version 1.4, 2002/12/31 20:24:01 |
version 1.5, 2003/04/13 18:26:25 |
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|
.TH LESS 1 |
.TH LESS 1 "Version 390: 17 Jan 2003" |
.SH NAME |
.SH NAME |
less, more \- view files on a crt |
less, more \- view files on a crt |
.SH SYNOPSIS |
.SH SYNOPSIS |
.B "less|more -?" |
.B "less|more -?" |
.br |
.br |
|
.B "less|more --help" |
|
.br |
.B "less|more -V" |
.B "less|more -V" |
.br |
.br |
.B "less|more [-[+]aBcCdeEfgGiImMnNqQrsSuUVwX]" |
.B "less|more --version" |
.br |
.br |
.B " [-b \fIbufs\fP] [-h \fIlines\fP] [-j \fIline\fP] [-k \fIkeyfile\fP]" |
.B "less|more [-[+]aBcCdeEfFgGiIJLmMnNqQrRsSuUVwWX~]" |
.br |
.br |
.B " [-{oO} \fIlogfile\fP] [-p \fIpattern\fP] [-P \fIprompt\fP] [-t \fItag\fP]" |
.B " [-b \fIspace\fP] [-h \fIlines\fP] [-j \fIline\fP] [-k \fIkeyfile\fP]" |
.br |
.br |
.B " [-T \fItagsfile\fP] [-x \fItab\fP] [-y \fIlines\fP] [-[z] \fIlines\fP]" |
.B " [-{oO} \fIlogfile\fP] [-p \fIpattern\fP] [-P \fIprompt\fP]" |
.br |
.br |
.B " [+[+]\fIcmd\fP] [\fIfilename\fP]..." |
.B " [-t \fItag\fP] [-T \fItagsfile\fP] [-x \fItab\fP,...] [-y \fIlines\fP]" |
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.br |
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.B " [-[z] \fIlines\fP] [-# \fIshift\fP] [+[+]\fIcmd\fP] [--]" |
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.br |
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.B " [\fIfilename\fP]..." |
|
.sp |
|
(See the OPTIONS section for alternate option syntax with long option names.) |
|
|
.SH DESCRIPTION |
.SH DESCRIPTION |
.I Less |
.I Less |
|
|
.IP "h or H" |
.IP "h or H" |
Help: display a summary of these commands. |
Help: display a summary of these commands. |
If you forget all the other commands, remember this one. |
If you forget all the other commands, remember this one. |
.PP |
|
.IP "SPACE or ^V or f or ^F" |
.IP "SPACE or ^V or f or ^F" |
Scroll forward N lines, default one window (see option -z below). |
Scroll forward N lines, default one window (see option -z below). |
If N is more than the screen size, only the final screenful is displayed. |
If N is more than the screen size, only the final screenful is displayed. |
Warning: some systems use ^V as a special literalization character. |
Warning: some systems use ^V as a special literalization character. |
.PP |
|
.IP "z" |
.IP "z" |
Like SPACE, but if N is specified, it becomes the new window size. |
Like SPACE, but if N is specified, it becomes the new window size. |
.PP |
.IP "ESC-SPACE" |
|
Like SPACE, but scrolls a full screenful, even if it reaches |
|
end-of-file in the process. |
.IP "RETURN or ^N or e or ^E or j or ^J" |
.IP "RETURN or ^N or e or ^E or j or ^J" |
Scroll forward N lines, default 1. |
Scroll forward N lines, default 1. |
The entire N lines are displayed, even if N is more than the screen size. |
The entire N lines are displayed, even if N is more than the screen size. |
.PP |
|
.IP "d or ^D" |
.IP "d or ^D" |
Scroll forward N lines, default one half of the screen size. |
Scroll forward N lines, default one half of the screen size. |
If N is specified, it becomes the new default for |
If N is specified, it becomes the new default for |
subsequent d and u commands. |
subsequent d and u commands. |
.PP |
|
.IP "b or ^B or ESC-v" |
.IP "b or ^B or ESC-v" |
Scroll backward N lines, default one window (see option -z below). |
Scroll backward N lines, default one window (see option -z below). |
If N is more than the screen size, only the final screenful is displayed. |
If N is more than the screen size, only the final screenful is displayed. |
.PP |
|
.IP "w" |
.IP "w" |
Like ESC-v, but if N is specified, it becomes the new window size. |
Like ESC-v, but if N is specified, it becomes the new window size. |
.PP |
|
.IP "y or ^Y or ^P or k or ^K" |
.IP "y or ^Y or ^P or k or ^K" |
Scroll backward N lines, default 1. |
Scroll backward N lines, default 1. |
The entire N lines are displayed, even if N is more than the screen size. |
The entire N lines are displayed, even if N is more than the screen size. |
Warning: some systems use ^Y as a special job control character. |
Warning: some systems use ^Y as a special job control character. |
.PP |
|
.IP "u or ^U" |
.IP "u or ^U" |
Scroll backward N lines, default one half of the screen size. |
Scroll backward N lines, default one half of the screen size. |
If N is specified, it becomes the new default for |
If N is specified, it becomes the new default for |
subsequent d and u commands. |
subsequent d and u commands. |
.PP |
.IP "ESC-) or RIGHTARROW" |
|
Scroll horizontally right N characters, default half the screen width |
|
(see the -# option). |
|
If a number N is specified, it becomes the default for future RIGHTARROW |
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and LEFTARROW commands. |
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While the text is scrolled, it acts as though the -S option |
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(chop lines) were in effect. |
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.IP "ESC-( or LEFTARROW" |
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Scroll horizontally left N characters, default half the screen width |
|
(see the -# option). |
|
If a number N is specified, it becomes the default for future RIGHTARROW |
|
and LEFTARROW commands. |
.IP "r or ^R or ^L" |
.IP "r or ^R or ^L" |
Repaint the screen. |
Repaint the screen. |
.PP |
|
.IP R |
.IP R |
Repaint the screen, discarding any buffered input. |
Repaint the screen, discarding any buffered input. |
Useful if the file is changing while it is being viewed. |
Useful if the file is changing while it is being viewed. |
.PP |
|
.IP "F" |
.IP "F" |
Scroll forward, and keep trying to read when the |
Scroll forward, and keep trying to read when the |
end of file is reached. |
end of file is reached. |
|
|
It is a way to monitor the tail of a file which is growing |
It is a way to monitor the tail of a file which is growing |
while it is being viewed. |
while it is being viewed. |
(The behavior is similar to the "tail -f" command.) |
(The behavior is similar to the "tail -f" command.) |
.PP |
|
.IP "g or < or ESC-<" |
.IP "g or < or ESC-<" |
Go to line N in the file, default 1 (beginning of file). |
Go to line N in the file, default 1 (beginning of file). |
(Warning: this may be slow if N is large.) |
(Warning: this may be slow if N is large.) |
.PP |
|
.IP "G or > or ESC->" |
.IP "G or > or ESC->" |
Go to line N in the file, default the end of the file. |
Go to line N in the file, default the end of the file. |
(Warning: this may be slow if N is large, |
(Warning: this may be slow if N is large, |
or if N is not specified and |
or if N is not specified and |
standard input, rather than a file, is being read.) |
standard input, rather than a file, is being read.) |
.PP |
|
.IP "p or %" |
.IP "p or %" |
Go to a position N percent into the file. |
Go to a position N percent into the file. |
N should be between 0 and 100. |
N should be between 0 and 100. |
(This works if standard input is being read, but only if |
|
.I less |
|
has already read to the end of the file. |
|
It is always fast, but not always useful.) |
|
.PP |
|
.IP "{" |
.IP "{" |
If a left curly bracket appears in the top line displayed |
If a left curly bracket appears in the top line displayed |
on the screen, |
on the screen, |
|
|
line of the screen. |
line of the screen. |
If there is more than one left curly bracket on the top line, |
If there is more than one left curly bracket on the top line, |
a number N may be used to specify the N-th bracket on the line. |
a number N may be used to specify the N-th bracket on the line. |
.PP |
|
.IP "}" |
.IP "}" |
If a right curly bracket appears in the bottom line displayed |
If a right curly bracket appears in the bottom line displayed |
on the screen, |
on the screen, |
|
|
line of the screen. |
line of the screen. |
If there is more than one right curly bracket on the top line, |
If there is more than one right curly bracket on the top line, |
a number N may be used to specify the N-th bracket on the line. |
a number N may be used to specify the N-th bracket on the line. |
.PP |
|
.IP "(" |
.IP "(" |
Like {, but applies to parentheses rather than curly brackets. |
Like {, but applies to parentheses rather than curly brackets. |
.PP |
|
.IP ")" |
.IP ")" |
Like }, but applies to parentheses rather than curly brackets. |
Like }, but applies to parentheses rather than curly brackets. |
.PP |
|
.IP "[" |
.IP "[" |
Like {, but applies to square brackets rather than curly brackets. |
Like {, but applies to square brackets rather than curly brackets. |
.PP |
|
.IP "]" |
.IP "]" |
Like }, but applies to square brackets rather than curly brackets. |
Like }, but applies to square brackets rather than curly brackets. |
.PP |
|
.IP "ESC-^F" |
.IP "ESC-^F" |
Followed by two characters, |
Followed by two characters, |
acts like {, but uses the two characters as open and close brackets, |
acts like {, but uses the two characters as open and close brackets, |
|
|
.IP m |
.IP m |
Followed by any lowercase letter, |
Followed by any lowercase letter, |
marks the current position with that letter. |
marks the current position with that letter. |
.PP |
|
.IP "'" |
.IP "'" |
(Single quote.) |
(Single quote.) |
Followed by any lowercase letter, returns to the position which |
Followed by any lowercase letter, returns to the position which |
|
|
file respectively. |
file respectively. |
Marks are preserved when a new file is examined, |
Marks are preserved when a new file is examined, |
so the ' command can be used to switch between input files. |
so the ' command can be used to switch between input files. |
.PP |
|
.IP "^X^X" |
