Annotation of src/usr.bin/grep/grep.1, Revision 1.31
1.31 ! jmc 1: .\" $OpenBSD: grep.1,v 1.30 2005/01/06 00:28:53 jmc Exp $
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1.6 deraadt 29: .\" @(#)grep.1 8.3 (Berkeley) 4/18/94
30: .\"
31: .Dd July 3, 1999
1.1 deraadt 32: .Dt GREP 1
33: .Os
34: .Sh NAME
1.27 jmc 35: .Nm grep , egrep , fgrep ,
36: .Nm zgrep , zegrep , zfgrep
1.6 deraadt 37: .Nd file pattern searcher
1.1 deraadt 38: .Sh SYNOPSIS
39: .Nm grep
1.27 jmc 40: .Bk -words
41: .Op Fl abcEFGHhIiLlnoPqRSsUVvwxZ
42: .Op Fl A Ar num
43: .Op Fl B Ar num
44: .Op Fl C Ns Op Ar num
45: .Op Fl e Ar pattern
46: .Op Fl f Ar file
47: .Op Fl -binary-files Ns = Ns Ar value
1.12 tedu 48: .Op Fl -context Ns Op = Ns Ar num
1.24 otto 49: .Op Fl -line-buffered
1.21 mcbride 50: .Op Ar pattern
1.6 deraadt 51: .Op Ar
1.27 jmc 52: .Ek
1.1 deraadt 53: .Sh DESCRIPTION
54: The
1.6 deraadt 55: .Nm grep
1.27 jmc 56: utility searches any given input files,
57: selecting lines that match one or more patterns.
58: By default, a pattern matches an input line if the regular expression
59: (RE) in the pattern matches the input line
60: without its trailing newline.
1.6 deraadt 61: An empty expression matches every line.
62: Each input line that matches at least one of the patterns is written
63: to the standard output.
1.1 deraadt 64: .Pp
1.6 deraadt 65: .Nm grep
1.27 jmc 66: is used for simple patterns and
1.29 jmc 67: basic regular expressions
68: .Pq BREs ;
1.1 deraadt 69: .Nm egrep
1.29 jmc 70: can handle extended regular expressions
71: .Pq EREs .
72: See
73: .Xr re_format 7
74: for more information on regular expressions.
1.1 deraadt 75: .Nm fgrep
1.27 jmc 76: is quicker than both
77: .Nm grep
78: and
79: .Nm egrep ,
80: but can only handle fixed patterns
81: (i.e. it does not interpret regular expressions).
82: Patterns may consist of one or more lines,
83: allowing any of the pattern lines to match a portion of the input.
84: .Pp
1.7 deraadt 85: .Nm zgrep ,
86: .Nm zegrep ,
87: and
88: .Nm zfgrep
1.27 jmc 89: act like
1.7 deraadt 90: .Nm grep ,
91: .Nm egrep ,
92: and
1.27 jmc 93: .Nm fgrep ,
94: respectively, but accept input files compressed with the
1.6 deraadt 95: .Xr compress 1
96: or
97: .Xr gzip 1
98: compression utilities.
1.1 deraadt 99: .Pp
1.6 deraadt 100: The following options are available:
101: .Bl -tag -width indent
102: .It Fl A Ar num
1.7 deraadt 103: Print
1.6 deraadt 104: .Ar num
105: lines of trailing context after each match.
1.27 jmc 106: See also the
107: .Fl B
108: and
109: .Fl C
110: options.
111: .It Fl a
112: Treat all files as ASCII text.
1.30 jmc 113: Normally
114: .Nm
115: will simply print
116: .Dq Binary file ... matches
117: if files contain binary characters.
118: Use of this option forces
119: .Nm
120: to output lines matching the specified pattern.
1.6 deraadt 121: .It Fl B Ar num
1.7 deraadt 122: Print
123: .Ar num
1.6 deraadt 124: lines of leading context before each match.
1.27 jmc 125: See also the
126: .Fl A
127: and
128: .Fl C
129: options.
130: .It Fl b
131: The offset in bytes of a matched pattern is
132: displayed in front of the respective matched line.
133: .It Fl C Ns Op Ar num
134: Print
135: .Ar num
136: lines of leading and trailing context surrounding each match.
137: The default is 2 and is equivalent to
1.6 deraadt 138: .Fl A
139: .Ar 2
140: .Fl B
141: .Ar 2 .
1.27 jmc 142: Note:
143: no whitespace may be given between the option and its argument.
144: .It Fl c
145: Only a count of selected lines is written to standard output.
