters used by
1.22 aaron 626: .Nm
1.1 deraadt 627: are also special characters to many shell programs.
1.22 aaron 628: In particular, the characters
629: .Ql * ,
1.78 ! schwarze 630: .Ql \&[ ,
1.22 aaron 631: .Ql \&] ,
1.40 jmc 632: .Ql \&? ,
1.78 ! schwarze 633: .Ql \&( ,
1.22 aaron 634: .Ql \&) ,
1.40 jmc 635: .Ql \&! ,
1.22 aaron 636: .Ql \e ,
637: and
638: .Ql \&;
639: may have to be escaped from the shell.
1.1 deraadt 640: .Pp
641: As there is no delimiter separating options and file names or file
642: names and the
643: .Ar expression ,
1.22 aaron 644: it is difficult to specify files named
645: .Dq -xdev
646: or
1.65 jmc 647: .Sq \&! .
1.1 deraadt 648: These problems are handled by the
649: .Fl f
650: option and the
651: .Xr getopt 3
1.65 jmc 652: .Sq --
1.22 aaron 653: construct.
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