.IP "^X^X" |
Same as single quote. |
Same as single quote. |
.PP |
|
.IP /pattern |
.IP /pattern |
Search forward in the file for the N-th line containing the pattern. |
Search forward in the file for the N-th line containing the pattern. |
N defaults to 1. |
N defaults to 1. |
|
|
if entered at the beginning of the pattern; |
if entered at the beginning of the pattern; |
they modify the type of search rather than become part of the pattern: |
they modify the type of search rather than become part of the pattern: |
.RS |
.RS |
.IP ! |
.IP "^N or !" |
Search for lines which do NOT match the pattern. |
Search for lines which do NOT match the pattern. |
.IP * |
.IP "^E or *" |
Search multiple files. |
Search multiple files. |
That is, if the search reaches the end of the current file |
That is, if the search reaches the END of the current file |
without finding a match, |
without finding a match, |
the search continues in the next file in the command line list. |
the search continues in the next file in the command line list. |
.IP @ |
.IP "^F or @" |
Begin the search at the first line of the first file |
Begin the search at the first line of the FIRST file |
in the command line list, |
in the command line list, |
regardless of what is currently displayed on the screen |
regardless of what is currently displayed on the screen |
or the settings of the -a or -j options. |
or the settings of the -a or -j options. |
|
.IP "^K" |
|
Highlight any text which matches the pattern on the current screen, |
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but don't move to the first match (KEEP current position). |
|
.IP "^R" |
|
Don't interpret regular expression metacharacters; |
|
that is, do a simple textual comparison. |
.RE |
.RE |
.PP |
|
.IP ?pattern |
.IP ?pattern |
Search backward in the file for the N-th line containing the pattern. |
Search backward in the file for the N-th line containing the pattern. |
The search starts at the line immediately before the top line displayed. |
The search starts at the line immediately before the top line displayed. |
.sp |
.sp |
Certain characters are special as in the / command: |
Certain characters are special as in the / command: |
.RS |
.RS |
.IP ! |
.IP "^N or !" |
Search for lines which do NOT match the pattern. |
Search for lines which do NOT match the pattern. |
.IP * |
.IP "^E or *" |
Search multiple files. |
Search multiple files. |
That is, if the search reaches the beginning of the current file |
That is, if the search reaches the beginning of the current file |
without finding a match, |
without finding a match, |
the search continues in the previous file in the command line list. |
the search continues in the previous file in the command line list. |
.IP @ |
.IP "^F or @" |
Begin the search at the last line of the last file |
Begin the search at the last line of the last file |
in the command line list, |
in the command line list, |
regardless of what is currently displayed on the screen |
regardless of what is currently displayed on the screen |
or the settings of the -a or -j options. |
or the settings of the -a or -j options. |
|
.IP "^K" |
|
As in forward searches. |
|
.IP "^R" |
|
As in forward searches. |
.RE |
.RE |
.PP |
|
.IP "ESC-/pattern" |
.IP "ESC-/pattern" |
Same as "/*". |
Same as "/*". |
.PP |
|
.IP "ESC-?pattern" |
.IP "ESC-?pattern" |
Same as "?*". |
Same as "?*". |
.PP |
|
.IP n |
.IP n |
Repeat previous search, for N-th line containing the last pattern. |
Repeat previous search, for N-th line containing the last pattern. |
If the previous search was modified by !, the search is made for the |
If the previous search was modified by ^N, the search is made for the |
N-th line NOT containing the pattern. |
N-th line NOT containing the pattern. |
If the previous search was modified by *, the search continues |
If the previous search was modified by ^E, the search continues |
in the next (or previous) file if not satisfied in the current file. |
in the next (or previous) file if not satisfied in the current file. |
There is no effect if the previous search was modified by @. |
If the previous search was modified by ^R, the search is done |
.PP |
without using regular expressions. |
|
There is no effect if the previous search was modified by ^F or ^K. |
.IP N |
.IP N |
Repeat previous search, but in the reverse direction. |
Repeat previous search, but in the reverse direction. |
.PP |
|
.IP "ESC-n" |
.IP "ESC-n" |
Repeat previous search, but crossing file boundaries. |
Repeat previous search, but crossing file boundaries. |
The effect is as if the previous search were modified by *. |
The effect is as if the previous search were modified by *. |
.PP |
|
.IP "ESC-N" |
.IP "ESC-N" |
Repeat previous search, but in the reverse direction |
Repeat previous search, but in the reverse direction |
and crossing file boundaries. |
and crossing file boundaries. |
.PP |
|
.IP "ESC-u" |
.IP "ESC-u" |
Undo search highlighting. |
Undo search highlighting. |
Turn off highlighting of strings matching the current search pattern. |
Turn off highlighting of strings matching the current search pattern. |
If highlighting is already off because of a previous ESC-u command, |
If highlighting is already off because of a previous ESC-u command, |
turn highlighting back on. |
turn highlighting back on. |
Any search command will also turn highlighting back on. |
Any search command will also turn highlighting back on. |
(Highlighting can also be disabled by toggling the -G flag; |
(Highlighting can also be disabled by toggling the -G option; |
in that case search commands do not turn highlighting back on.) |
in that case search commands do not turn highlighting back on.) |
.PP |
|
.IP ":e [filename]" |
.IP ":e [filename]" |
Examine a new file. |
Examine a new file. |
If the filename is missing, the "current" file (see the :n and :p commands |
If the filename is missing, the "current" file (see the :n and :p commands |
|
|
A percent sign (%) in the filename is replaced by the name of the |
A percent sign (%) in the filename is replaced by the name of the |
current file. |
current file. |
A pound sign (#) is replaced by the name of the previously examined file. |
A pound sign (#) is replaced by the name of the previously examined file. |
|
However, two consecutive percent signs are simply |
|
replaced with a single percent sign. |
|
This allows you to enter a filename that contains a percent sign |
|
in the name. |
|
Similarly, two consecutive pound signs are replaced with a single pound sign. |
The filename is inserted into the command line list of files |
The filename is inserted into the command line list of files |
so that it can be seen by subsequent :n and :p commands. |
so that it can be seen by subsequent :n and :p commands. |
If the filename consists of several files, they are all inserted into |
If the filename consists of several files, they are all inserted into |
the list of files and the first one is examined. |
the list of files and the first one is examined. |
.PP |
If the filename contains one or more spaces, |
|
the entire filename should be enclosed in double quotes |
|
(also see the -" option). |
.IP "^X^V or E" |
.IP "^X^V or E" |
Same as :e. |
Same as :e. |
Warning: some systems use ^V as a special literalization character. |
Warning: some systems use ^V as a special literalization character. |
.PP |
On such systems, you may not be able to use ^V. |
.IP ":n" |
.IP ":n" |
Examine the next file (from the list of files given in the command line). |
Examine the next file (from the list of files given in the command line). |
If a number N is specified, the N-th next file is examined. |
If a number N is specified, the N-th next file is examined. |
.PP |
|
.IP ":p" |
.IP ":p" |
Examine the previous file in the command line list. |
Examine the previous file in the command line list. |
If a number N is specified, the N-th previous file is examined. |
If a number N is specified, the N-th previous file is examined. |
.PP |
|
.IP ":t" |
.IP ":t" |
Go to supplied tag. |
Go to the specified tag. |
.PP |
|
.IP ":x" |
.IP ":x" |
Examine the first file in the command line list. |
Examine the first file in the command line list. |
If a number N is specified, the N-th file in the list is examined. |
If a number N is specified, the N-th file in the list is examined. |
.PP |
.IP ":d" |
|
Remove the current file from the list of files. |
|
.IP "t" |
|
Go to the next tag, if there were more than one matches for the current tag. |
|
See the \-t option for more details about tags. |
|
.IP "T" |
|
Go to the previous tag, if there were more than one matches for the current tag. |
.IP "= or ^G or :f" |
.IP "= or ^G or :f" |
Prints some information about the file being viewed, |
Prints some information about the file being viewed, |
including its name |
including its name |
|
|
If possible, it also prints the length of the file, |
If possible, it also prints the length of the file, |
the number of lines in the file |
the number of lines in the file |
and the percent of the file above the last displayed line. |
and the percent of the file above the last displayed line. |
.PP |
|
.IP \- |
.IP \- |
Followed by one of the command line option letters (see below), |
Followed by one of the command line option letters (see OPTIONS below), |
this will change the setting of that option |
this will change the setting of that option |
and print a message describing the new setting. |
and print a message describing the new setting. |
|
If a ^P (CONTROL-P) is entered immediately after the dash, |
|
the setting of the option is changed but no message is printed. |
If the option letter has a numeric value (such as -b or -h), |
If the option letter has a numeric value (such as -b or -h), |