1.1 deraadt 146: .It Fl E
1.27 jmc 147: Interpret
148: .Ar pattern
149: as an extended regular expression
150: (i.e. force
1.7 deraadt 151: .Nm grep
152: to behave as
1.27 jmc 153: .Nm egrep ) .
154: .It Fl e Ar pattern
155: Specify a pattern used during the search of the input:
156: an input line is selected if it matches any of the specified patterns.
157: This option is most useful when multiple
158: .Fl e
159: options are used to specify multiple patterns,
160: or when a pattern begins with a dash
161: .Pq Sq - .
1.1 deraadt 162: .It Fl F
1.27 jmc 163: Interpret
164: .Ar pattern
165: as a set of fixed strings
166: (i.e. force
1.6 deraadt 167: .Nm grep
1.7 deraadt 168: to behave as
1.27 jmc 169: .Nm fgrep ) .
170: .It Fl f Ar file
171: Read one or more newline separated patterns from
172: .Ar file .
173: Newlines are not considered part of a pattern.
1.6 deraadt 174: .It Fl G
1.27 jmc 175: Interpret
176: .Ar pattern
177: as a basic regular expression
178: (i.e. force
1.6 deraadt 179: .Nm grep
1.27 jmc 180: to behave as traditional
181: .Nm grep ) .
1.6 deraadt 182: .It Fl H
1.7 deraadt 183: If
1.6 deraadt 184: .Fl R
1.20 jmc 185: is specified, follow symbolic links only if they were explicitly listed
1.6 deraadt 186: on the command line.
1.27 jmc 187: The default is not to follow symbolic links.
188: .It Fl h
189: Never print filename headers
190: .Pq i.e. filenames
191: with output lines.
1.10 tedu 192: .It Fl I
193: Ignore binary files.
1.27 jmc 194: .It Fl i
195: Perform case insensitive matching.
196: By default,
197: .Nm grep
198: is case sensitive.
1.6 deraadt 199: .It Fl L
200: Only the names of files not containing selected lines are written to
201: standard output.
202: Pathnames are listed once per file searched.
1.28 jmc 203: If the standard input is searched, the string
204: .Dq (standard input)
1.6 deraadt 205: is written.
1.1 deraadt 206: .It Fl l
1.6 deraadt 207: Only the names of files containing selected lines are written to
1.7 deraadt 208: standard output.
1.27 jmc 209: .Nm grep
210: will only search a file until a match has been found,
211: making searches potentially less expensive.
1.7 deraadt 212: Pathnames are listed once per file searched.
1.28 jmc 213: If the standard input is searched, the string
214: .Dq (standard input)
1.6 deraadt 215: is written.
1.1 deraadt 216: .It Fl n
1.6 deraadt 217: Each output line is preceded by its relative line number in the file,
218: starting at line 1.
219: The line number counter is reset for each file processed.
220: This option is ignored if
221: .Fl c ,
1.27 jmc 222: .Fl L ,
1.6 deraadt 223: .Fl l ,
1.27 jmc 224: .Fl q ,
1.6 deraadt 225: or
1.27 jmc 226: .Fl v
1.6 deraadt 227: is
228: specified.
229: .It Fl o
230: Always print filename headers with output lines.
1.27 jmc 231: .It Fl P
232: If
233: .Fl R
234: is specified, no symbolic links are followed.
235: This is the default.
1.1 deraadt 236: .It Fl q
1.27 jmc 237: Quiet mode:
238: suppress normal output.
239: .Nm grep
240: will only search a file until a match has been found,
241: making searches potentially less expensive.
242: .It Fl R
243: Recursively search subdirectories listed.
244: .It Fl S
245: If
246: .Fl R
247: is specified, all symbolic links are followed.
248: The default is not to follow symbolic links.
1.1 deraadt 249: .It Fl s
1.7 deraadt 250: Silent mode.
1.27 jmc 251: Nonexistent and unreadable files are ignored
252: (i.e. their error messages are suppressed).
253: .It Fl U
254: Search binary files, but do not attempt to print them.
255: .It Fl V
256: Display version information.
257: All other options are ignored.
1.1 deraadt 258: .It Fl v
1.6 deraadt 259: Selected lines are those
260: .Em not
1.14 dhartmei 261: matching any of the specified patterns.
1.1 deraadt 262: .It Fl w
1.27 jmc 263: The expression is searched for as a word (as if surrounded by
264: .Sq [[:<:]]
265: and
266: .Sq [[:>:]] ;
267: see
1.26 jmc 268: .Xr re_format 7 ) .