or a string value (such as -P or -t), |
or a string value (such as -P or -t), |
a new value may be entered after the option letter. |
a new value may be entered after the option letter. |
If no new value is entered, a message describing |
If no new value is entered, a message describing |
the current setting is printed and nothing is changed. |
the current setting is printed and nothing is changed. |
.PP |
.IP \-\- |
|
Like the \- command, but takes a long option name (see OPTIONS below) |
|
rather than a single option letter. |
|
You must press RETURN after typing the option name. |
|
A ^P immediately after the second dash suppresses printing of a |
|
message describing the new setting, as in the \- command. |
.IP \-+ |
.IP \-+ |
Followed by one of the command line option letters (see below), |
Followed by one of the command line option letters |
this will reset the option to its default setting |
this will reset the option to its default setting |
and print a message describing the new setting. |
and print a message describing the new setting. |
(The "\-+\fIX\fP" command does the same thing |
(The "\-+\fIX\fP" command does the same thing |
as "\-+\fIX\fP" on the command line.) |
as "\-+\fIX\fP" on the command line.) |
This does not work for string-valued options. |
This does not work for string-valued options. |
.PP |
.IP \-\-+ |
.IP \-\- |
Like the \-+ command, but takes a long option name |
Followed by one of the command line option letters (see below), |
rather than a single option letter. |
|
.IP \-! |
|
Followed by one of the command line option letters, |
this will reset the option to the "opposite" of its default setting |
this will reset the option to the "opposite" of its default setting |
and print a message describing the new setting. |
and print a message describing the new setting. |
(The "\-\-\fIX\fP" command does the same thing |
|
as "\-\fIX\fP" on the command line.) |
|
This does not work for numeric or string-valued options. |
This does not work for numeric or string-valued options. |
.PP |
.IP \-\-! |
|
Like the \-! command, but takes a long option name |
|
rather than a single option letter. |
.IP _ |
.IP _ |
(Underscore.) |
(Underscore.) |
Followed by one of the command line option letters (see below), |
Followed by one of the command line option letters, |
this will print a message describing the current setting of that option. |
this will print a message describing the current setting of that option. |
The setting of the option is not changed. |
The setting of the option is not changed. |
.PP |
.IP __ |
|
(Double underscore.) |
|
Like the _ (underscore) command, but takes a long option name |
|
rather than a single option letter. |
|
You must press RETURN after typing the option name. |
.IP +cmd |
.IP +cmd |
Causes the specified cmd to be executed each time a new file is examined. |
Causes the specified cmd to be executed each time a new file is examined. |
For example, +G causes |
For example, +G causes |
.I less |
.I less |
to initially display each file starting at the end |
to initially display each file starting at the end |
rather than the beginning. |
rather than the beginning. |
.PP |
|
.IP V |
.IP V |
Prints the version number of |
Prints the version number of |
.I less |
.I less |
being run. |
being run. |
.PP |
.IP "q or Q or :q or :Q or ZZ" |
.IP "q or :q or :Q or ZZ" |
|
Exits |
Exits |
.I less. |
.I less. |
.PP |
.PP |
The following |
The following |
three |
four |
commands may or may not be valid, depending on your particular installation. |
commands may or may not be valid, depending on your particular installation. |
.PP |
.PP |
.IP v |
.IP v |
|
|
or EDITOR if VISUAL is not defined, |
or EDITOR if VISUAL is not defined, |
or defaults to "vi" if neither VISUAL nor EDITOR is defined. |
or defaults to "vi" if neither VISUAL nor EDITOR is defined. |
See also the discussion of LESSEDIT under the section on PROMPTS below. |
See also the discussion of LESSEDIT under the section on PROMPTS below. |
.PP |
|
.IP "! shell-command" |
.IP "! shell-command" |
Invokes a shell to run the shell-command given. |
Invokes a shell to run the shell-command given. |
A percent sign (%) in the command is replaced by the name of the |
A percent sign (%) in the command is replaced by the name of the |
|
|
A pound sign (#) is replaced by the name of the previously examined file. |
A pound sign (#) is replaced by the name of the previously examined file. |
"!!" repeats the last shell command. |
"!!" repeats the last shell command. |
"!" with no shell command simply invokes a shell. |
"!" with no shell command simply invokes a shell. |
In all cases, the shell is taken from the environment variable SHELL, |
On Unix systems, the shell is taken from the environment variable SHELL, |
or defaults to "sh". |
or defaults to "sh". |
.PP |
On MS-DOS and OS/2 systems, the shell is the normal command processor. |
.IP "| <m> shell-command" |
.IP "| <m> shell-command" |
<m> represents any mark letter. |
<m> represents any mark letter. |
Pipes a section of the input file to the given shell command. |
Pipes a section of the input file to the given shell command. |
|
|
the current screen and the position marked by the letter. |
the current screen and the position marked by the letter. |
<m> may also be ^ or $ to indicate beginning or end of file respectively. |
<m> may also be ^ or $ to indicate beginning or end of file respectively. |
If <m> is . or newline, the current screen is piped. |
If <m> is . or newline, the current screen is piped. |
|
.IP "s filename" |
|
Save the input to a file. |
|
This only works if the input is a pipe, not an ordinary file. |
.PP |
.PP |
.SH OPTIONS |
.SH OPTIONS |
Command line options are described below. |
Command line options are described below. |
|
|
.I less |
.I less |
is running, via the "\-" command. |
is running, via the "\-" command. |
.PP |
.PP |
Options are also taken from the environment variable "LESS" if the |
Most options may be given in one of two forms: |
command is |
either a dash followed by a single letter, |
.I less |
or two dashes followed by a long option name. |
, or from the environment variable "MORE" if the command is |
A long option name may be abbreviated as long as |
.I more. |
the abbreviation is unambiguous. |
|
For example, --quit-at-eof may be abbreviated --quit, but not |
|
--qui, since both --quit-at-eof and --quiet begin with --qui. |
|
Some long option names are in uppercase, such as --QUIT-AT-EOF, as |
|
distinct from --quit-at-eof. |
|
Such option names need only have their first letter capitalized; |
|
the remainder of the name may be in either case. |
|
For example, --Quit-at-eof is equivalent to --QUIT-AT-EOF. |
|
.PP |
|
Options are also taken from the environment variable "LESS" |
|
if the command is |
|
.IR less , |
|
or from the environment variable "MORE" if the command is |
|
.IR more . |
For example, |
For example, |
to avoid typing "less -options ..." each time |
to avoid typing "less -options ..." each time |
.I less |
.I less |
|
|
.sp |
.sp |
LESS="-options"; export LESS |
LESS="-options"; export LESS |
.sp |
.sp |
|
On MS-DOS, you don't need the quotes, but you should replace any |
|
percent signs in the options string by double percent signs. |
|
.sp |
The environment variable is parsed before the command line, |
The environment variable is parsed before the command line, |
so command line options override the LESS environment variable. |
so command line options override the LESS environment variable. |
If an option appears in the LESS variable, it can be reset |
If an option appears in the LESS variable, it can be reset |
to its default on the command line by beginning the command |
to its default value on the command line by beginning the command |
line option with "-+". |
line option with "\-+". |
.sp |
.sp |
A dollar sign ($) may be used to signal the end of an option string. |
For options like -P or -D which take a following string, |
This is important only for options like -P which take a |
a dollar sign ($) must be used to signal the end of the string. |
following string. |
For example, to set two -D options on MS-DOS, you must have |
.IP -? |
a dollar sign between them, like this: |
|
.sp |
|
LESS="-Dn9.1$-Ds4.1" |
|
.sp |
|
.IP "-? or --help" |
This option displays a summary of the commands accepted by |
This option displays a summary of the commands accepted by |
.I less |
.I less |
(the same as the h command). |
(the same as the h command). |
If this option is given, all other options are ignored, and |
|
.I less |
|
exits after the help screen is viewed. |
|
(Depending on how your shell interprets the question mark, |
(Depending on how your shell interprets the question mark, |
it may be necessary to quote the question mark, thus: "-\\?".) |
it may be necessary to quote the question mark, thus: "-\e?".) |
.IP -a |
.IP "-a or --search-skip-screen" |
Causes searches to start after the last line |
Causes searches to start after the last line |
displayed on the screen, |
displayed on the screen, |
thus skipping all lines displayed on the screen. |
thus skipping all lines displayed on the screen. |
By default, searches start at the second line on the screen |
By default, searches start at the second line on the screen |
(or after the last found line; see the -j option). |
(or after the last found line; see the -j option). |
.IP -b\fIn\fP |
.IP "-b\fIn\fP or --buffers=\fIn\fP" |
Specifies the number of buffers |
Specifies the amount of buffer space |
.I less |
.I less |
will use for each file. |
will use for each file, in units of kilobytes (1024 bytes). |
Buffers are 1K, and by default 10 buffers are used for each file |
By default 64K of buffer space is used for each file |
(except if the file is a pipe; see the -B option). |
(unless the file is a pipe; see the -B option). |
The number \fIn\fP specifies a different number of buffers to use. |
The -b option specifies instead that \fIn\fP kilobytes of |
.IP -B |
buffer space should be used for each file. |
|
If \fIn\fP is -1, buffer space is unlimited; that is, |
|
the entire file is read into memory. |
|
.IP "-B or --auto-buffers" |
By default, when data is read from a pipe, |
By default, when data is read from a pipe, |
buffers are allocated automatically as needed. |
buffers are allocated automatically as needed. |
If a large amount of data is read from the pipe, this can cause |
If a large amount of data is read from the pipe, this can cause |
a large amount of memory to be allocated. |
a large amount of memory to be allocated. |
The -B option disables this automatic allocation of buffers for pipes, |
The -B option disables this automatic allocation of buffers for pipes, |
so that only the number of buffers specified by the -b option are used. |
so that only 64K |
|
(or the amount of space specified by the -b option) |
|
is used for the pipe. |
Warning: use of -B can result in erroneous display, since only the |
Warning: use of -B can result in erroneous display, since only the |
most recently viewed part of the file is kept in memory; |
most recently viewed part of the file is kept in memory; |
any earlier data is lost. |
any earlier data is lost. |
.IP -c |
.IP "-c or --clear-screen" |
Causes full screen repaints to be painted from the top line down. |
Causes full screen repaints to be painted from the top line down. |
By default, |
By default, |
full screen repaints are done by scrolling from the bottom of the screen. |
full screen repaints are done by scrolling from the bottom of the screen. |
.IP -C |
.IP "-C or --CLEAR-SCREEN" |
The -C option is like -c, but the screen is cleared before it is repainted. |
The -C option is like -c, but the screen is cleared before it is repainted. |
.IP -d |
.IP "-d or --dumb (less only)" |
The -d option causes the default prompt to include the basic directions |
The -d option suppresses the error message |
``[Press space to continue, 'q' to quit.]''. The -d |
normally displayed if the terminal is dumb; |
|
that is, lacks some important capability, |
|
such as the ability to clear the screen or scroll backward. |
|
The -d option does not otherwise change the behavior of |
|
.I less |
|
on a dumb terminal. |
|
This option is on by default when invoked as |
|
.IR more . |
|
.IP "-d (more only)" |
|
The -d option causes the default prompt to include the |
|
basic directions ``[Press space to continue, 'q' to quit.]''. The -d |
option also causes the message ``[Press 'h' for instructions.]'' to be |
option also causes the message ``[Press 'h' for instructions.]'' to be |
displayed when an invalid command is entered (normally, the bell is |
displayed when an invalid command is entered (normally, the bell is |
rung). This option is useful in environments where users may not be |
rung). This option is useful in environments where users may not be |
experienced with pagers. |
experienced with pagers. |
.IP -D\fBx\fP\fIcolor\fP |
.IP "-D\fBx\fP\fIcolor\fP or --color=\fBx\fP\fIcolor\fP" |
[MS-DOS only] |
[MS-DOS only] |
Sets the color of the text displayed. |
Sets the color of the text displayed. |
\fBx\fP is a single character which selects the type of text whose color is |
\fBx\fP is a single character which selects the type of text whose color is |
|
|
The first number selects the foreground color and the second selects |
The first number selects the foreground color and the second selects |
the background color of the text. |
the background color of the text. |
A single number \fIN\fP is the same as \fIN.0\fP. |
A single number \fIN\fP is the same as \fIN.0\fP. |
.IP -e |
.IP "-e or --quit-at-eof" |
Causes |
Causes |
.I less |
.I less |
to automatically exit |
to automatically exit |
the second time it reaches end-of-file. |
the second time it reaches end-of-file. |
By default, the only way to exit |
By default, the only way to exit |
.I less |
.I less |
is via the "q" command, except in |
is via the "q" command. |
.I more |
.IP "-E or --QUIT-AT-EOF" |
mode, where |
|
.I less |
|
will exit at the end of a file. |
|
.IP -E |
|
Causes |
Causes |
.I less |
.I less |
to automatically exit the first time it reaches end-of-file. |
to automatically exit the first time it reaches end-of-file. |
.IP -f |
.IP "-f or --force" |
Forces non-regular files to be opened. |
Forces non-regular files to be opened. |
(A non-regular file is a directory or a device special file.) |
(A non-regular file is a directory or a device special file.) |
Also suppresses the warning message when a binary file is opened. |
Also suppresses the warning message when a binary file is opened. |
By default, |
By default, |
.I less |
.I less |
will refuse to open non-regular files. |
will refuse to open non-regular files. |
.IP -g |
.IP "-F or --quit-if-one-screen" |
|
Causes |
|
.I less |
|
to automatically exit |
|
if the entire file can be displayed on the first screen. |
|
.IP "-g or --hilite-search" |
Normally, |
Normally, |
.I less |
.I less |
will highlight ALL strings which match the last search command. |
will highlight ALL strings which match the last search command. |
The -g flag changes this behavior to highlight only the particular string |
The -g option changes this behavior to highlight only the particular string |
which was found by the last search command. |
which was found by the last search command. |
This can cause |
This can cause |
.I less |
.I less |
to run somewhat faster than the default. |
to run somewhat faster than the default. |
.IP -G |
.IP "-G or --HILITE-SEARCH" |
The -G flag suppresses all highlighting of strings found by search commands. |
The -G option suppresses all highlighting of strings found by search commands. |
.IP -h\fIn\fP |
.IP "-h\fIn\fP or ---max-back-scroll=\fIn\fP" |
Specifies a maximum number of lines to scroll backward. |
Specifies a maximum number of lines to scroll backward. |
If it is necessary to scroll backward more than \fIn\fP lines, |
If it is necessary to scroll backward more than \fIn\fP lines, |
the screen is repainted in a forward direction instead. |
the screen is repainted in a forward direction instead. |
(If the terminal does not have the ability to scroll |
(If the terminal does not have the ability to scroll |
backward, -h0 is implied.) |
backward, -h0 is implied.) |
.IP -i |
.IP "-i or --ignore-case" |
Causes searches to ignore case; that is, |
Causes searches to ignore case; that is, |
uppercase and lowercase are considered identical. |
uppercase and lowercase are considered identical. |
This option is ignored if any uppercase letters |
This option is ignored if any uppercase letters |
appear in the search pattern; |
appear in the search pattern; |
in other words, |
in other words, |
if a pattern contains uppercase letters, then that search does not ignore case. |
if a pattern contains uppercase letters, then that search does not ignore case. |
.IP -I |
.IP "-I or --IGNORE-CASE" |
Like -i, but searches ignore case even if |
Like -i, but searches ignore case even if |
the pattern contains uppercase letters. |
the pattern contains uppercase letters. |
.IP -j\fIn\fP |
.IP "-j\fIn\fP or --jump-target=\fIn\fP" |
Specifies a line on the screen where the "target" line |
Specifies a line on the screen where the "target" line |
is to be positioned. |
is to be positioned. |
A target line is the object of a text search, |
A target line is the object of a text search, |
|
|
For example, if "-j4" is used, the target line is the |
For example, if "-j4" is used, the target line is the |
fourth line on the screen, so searches begin at the fifth line |
fourth line on the screen, so searches begin at the fifth line |
on the screen. |
on the screen. |
.IP -k\fIfilename\fP |
.IP "-J or --status-column" |
|
Displays a status column at the left edge of the screen. |
|
The status column shows the lines that matched the current search. |
|
The status column is also used if the -w or -W option is in effect. |
|
.IP "-k\fIfilename\fP or --lesskey-file=\fIfilename\fP" |
Causes |
Causes |
.I less |
.I less |
to open and interpret the named file as a |
to open and interpret the named file as a |
.I lesskey |
.I lesskey |
(1) file. |
(1) file. |
Multiple -k options may be specified. |
Multiple -k options may be specified. |
If a file called .less exists in the user's home directory, this |
If the LESSKEY or LESSKEY_SYSTEM environment variable is set, or |
file is also used as a |
if a lesskey file is found in a standard place (see KEY BINDINGS), |
|
it is also used as a |
.I lesskey |
.I lesskey |
file. |
file. |
.IP -m |
.IP "-L or --no-lessopen" |
|
Ignore the LESSOPEN environment variable |
|
(see the INPUT PREPROCESSOR section below). |
|
This option can be set from within \fIless\fP, |
|
but it will apply only to files opened subsequently, not to the |
|
file which is currently open. |
|
When invoked as |
|
.IR more , |
|
the LESSOPEN environment variable is ignored by default. |
|
.IP "-m or --long-prompt" |
Causes |
Causes |
.I less |
.I less |
to prompt verbosely (like \fImore\fP), |
to prompt verbosely (like \fImore\fP), |
|
|
By default, |
By default, |
.I less |
.I less |
prompts with a colon. |
prompts with a colon. |
.IP -M |
.IP "-M or --LONG-PROMPT" |
Causes |
Causes |
.I less |
.I less |
to prompt even more verbosely than |
to prompt even more verbosely than |
.I more. |
.I more. |
.IP -n |
.IP "-n or --line-numbers" |
Suppresses line numbers. |
Suppresses line numbers. |
The default (to use line numbers) may cause |
The default (to use line numbers) may cause |
.I less |
.I less |