1.1 deraadt 269: .It Fl x
1.6 deraadt 270: Only input lines selected against an entire fixed string or regular
271: expression are considered to be matching lines.
1.27 jmc 272: .It Fl Z
273: Force
274: .Nm grep
275: to behave as
276: .Nm zgrep .
277: .It Fl Fl binary-files Ns = Ns Ar value
278: Controls searching and printing of binary files.
279: Options are
280: .Ar binary ,
281: the default: search binary files but do not print them;
282: .Ar without-match :
283: do not search binary files;
284: and
285: .Ar text :
286: treat all files as text.
1.12 tedu 287: .Sm off
288: .It Fl Fl context Op = Ar num
289: .Sm on
290: Print
291: .Ar num
292: lines of leading and trailing context.
1.27 jmc 293: The default is 2.
1.24 otto 294: .It Fl Fl line-buffered
295: Force output to be line buffered.
296: By default, output is line buffered when standard output is a terminal
297: and block buffered otherwise.
1.6 deraadt 298: .Pp
1.1 deraadt 299: .El
1.6 deraadt 300: If no file arguments are specified, the standard input is used.
1.7 deraadt 301: .Sh RETURN VALUES
1.1 deraadt 302: The
1.6 deraadt 303: .Nm grep
1.1 deraadt 304: utility exits with one of the following values:
305: .Pp
306: .Bl -tag -width flag -compact
1.6 deraadt 307: .It Li 0
308: One or more lines were selected.
309: .It Li 1
310: No lines were selected.
1.27 jmc 311: .It Li \*(Gt1
1.6 deraadt 312: An error occurred.
1.4 jmc 313: .El
1.6 deraadt 314: .Sh EXAMPLES
1.27 jmc 315: To find all occurrences of the word
316: .Sq patricia
317: in a file:
1.6 deraadt 318: .Pp
1.27 jmc 319: .Dl $ grep 'patricia' myfile
1.6 deraadt 320: .Pp
321: To find all occurrences of the pattern
1.27 jmc 322: .Ql .Pp
1.6 deraadt 323: at the beginning of a line:
324: .Pp
1.27 jmc 325: .Dl $ grep '^\e.Pp' myfile
1.6 deraadt 326: .Pp
1.7 deraadt 327: The apostrophes ensure the entire expression is evaluated by
1.6 deraadt 328: .Nm grep
1.27 jmc 329: instead of by the user's shell.
1.6 deraadt 330: The caret
1.27 jmc 331: .Ql ^
1.6 deraadt 332: matches the null string at the beginning of a line,
333: and the
1.27 jmc 334: .Ql \e
1.6 deraadt 335: escapes the
1.27 jmc 336: .Ql \&. ,
1.6 deraadt 337: which would otherwise match any character.
1.21 mcbride 338: .Pp
1.27 jmc 339: To find all lines in a file which do not contain the words
340: .Sq foo
341: or
342: .Sq bar :
1.21 mcbride 343: .Pp
1.27 jmc 344: .Dl $ grep -v -e 'foo' -e 'bar' myfile
1.6 deraadt 345: .Pp
346: A simple example of an extended regular expression:
347: .Pp
1.27 jmc 348: .Dl $ egrep '19|20|25' calendar
1.6 deraadt 349: .Pp
1.27 jmc 350: Peruses the file
351: .Sq calendar
352: looking for either 19, 20, or 25.
1.1 deraadt 353: .Sh SEE ALSO
1.6 deraadt 354: .Xr ed 1 ,
355: .Xr ex 1 ,
1.27 jmc 356: .Xr gzip 1 ,
1.6 deraadt 357: .Xr sed 1 ,
1.7 deraadt 358: .Xr re_format 7
1.27 jmc 359: .Sh STANDARDS
360: The
361: .Nm grep
362: utility is compliant with the
1.31 ! jmc 363: .St -p1003.1-2004
1.27 jmc 364: specification.
365: .Pp
366: The flags
367: .Op Fl AaBbCGHhILoPRSUVwZ
368: are extensions to that specification.
369: .Pp
370: All long options are provided for compatibility with
371: GNU versions of this utility.
372: .Pp
373: Historic versions of the
374: .Nm grep
375: utility also supported the flags
376: .Op Fl ruy .
377: This implementation supports those options;
378: however, their use is strongly discouraged.
1.1 deraadt 379: .Sh HISTORY
1.6 deraadt 380: The
1.1 deraadt 381: .Nm grep
1.27 jmc 382: command first appeared in
1.1 deraadt 383: .At v6 .