to run more slowly in some cases, especially with a very large input file. |
to run more slowly in some cases, especially with a very large input file. |
Suppressing line numbers with the -n flag will avoid this problem. |
Suppressing line numbers with the -n option will avoid this problem. |
Using line numbers means: the line number will be displayed in the verbose |
Using line numbers means: the line number will be displayed in the verbose |
prompt and in the = command, |
prompt and in the = command, |
and the v command will pass the current line number to the editor |
and the v command will pass the current line number to the editor |
(see also the discussion of LESSEDIT in PROMPTS below). |
(see also the discussion of LESSEDIT in PROMPTS below). |
.IP -N |
.IP "-N or --LINE-NUMBERS" |
Causes a line number to be displayed at the beginning of |
Causes a line number to be displayed at the beginning of |
each line in the display. |
each line in the display. |
.IP -o\fIfilename\fP |
.IP "-o\fIfilename\fP or --log-file=\fIfilename\fP" |
Causes |
Causes |
.I less |
.I less |
to copy its input to the named file as it is being viewed. |
to copy its input to the named file as it is being viewed. |
|
|
If the file already exists, |
If the file already exists, |
.I less |
.I less |
will ask for confirmation before overwriting it. |
will ask for confirmation before overwriting it. |
.IP -O\fIfilename\fP |
.IP "-O\fIfilename\fP or --LOG-FILE=\fIfilename\fP" |
The -O option is like -o, but it will overwrite an existing |
The -O option is like -o, but it will overwrite an existing |
file without asking for confirmation. |
file without asking for confirmation. |
.sp |
.sp |
|
|
Without a file name, they will simply report the name of the log file. |
Without a file name, they will simply report the name of the log file. |
The "s" command is equivalent to specifying -o from within |
The "s" command is equivalent to specifying -o from within |
.I less. |
.I less. |
.IP -p\fIpattern\fP |
.IP "-p\fIpattern\fP or --pattern=\fIpattern\fP" |
The -p option on the command line is equivalent to |
The -p option on the command line is equivalent to |
specifying +/\fIpattern\fP; |
specifying +/\fIpattern\fP; |
that is, it tells |
that is, it tells |
.I less |
.I less |
to start at the first occurrence of \fIpattern\fP in the file. |
to start at the first occurrence of \fIpattern\fP in the file. |
.IP -P\fIprompt\fP |
.IP "-P\fIprompt\fP or --prompt=\fIprompt\fP" |
Provides a way to tailor the three prompt |
Provides a way to tailor the three prompt |
styles to your own preference. |
styles to your own preference. |
This option would normally be put in the LESS environment |
This option would normally be put in the LESS environment |
|
|
command. |
command. |
Such an option must either be the last option in the LESS variable, |
Such an option must either be the last option in the LESS variable, |
or be terminated by a dollar sign. |
or be terminated by a dollar sign. |
-P followed by a string changes the default (short) prompt to that string. |
-Ps followed by a string changes the default (short) prompt |
-Pm changes the medium (-m) prompt to the string, and |
to that string. |
|
-Pm changes the medium (-m) prompt. |
-PM changes the long (-M) prompt. |
-PM changes the long (-M) prompt. |
Also, -P= changes the message printed by the = command to the given string. |
-Ph changes the prompt for the help screen. |
|
-P= changes the message printed by the = command. |
|
-Pw changes the message printed while waiting for data (in the F command). |
All prompt strings consist of a sequence of |
All prompt strings consist of a sequence of |
letters and special escape sequences. |
letters and special escape sequences. |
See the section on PROMPTS for more details. |
See the section on PROMPTS for more details. |
.IP -q |
.IP "-q or --quiet or --silent" |
Causes moderately "quiet" operation: |
Causes moderately "quiet" operation: |
the terminal bell is not rung |
the terminal bell is not rung |
if an attempt is made to scroll past the end of the file |
if an attempt is made to scroll past the end of the file |
|
|
The bell will be rung on certain other errors, |
The bell will be rung on certain other errors, |
such as typing an invalid character. |
such as typing an invalid character. |
The default is to ring the terminal bell in all such cases. |
The default is to ring the terminal bell in all such cases. |
.IP -Q |
.IP "-Q or --QUIET or --SILENT" |
Causes totally "quiet" operation: |
Causes totally "quiet" operation: |
the terminal bell is never rung. |
the terminal bell is never rung. |
.IP -r |
.IP "-r or --raw-control-chars" |
Causes "raw" control characters to be displayed. |
Causes "raw" control characters to be displayed. |
The default is to display control characters using the caret notation; |
The default is to display control characters using the caret notation; |
for example, a control-A (octal 001) is displayed as "^A". |
for example, a control-A (octal 001) is displayed as "^A". |
Warning: when the -r flag is used, |
Warning: when the -r option is used, |
.I less |
.I less |
cannot keep track of the actual appearance of the screen |
cannot keep track of the actual appearance of the screen |
(since this depends on how the screen responds to |
(since this depends on how the screen responds to |
each type of control character). |
each type of control character). |
Thus, various display problems may result, |
Thus, various display problems may result, |
such as long lines being split in the wrong place. |
such as long lines being split in the wrong place. |
.IP -s |
.IP "-R or --RAW-CONTROL-CHARS" |
|
Like -r, but tries to keep track of the screen appearance where possible. |
|
This works only if the input consists of normal text and possibly some |
|
ANSI "color" escape sequences, which are sequences of the form: |
|
.sp |
|
ESC [ ... m |
|
.sp |
|
where the "..." is zero or more characters other than "m". |
|
For the purpose of keeping track of screen appearance, |
|
all control characters and all ANSI color escape sequences are |
|
assumed to not move the cursor. |
|
You can make |
|
.I less |
|
think that characters other than "m" can end ANSI color escape sequences |
|
by setting the environment variable LESSANSIENDCHARS to the list of |
|
characters which can end a color escape sequence. |
|
.IP "-s or --squeeze-blank-lines" |
Causes consecutive blank lines to be squeezed into a single blank line. |
Causes consecutive blank lines to be squeezed into a single blank line. |
This is useful when viewing |
This is useful when viewing |
.I nroff |
.I nroff |
output. |
output. |
.IP -S |
.IP "-S or --chop-long-lines" |
Causes lines longer than the screen width to be |
Causes lines longer than the screen width to be |
chopped rather than folded. |
chopped rather than folded. |
That is, the remainder of a long line is simply discarded. |
That is, the portion of a long line that does not fit in |
|
the screen width is not shown. |
The default is to fold long lines; that is, display the remainder |
The default is to fold long lines; that is, display the remainder |
on the next line. |
on the next line. |
.IP -t\fItag\fP |
.IP "-t\fItag\fP or --tag=\fItag\fP" |
The -t option, followed immediately by a TAG, |
The -t option, followed immediately by a TAG, |
will edit the file containing that tag. |
will edit the file containing that tag. |
For this to work, there must be a file called "tags" in the |
For this to work, tag information must be available; |
current directory, which was previously built by the |
for example, there may be a file in the current directory called "tags", |
|
which was previously built by |
.I ctags |
.I ctags |
(1) command. |
(1) or an equivalent command. |
This option may also be specified from within |
If the environment variable LESSGLOBALTAGS is set, it is taken to be |
|
the name of a command compatible with |
|
.I global |
|
(1), and that command is executed to find the tag. |
|
(See http://www.gnu.org/software/global/global.html). |
|
The -t option may also be specified from within |
.I less |
.I less |
(using the \- command) as a way of examining a new file. |
(using the \- command) as a way of examining a new file. |
The command ":t" is equivalent to specifying -t from within |
The command ":t" is equivalent to specifying -t from within |
.I less. |
.I less. |
.IP -T\fItagsfile\fP |
.IP "-T\fItagsfile\fP or --tag-file=\fItagsfile\fP" |
Specifies a tags file to be used instead of "tags". |
Specifies a tags file to be used instead of "tags". |
.IP -u |
.IP "-u or --underline-special" |
Causes backspaces and carriage returns to be treated as printable characters; |
Causes backspaces and carriage returns to be treated as printable characters; |
that is, they are sent to the terminal when they appear in the input. |
that is, they are sent to the terminal when they appear in the input. |
.IP -U |
.IP "-U or --UNDERLINE-SPECIAL" |
Causes backspaces and carriage returns to be treated as control characters; |
Causes backspaces, tabs and carriage returns to be |
|
treated as control characters; |
that is, they are handled as specified by the -r option. |
that is, they are handled as specified by the -r option. |
.sp |
.sp |
By default, if neither -u nor -U is given, |
By default, if neither -u nor -U is given, |
|
|
using the terminal's hardware boldface capability. |
using the terminal's hardware boldface capability. |
Other backspaces are deleted, along with the preceding character. |
Other backspaces are deleted, along with the preceding character. |
Carriage returns immediately followed by a newline are deleted. |
Carriage returns immediately followed by a newline are deleted. |
Other carriage returns are handled as specified by the -r option. |
other carriage returns are handled as specified by the -r option. |
Text which is overstruck or underlined can be searched for |
Text which is overstruck or underlined can be searched for |
if neither -u nor -U is in effect. |
if neither -u nor -U is in effect. |
.IP -V |
.IP "-V or --version" |
Displays the version number of |
Displays the version number of |
.I less. |
.I less. |
.IP -w |
.IP "-w or --hilite-unread" |
Causes blank lines to be used to represent lines |
Temporarily highlights the first "new" line after a forward movement |
past the end of the file. |
of a full page. |
By default, |
The first "new" line is the line immediately following the line previously |
a tilde character (~) is used. |
at the bottom of the screen. |
.IP -x\fIn\fP |
Also highlights the target line after a g or p command. |
Sets tab stops every \fIn\fP positions. |
The highlight is removed at the next command which causes movement. |
|
The entire line is highlighted, unless the -J option is in effect, |
|
in which case only the status column is highlighted. |
|
.IP "-W or --HILITE-UNREAD" |
|
Like -w, but temporarily highlights the first new line after any |
|
forward movement command larger than one line. |
|
.IP "-x\fIn\fP,... or --tabs=\fIn\fP,..." |
|
Sets tab stops. |
|
If only one \fIn\fP is specified, tab stops are set at multiples of \fIn\fP. |
|
If multiple values separated by commas are specified, tab stops |
|
are set at those positions, and then continue with the same spacing as the |
|
last two. |
|
For example, \fI-x9,17\fP will set tabs at positions 9, 17, 25, 33, etc. |
The default for \fIn\fP is 8. |
The default for \fIn\fP is 8. |
.IP -X |
.IP "-X or --no-init" |
Disables sending the termcap initialization and deinitialization strings |
Disables sending the termcap initialization and deinitialization strings |
to the terminal. |
to the terminal. |
This is sometimes desirable if the deinitialization string does |
This is sometimes desirable if the deinitialization string does |
something unnecessary, like clearing the screen. |
something unnecessary, like clearing the screen. |
.IP -y\fIn\fP |
.IP "--no-keypad" |
|
Disables sending the keypad initialization and deinitialization strings |
|
to the terminal. |
|
This is sometimes useful if the keypad strings make the numeric |
|
keypad behave in an undesirable manner. |
|
.IP "-y\fIn\fP or --max-forw-scroll=\fIn\fP" |
Specifies a maximum number of lines to scroll forward. |
Specifies a maximum number of lines to scroll forward. |
If it is necessary to scroll forward more than \fIn\fP lines, |
If it is necessary to scroll forward more than \fIn\fP lines, |
the screen is repainted instead. |
the screen is repainted instead. |
The -c or -C option may be used to repaint from the top of |
The -c or -C option may be used to repaint from the top of |
the screen if desired. |
the screen if desired. |
By default, any forward movement causes scrolling. |
By default, any forward movement causes scrolling. |
.IP -[z]\fIn\fP |
.IP "-[z]\fIn\fP or --window=\fIn\fP" |
Changes the default scrolling window size to \fIn\fP lines. |
Changes the default scrolling window size to \fIn\fP lines. |
The default is one screenful. |
The default is one screenful. |
The z and w commands can also be used to change the window size. |
The z and w commands can also be used to change the window size. |
|
|
For example, if the screen is 24 lines, \fI-z-4\fP sets the |
For example, if the screen is 24 lines, \fI-z-4\fP sets the |
scrolling window to 20 lines. If the screen is resized to 40 lines, |
scrolling window to 20 lines. If the screen is resized to 40 lines, |
the scrolling window automatically changes to 36 lines. |
the scrolling window automatically changes to 36 lines. |
|
.IP "-\fI\(dqcc\fP\ or\ --quotes=\fIcc\fP" |
|
Changes the filename quoting character. |
|
This may be necessary if you are trying to name a file |
|
which contains both spaces and quote characters. |
|
Followed by a single character, this changes the quote character to that |
|
character. |
|
Filenames containing a space should then be surrounded by that character |
|
rather than by double quotes. |
|
Followed by two characters, changes the open quote to the first character, |
|
and the close quote to the second character. |
|
Filenames containing a space should then be preceded by the open quote |
|
character and followed by the close quote character. |
|
Note that even after the quote characters are changed, this option |
|
remains -" (a dash followed by a double quote). |
|
.IP "-~ or --tilde" |
|
Normally lines after end of file are displayed as a single tilde (~). |
|
This option causes lines after end of file to be displayed as blank lines. |
|
.IP "-# or --shift" |
|
Specifies the default number of positions to scroll horizontally |
|
in the RIGHTARROW and LEFTARROW commands. |
|
If the number specified is zero, it sets the default number of |
|
positions to one half of the screen width. |
|
.IP -- |
|
A command line argument of "--" marks the end of option arguments. |
|
Any arguments following this are interpreted as filenames. |
|
This can be useful when viewing a file whose name begins with a "-" or "+". |
.IP + |
.IP + |
If a command line option begins with \fB+\fP, |
If a command line option begins with \fB+\fP, |
the remainder of that option is taken to be an initial command to |
the remainder of that option is taken to be an initial command to |
|
|
If it matches more than one filename, the first match |
If it matches more than one filename, the first match |
is entered into the command line. |
is entered into the command line. |
Repeated TABs will cycle thru the other matching filenames. |
Repeated TABs will cycle thru the other matching filenames. |
|
If the completed filename is a directory, a "/" is appended to the filename. |
|
(On MS-DOS systems, a "\e" is appended.) |
|
The environment variable LESSSEPARATOR can be used to specify a |
|
different character to append to a directory name. |
.IP "BACKTAB [ ESC-TAB ]" |
.IP "BACKTAB [ ESC-TAB ]" |
Like TAB, but cycles in the reverse direction thru the matching filenames. |
Like, TAB, but cycles in the reverse direction thru the matching filenames. |
.IP "^L" |
.IP "^L" |
Complete the partial filename to the left of the cursor. |
Complete the partial filename to the left of the cursor. |
If it matches more than one filename, all matches are entered into |
If it matches more than one filename, all matches are entered into |
the command line (if they fit). |
the command line (if they fit). |
.IP "^U (Unix) or ESC (MS-DOS)" |
.IP "^U (Unix and OS/2) or ESC (MS-DOS)" |
Delete the entire command line, |
Delete the entire command line, |
or cancel the command if the command line is empty. |
or cancel the command if the command line is empty. |
If you have changed your line-kill character in Unix to something |
If you have changed your line-kill character in Unix to something |
|
|
commands by using the program |
commands by using the program |
.I lesskey |
.I lesskey |
(1) |
(1) |
to create a file called ".less" in your home directory. |
to create a lesskey file. |
This file specifies a set of command keys and an action |
This file specifies a set of command keys and an action |
associated with each key. |
associated with each key. |
You may also use |
You may also use |
.I lesskey |
.I lesskey |
to change the line-editing keys (see LINE EDITING). |
to change the line-editing keys (see LINE EDITING), |
|
and to set environment variables. |
|
If the environment variable LESSKEY is set, |
|
.I less |
|
uses that as the name of the lesskey file. |
|
Otherwise, |
|
.I less |
|
looks in a standard place for the lesskey file: |
|
On Unix systems, |
|
.I less |
|
looks for a lesskey file called "$HOME/.less". |
|
On MS-DOS and Windows systems, |
|
.I less |
|
looks for a lesskey file called "$HOME/_less", and if it is not found there, |
|
then looks for a lesskey file called "_less" in any directory specified |
|
in the PATH environment variable. |
|
On OS/2 systems, |
|
.I less |
|
looks for a lesskey file called "$HOME/less.ini", and if it is not found, |
|
then looks for a lesskey file called "less.ini" in any directory specified |
|
in the INIT environment variable, and if it not found there, |
|
then looks for a lesskey file called "less.ini" in any directory specified |
|
in the PATH environment variable. |
See the |
See the |
.I lesskey |
.I lesskey |
manual page for more details. |
manual page for more details. |
|
.P |
|
A system-wide lesskey file may also be set up to provide key bindings. |
|
If a key is defined in both a local lesskey file and in the |
|
system-wide file, key bindings in the local file take precedence over |
|
those in the system-wide file. |
|
If the environment variable LESSKEY_SYSTEM is set, |
|
.I less |
|
uses that as the name of the system-wide lesskey file. |
|
Otherwise, |
|
.I less |
|
looks in a standard place for the system-wide lesskey file: |
|
On Unix systems, the system-wide lesskey file is /usr/local/etc/sysless. |
|
(However, if |
|
.I less |
|
was built with a different sysconf directory than /usr/local/etc, |
|
that directory is where the sysless file is found.) |
|
On MS-DOS and Windows systems, the system-wide lesskey file is c:\e_sysless. |
|
On OS/2 systems, the system-wide lesskey file is c:\esysless.ini. |
|
|
.SH "INPUT PREPROCESSOR" |
.SH "INPUT PREPROCESSOR" |
You may define an "input preprocessor" for |
You may define an "input preprocessor" for |
|
|
.I less |
.I less |
opens a file, it first gives your input preprocessor a chance to modify the |
opens a file, it first gives your input preprocessor a chance to modify the |
way the contents of the file are displayed. |
way the contents of the file are displayed. |
An input preprocessor is simply an executable program (or shell script) |
An input preprocessor is simply an executable program (or shell script), |
which writes the contents of the file to a different file, |
which writes the contents of the file to a different file, |
called the replacement file. |
called the replacement file. |
The contents of the replacement file are then displayed |
The contents of the replacement file are then displayed |
|
|
.br |
.br |
case "$1" in |
case "$1" in |
.br |
.br |
*.Z|*.gz) TFILE=`mktemp /tmp/less.XXXXXX` || exit 1 |
*.Z) uncompress -c $1 >/tmp/less.$$ 2>/dev/null |
.br |
.br |
gunzip -c $1 >${TFILE} 2>/dev/null |
if [ -s /tmp/less.$$ ]; then |
.br |
.br |
if [ -s ${TFILE} ]; then |
echo /tmp/less.$$ |
.br |
.br |
echo ${TFILE} |
|
.br |
|
else |
else |
.br |
.br |
rm -f ${TFILE} |
rm -f /tmp/less.$$ |
.br |
.br |
fi |
fi |
.br |
.br |
|
|
.PP |
.PP |
lesspipe.sh: |
lesspipe.sh: |
.br |
.br |
!# /bin/sh |
#! /bin/sh |
.br |
.br |
case "$1" in |
case "$1" in |
.br |
.br |
|
|
The LESSCHARSET environment variable may be used to select a character set. |
The LESSCHARSET environment variable may be used to select a character set. |
Possible values for LESSCHARSET are: |
Possible values for LESSCHARSET are: |
.IP ascii |
.IP ascii |
The default character set. |
|
BS, TAB, NL, CR, and formfeed are control characters, |
BS, TAB, NL, CR, and formfeed are control characters, |
all chars with values between 127 and 255 are binary, |
all chars with values between 32 and 126 are normal, |
and all others are normal. |
and all others are binary. |
.IP latin1 |
.IP iso8859 |
Selects the ISO 8859/1 character set. |
Selects an ISO 8859 character set. |
latin-1 is the same as ASCII, except characters between 161 and 255 are |
This is the same as ASCII, except characters between 160 and 255 are |
treated as normal characters. |
treated as normal characters. |
|
.IP latin1 |
|
Same as iso8859. |
|
.IP latin9 |
|
Same as iso8859. |
.IP dos |
.IP dos |
Selects a character set appropriate for MS-DOS. |
Selects a character set appropriate for MS-DOS. |
|
.IP ebcdic |
|
Selects an EBCDIC character set. |
|
.IP IBM-1047 |
|
Selects an EBCDIC character set used by OS/390 Unix Services. |
|
This is the EBCDIC analogue of latin1. You get similar results |
|
by setting either LESSCHARSET=IBM-1047 or LC_CTYPE=en_US |
|
in your environment. |
.IP koi8-r |
.IP koi8-r |
Selects a Russian character set. |
Selects a Russian character set. |
.IP next |
.IP next |
Selects a character set appropriate for NeXT computers. |
Selects a character set appropriate for NeXT computers. |
|
.IP utf-8 |
|
Selects the UTF-8 encoding of the ISO 10646 character set. |
.PP |
.PP |
In special cases, it may be desired to tailor |
In special cases, it may be desired to tailor |
.I less |
.I less |
|
|
.sp |
.sp |
ascii\ 8bcccbcc18b95.b |
ascii\ 8bcccbcc18b95.b |
.br |
.br |
latin1 8bcccbcc18b95.33b. |
|
.br |
|
dos\ \ \ 8bcccbcc12bc5b95.b. |
dos\ \ \ 8bcccbcc12bc5b95.b. |
.br |
.br |
|
ebcdic 5bc6bcc7bcc41b.9b7.9b5.b..8b6.10b6.b9.7b |
|
.br |
|
\ \ \ \ \ \ 9.8b8.17b3.3b9.7b9.8b8.6b10.b.b.b. |
|
.br |
|
IBM-1047 4cbcbc3b9cbccbccbb4c6bcc5b3cbbc4bc4bccbc |
|
.br |
|
\ \ \ \ \ \ 191.b |
|
.br |
|
iso8859 8bcccbcc18b95.33b. |
|
.br |
koi8-r 8bcccbcc18b95.b128. |
koi8-r 8bcccbcc18b95.b128. |
.br |
.br |
|
latin1 8bcccbcc18b95.33b. |
|
.br |
next\ \ 8bcccbcc18b95.bb125.bb |
next\ \ 8bcccbcc18b95.bb125.bb |
.PP |
.PP |
If neither LESSCHARSET nor LESSCHARDEF is set, |
If neither LESSCHARSET nor LESSCHARDEF is set, |
but your system supports the |
but the string "UTF-8" is found in the LC_ALL, LC_TYPE or LANG |
|
environment variables, then the default character set is utf-8. |
|
.PP |
|
If that string is not found, but your system supports the |
.I setlocale |
.I setlocale |
interface, |
interface, |
.I less |
.I less |
will use setlocale to determine the character set. |
will use setlocale to determine the character set. |
setlocale is controlled by setting the LANG or LC_CTYPE environment variables. |
setlocale is controlled by setting the LANG or LC_CTYPE environment |
|
variables. |
.PP |
.PP |
|
Finally, if the |
|
.I setlocale |
|
interface is also not available, the default character set is latin1. |
|
.PP |
Control and binary characters are displayed in standout (reverse video). |
Control and binary characters are displayed in standout (reverse video). |
Each such character is displayed in caret notation if possible |
Each such character is displayed in caret notation if possible |
(e.g. ^A for control-A). Caret notation is used only if |
(e.g. ^A for control-A). Caret notation is used only if |
|
|
setting the LESSBINFMT environment variable. |
setting the LESSBINFMT environment variable. |
LESSBINFMT may begin with a "*" and one character to select |
LESSBINFMT may begin with a "*" and one character to select |
the display attribute: |
the display attribute: |
"*k" is blinking, "*d" is bold, "*u" is underlined, "*s" is standout. |
"*k" is blinking, "*d" is bold, "*u" is underlined, "*s" is standout, |
|
and "*n" is normal. |
If LESSBINFMT does not begin with a "*", normal attribute is assumed. |
If LESSBINFMT does not begin with a "*", normal attribute is assumed. |
The remainder of LESSBINFMT is a string which may include one |
The remainder of LESSBINFMT is a string which may include one |
printf-style escape sequence (a % followed by x, X, o, d, etc.). |
printf-style escape sequence (a % followed by x, X, o, d, etc.). |
For example, if LESSBINFMT is "*u[%x]", binary characters |
For example, if LESSBINFMT is "*u[%x]", binary characters |
are displayed in underlined hexadecimal surrounded by brackets. |
are displayed in underlined hexadecimal surrounded by brackets. |
The default if no LESSBINFMT is specified is "*d<%X>". |
The default if no LESSBINFMT is specified is "*s<%X>". |
|
|
.SH "PROMPTS" |
.SH "PROMPTS" |
The -P option allows you to tailor the prompt to your preference. |
The -P option allows you to tailor the prompt to your preference. |
|
|
and a "j" means use the "target" line, as specified by the -j option. |
and a "j" means use the "target" line, as specified by the -j option. |
.IP "%B" |
.IP "%B" |
Replaced by the size of the current input file. |
Replaced by the size of the current input file. |
|
.IP "%c" |
|
Replaced by the column number of the text appearing in the first |
|
column of the screen. |
|
.IP "%d\fIX\fP" |
|
Replaced by the page number of a line in the input file. |
|
The line to be used is determined by the \fIX\fP, as with the %b option. |
|
.IP "%D" |
|
Replaced by the number of pages in the input file, |
|
or equivalently, the page number of the last line in the input file. |
.IP "%E" |
.IP "%E" |
Replaced by the name of the editor (from the VISUAL environment variable, |
Replaced by the name of the editor (from the VISUAL environment variable, |
or the EDITOR environment variable if VISUAL is not defined). |
or the EDITOR environment variable if VISUAL is not defined). |
|
|
.IP "%m" |
.IP "%m" |
Replaced by the total number of input files. |
Replaced by the total number of input files. |
.IP "%p\fIX\fP" |
.IP "%p\fIX\fP" |
Replaced by the percent into the current input file. |
Replaced by the percent into the current input file, based on byte offsets. |
The line used is determined by the \fIX\fP as with the %b option. |
The line used is determined by the \fIX\fP as with the %b option. |
|
.IP "%P\fIX\fP" |
|
Replaced by the percent into the current input file, based on line numbers. |
|
The line used is determined by the \fIX\fP as with the %b option. |
.IP "%s" |
.IP "%s" |
Same as %B. |
Same as %B. |
.IP "%t" |
.IP "%t" |
|
|
True if the byte offset of the specified line is known. |
True if the byte offset of the specified line is known. |
.IP "?B" |
.IP "?B" |
True if the size of current input file is known. |
True if the size of current input file is known. |
|
.IP "?c" |
|
True if the text is horizontally shifted (%c is not zero). |
|
.IP "?d\fIX\fP" |
|
True if the page number of the specified line is known. |
.IP "?e" |
.IP "?e" |
True if at end-of-file. |
True if at end-of-file. |
.IP "?f" |
.IP "?f" |
|
|
.IP "?n" |
.IP "?n" |
True if this is the first prompt in a new input file. |
True if this is the first prompt in a new input file. |
.IP "?p\fIX\fP" |
.IP "?p\fIX\fP" |
True if the percent into the current input file |
True if the percent into the current input file, based on byte offsets, |
of the specified line is known. |
of the specified line is known. |
|
.IP "?P\fIX\fP" |
|
True if the percent into the current input file, based on line numbers, |
|
of the specified line is known. |
.IP "?s" |
.IP "?s" |
Same as "?B". |
Same as "?B". |
.IP "?x" |
.IP "?x" |
|
|
This prompt prints the filename, if known; |
This prompt prints the filename, if known; |
otherwise the string "Standard input". |
otherwise the string "Standard input". |
.sp |
.sp |
?f%f .?ltLine %lt:?pt%pt\\%:?btByte %bt:-... |
?f%f .?ltLine %lt:?pt%pt\e%:?btByte %bt:-... |
.sp |
.sp |
This prompt would print the filename, if known. |
This prompt would print the filename, if known. |
The filename is followed by the line number, if known, |
The filename is followed by the line number, if known, |
|
|
and how the % after the %pt |
and how the % after the %pt |
is included literally by escaping it with a backslash. |
is included literally by escaping it with a backslash. |
.sp |
.sp |
?n?f%f\ .?m(file\ %i\ of\ %m)\ ..?e(END)\ ?x-\ Next\\:\ %x..%t |
?n?f%f\ .?m(file\ %i\ of\ %m)\ ..?e(END)\ ?x-\ Next\e:\ %x..%t |
.sp |
.sp |
This prints the filename if this is the first prompt in a file, |
This prints the filename if this is the first prompt in a file, |
followed by the "file N of N" message if there is more |
followed by the "file N of N" message if there is more |
|
|
Each is broken into two lines here for readability only. |
Each is broken into two lines here for readability only. |
.nf |
.nf |
.sp |
.sp |
?n?f%f\ .?m(file\ %i\ of\ %m)\ ..?e(END)\ ?x-\ Next\\:\ %x.: |
?n?f%f\ .?m(file\ %i\ of\ %m)\ ..?e(END)\ ?x-\ Next\e:\ %x.: |
?pB%pB\\%:byte\ %bB?s/%s...%t |
?pB%pB\e%:byte\ %bB?s/%s...%t |
.sp |
.sp |
?f%f\ .?n?m(file\ %i\ of\ %m)\ ..?ltline\ %lt?L/%L.\ :byte\ %bB?s/%s.\ . |
?f%f\ .?n?m(file\ %i\ of\ %m)\ ..?ltlines\ %lt-%lb?L/%L.\ : |
?e(END)\ ?x-\ Next\\:\ %x.:?pB%pB\\%..%t |
byte\ %bB?s/%s.\ .?e(END)\ ?x-\ Next\e:\ %x.:?pB%pB\e%..%t |
.sp |
.sp |
.fi |
.fi |
And here is the default message produced by the = command: |
And here is the default message produced by the = command: |
.nf |
.nf |
.sp |
.sp |
?f%f\ .?m(file\ %i\ of\ %m)\ .?ltline\ %lt?L/%L.\ . |
?f%f\ .?m(file\ %i\ of\ %m)\ .?ltlines\ %lt-%lb?L/%L.\ . |
byte\ %bB?s/%s.\ ?e(END)\ :?pB%pB\\%..%t |
byte\ %bB?s/%s.\ ?e(END)\ :?pB%pB\e%..%t |
.fi |
.fi |
.PP |
.PP |
The prompt expansion features are also used for another purpose: |
The prompt expansion features are also used for another purpose: |
|
|
differences in invocation syntax, the LESSEDIT variable can be |
differences in invocation syntax, the LESSEDIT variable can be |
changed to modify this default. |
changed to modify this default. |
|
|
|
.SH SECURITY |
|
When the environment variable LESSSECURE is set to 1, |
|
.I less |
|
runs in a "secure" mode. |
|
This means these features are disabled: |
|
.RS |
|
.IP "!" |
|
the shell command |
|
.IP "|" |
|
the pipe command |
|
.IP ":e" |
|
the examine command. |
|
.IP "v" |
|
the editing command |
|
.IP "s -o" |
|
log files |
|
.IP "-k" |
|
use of lesskey files |
|
.IP "-t" |
|
use of tags files |
|
.IP " " |
|
metacharacters in filenames, such as * |
|
.IP " " |
|
filename completion (TAB, ^L) |
|
.RE |
|
.PP |
|
Less can also be compiled to be permanently in "secure" mode. |
|
|
.SH "ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES" |
.SH "ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES" |
|
Environment variables may be specified either in the system environment |
|
as usual, or in a |
|
.I lesskey |
|
(1) file. |
|
If environment variables are defined in more than one place, |
|
variables defined in a local lesskey file take precedence over |
|
variables defined in the system environment, which take precedence |
|
over variables defined in the system-wide lesskey file. |
.IP COLUMNS |
.IP COLUMNS |
Sets the number of columns on the screen. |
Sets the number of columns on the screen. |
Takes precedence over the number of columns specified by the TERM variable. |
Takes precedence over the number of columns specified by the TERM variable. |
|
|
.IP EDITOR |
.IP EDITOR |
The name of the editor (used for the v command). |
The name of the editor (used for the v command). |
.IP HOME |
.IP HOME |
Name of the user's home directory (used to find a .less file). |
Name of the user's home directory |
|
(used to find a lesskey file on Unix and OS/2 systems). |
|
.IP "HOMEDRIVE, HOMEPATH" |
|
Concatenation of the HOMEDRIVE and HOMEPATH environment variables is |
|
the name of the user's home directory if the HOME variable is not set |
|
(only in the Windows version). |
|
.IP INIT |
|
Name of the user's init directory (used to find a lesskey file on OS/2 systems). |
.IP LANG |
.IP LANG |
Language for determining the character set. |
Language for determining the character set. |
.IP LC_CTYPE |
.IP LC_CTYPE |
Language for determining the character set. |
Language for determining the character set. |
.IP LESS |
.IP LESS |
Flags which are passed to |
Options which are passed to |
.I less |
.I less |
automatically. |
automatically. |
.IP MORE |
.IP LESSANSIENDCHARS |
Flags which are passed to |
Characters which are assumed to end an ANSI color escape sequence |
.I more |
(default "m"). |
automatically. |
|
.IP LESSBINFMT |
.IP LESSBINFMT |
Format for displaying non-printable, non-control characters. |
Format for displaying non-printable, non-control characters. |
.IP LESSCHARDEF |
.IP LESSCHARDEF |
|
|
Selects a predefined character set. |
Selects a predefined character set. |
.IP LESSCLOSE |
.IP LESSCLOSE |
Command line to invoke the (optional) input-postprocessor. |
Command line to invoke the (optional) input-postprocessor. |
|
.IP LESSECHO |
|
Name of the lessecho program (default "lessecho"). |
|
The lessecho program is needed to expand metacharacters, such as * and ?, |
|
in filenames on Unix systems. |
.IP LESSEDIT |
.IP LESSEDIT |
Editor prototype string (used for the v command). |
Editor prototype string (used for the v command). |
See discussion under PROMPTS. |
See discussion under PROMPTS. |
.IP LESSHELP |
.IP LESSGLOBALTAGS |
Name of the help file. |
Name of the command used by the -t option to find global tags. |
|
Normally should be set to "global" if your system has the |
|
.I global |
|
(1) command. If not set, global tags are not used. |
|
.IP LESSKEY |
|
Name of the default lesskey(1) file. |
|
.IP LESSKEY_SYSTEM |
|
Name of the default system-wide lesskey(1) file. |
|
.IP LESSMETACHARS |
|
List of characters which are considered "metacharacters" by the shell. |
|
.IP LESSMETAESCAPE |
|
Prefix which less will add before each metacharacter in a |
|
command sent to the shell. |
|
If LESSMETAESCAPE is an empty string, commands containing |
|
metacharacters will not be passed to the shell. |
.IP LESSOPEN |
.IP LESSOPEN |
Command line to invoke the (optional) input-preprocessor. |
Command line to invoke the (optional) input-preprocessor. |
|
.IP LESSSECURE |
|
Runs less in "secure" mode. |
|
See discussion under SECURITY. |
|
.IP LESSSEPARATOR |
|
String to be appended to a directory name in filename completion. |
.IP LINES |
.IP LINES |
Sets the number of lines on the screen. |
Sets the number of lines on the screen. |
Takes precedence over the number of lines specified by the TERM variable. |
Takes precedence over the number of lines specified by the TERM variable. |
|
(But if you have a windowing system which supports TIOCGWINSZ or WIOCGETD, |
|
the window system's idea of the screen size takes precedence over the |
|
LINES and COLUMNS environment variables.) |
|
.IP PATH |
|
User's search path (used to find a lesskey file |
|
on MS-DOS and OS/2 systems). |
.IP SHELL |
.IP SHELL |
The shell used to execute the ! command, as well as to expand filenames. |
The shell used to execute the ! command, as well as to expand filenames. |
.IP TERM |
.IP TERM |
|
|
|
|
.SH WARNINGS |
.SH WARNINGS |
The = command and prompts (unless changed by -P) |
The = command and prompts (unless changed by -P) |
report the line number of the line at the top of the screen, |
report the line numbers of the lines at the top and bottom of the screen, |
but the byte and percent of the line at the bottom of the screen. |
but the byte and percent of the line after the one at the bottom of the screen. |
.PP |
.PP |
If the :e command is used to name more than one file, |
If the :e command is used to name more than one file, |
and one of the named files has been viewed previously, |
and one of the named files has been viewed previously, |
|
|
In certain cases, when search highlighting is enabled and |
In certain cases, when search highlighting is enabled and |
a search pattern begins with a ^, |
a search pattern begins with a ^, |
more text than the matching string may be highlighted. |
more text than the matching string may be highlighted. |
|
(This problem does not occur when less is compiled to use the POSIX |
|
regular expression package.) |
|
.PP |
|
When viewing text containing ANSI color escape sequences using the -R option, |
|
searching will not find text containing an embedded escape sequence. |
|
Also, search highlighting may change the color of some of the text |
|
which follows the highlighted text. |
|
.PP |
|
On some systems, |
|
.I setlocale |
|
claims that ASCII characters 0 thru 31 are control characters |
|
rather than binary characters. |
|
This causes |
|
.I less |
|
to treat some binary files as ordinary, non-binary files. |
|
To workaround this problem, set the environment variable |
|
LESSCHARSET to "ascii" (or whatever character set is appropriate). |
|
.PP |
|
See http://www.greenwoodsoftware.com/less for the latest list of known bugs in this |
|
version of less. |
|
|
|
|
.SH COPYRIGHT |
.SH COPYRIGHT |
Copyright (c) 1984,1985,1989,1994,1995 Mark Nudelman |
Copyright (C) 2002 Mark Nudelman |
|
.PP |
|
less is part of the GNU project and is free software. |
|
You can redistribute it and/or modify it |
|
under the terms of either |
|
(1) the GNU General Public License as published by |
|
the Free Software Foundation; or (2) the Less License. |
|
See the file README in the less distribution for more details |
|
regarding redistribution. |
|
You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License |
|
along with the source for less; see the file COPYING. |
|
If not, write to the Free Software Foundation, 59 Temple Place, |
|
Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA. |
|
You should also have received a copy of the Less License; |
|
see the file LICENSE. |
|
.PP |
|
less is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but |
|
WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY |
|
or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. |
|
See the GNU General Public License for more details. |
|
|
|
.SH AUTHOR |
|
.PP |
|
Mark Nudelman <markn@greenwoodsoftware.com> |
|
.br |
|
Send bug reports or comments to the above address or to bug-less@gnu.org. |
|
.br |
|
For more information, see the less homepage at http://www.greenwoodsoftware.com/less. |