version 1.1, 1996/09/21 05:39:45 |
version 1.2, 2003/04/13 18:26:25 |
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SUMMARY OF COMMANDS |
SSUUMMMMAARRYY OOFF CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS |
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Commands marked with * may be preceded by a number, _N. |
Commands marked with * may be preceded by a number, _N. |
Notes in parentheses indicate the behavior if _N is given. |
Notes in parentheses indicate the behavior if _N is given. |
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h H Display this help. |
h H Display this help. |
q :q :Q ZZ Exit. |
q :q Q :Q ZZ Exit. |
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e ^E j ^N CR * Forward one line (or _N lines). |
MMOOVVIINNGG |
y ^Y k ^K ^P * Backward one line (or _N lines). |
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e ^E j ^N CR * Forward one line (or _N lines). |
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y ^Y k ^K ^P * Backward one line (or _N lines). |
f ^F ^V SPACE * Forward one window (or _N lines). |
f ^F ^V SPACE * Forward one window (or _N lines). |
b ^B ESC-v * Backward one window (or _N lines). |
b ^B ESC-v * Backward one window (or _N lines). |
z * Forward one window (and set window to _N). |
z * Forward one window (and set window to _N). |
w * Backward one window (and set window to _N). |
w * Backward one window (and set window to _N). |
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ESC-SPACE * Forward one window, but don't stop at end-of-file. |
d ^D * Forward one half-window (and set half-window to _N). |
d ^D * Forward one half-window (and set half-window to _N). |
u ^U * Backward one half-window (and set half-window to _N). |
u ^U * Backward one half-window (and set half-window to _N). |
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ESC-) RightArrow * Left one half screen width (or _N positions). |
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ESC-( LeftArrow * Right one half screen width (or _N positions). |
F Forward forever; like "tail -f". |
F Forward forever; like "tail -f". |
r ^R ^L Repaint screen. |
r ^R ^L Repaint screen. |
R Repaint screen, discarding buffered input. |
R Repaint screen, discarding buffered input. |
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Default "window" is the screen height. |
Default "window" is the screen height. |
Default "half-window" is half of the screen height. |
Default "half-window" is half of the screen height. |
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SSEEAARRCCHHIINNGG |
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/_p_a_t_t_e_r_n * Search forward for (_N-th) matching line. |
/_p_a_t_t_e_r_n * Search forward for (_N-th) matching line. |
?_p_a_t_t_e_r_n * Search backward for (_N-th) matching line. |
?_p_a_t_t_e_r_n * Search backward for (_N-th) matching line. |
n * Repeat previous search (for _N-th occurrence). |
n * Repeat previous search (for _N-th occurrence). |
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ESC-u Undo (toggle) search highlighting. |
ESC-u Undo (toggle) search highlighting. |
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Search patterns may be modified by one or more of: |
Search patterns may be modified by one or more of: |
! search for NON-matching lines. |
^N or ! Search for NON-matching lines. |
* search multiple files. |
^E or * Search multiple files (pass thru END OF FILE). |
@ start search at first file (for /) or last file (for ?). |
^F or @ Start search at FIRST file (for /) or last file (for ?). |
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^K Highlight matches, but don't move (KEEP position). |
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^R Don't use REGULAR EXPRESSIONS. |
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JJUUMMPPIINNGG |
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g < ESC-< * Go to first line in file (or line _N). |
g < ESC-< * Go to first line in file (or line _N). |
G > ESC-> * Go to last line in file (or line _N). |
G > ESC-> * Go to last line in file (or line _N). |
p % * Go to beginning of file (or _N percent into file). |
p % * Go to beginning of file (or _N percent into file). |
{ * Go to the } matching the (_N-th) { in the top line. |
t * Go to the (_N-th) next tag. |
} * Go to the { matching the (_N-th) } in the bottom line. |
T * Go to the (_N-th) previous tag. |
( * Go to the ) matching the (_N-th) ( in the top line. |
{ ( [ * Find close bracket } ) ]. |
) * Go to the ( matching the (_N-th) ) in the bottom line. |
} ) ] * Find open bracket { ( [. |
[ * Go to the ] matching the (_N-th) [ in the top line. |
ESC-^F _<_c_1_> _<_c_2_> * Find close bracket _<_c_2_>. |
] * Go to the [ matching the (_N-th) ] in the bottom line. |
ESC-^B _<_c_1_> _<_c_2_> * Find open bracket _<_c_1_> |
ESC-^F _<_c_1_> _<_c_2_> * Go to the _c_1 matching the (_N-th) _c_2 in the top line |
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ESC-^B _<_c_1_> _<_c_2_> * Go to the _c_2 matching the (_N-th) _c_1 in the bottom line. |
Each "find close bracket" command goes forward to the close bracket |
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matching the (_N-th) open bracket in the top line. |
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Each "find open bracket" command goes backward to the open bracket |
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matching the (_N-th) close bracket in the bottom line. |
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m_<_l_e_t_t_e_r_> Mark the current position with <letter>. |
m_<_l_e_t_t_e_r_> Mark the current position with <letter>. |
'_<_l_e_t_t_e_r_> Go to a previously marked position. |
'_<_l_e_t_t_e_r_> Go to a previously marked position. |
'' Go to the previous position. |
'' Go to the previous position. |
^X^X Same as '. |
^X^X Same as '. |
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A mark is any upper-case or lower-case letter. |
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Certain marks are predefined: |
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^ means beginning of the file |
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$ means end of the file |
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CCHHAANNGGIINNGG FFIILLEESS |
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:e [_f_i_l_e] Examine a new file. |
:e [_f_i_l_e] Examine a new file. |
^X^V Same as :e. |
^X^V Same as :e. |
:n * Examine the (_N-th) next file from the command line. |
:n * Examine the (_N-th) next file from the command line. |
:p * Examine the (_N-th) previous file from the command line. |
:p * Examine the (_N-th) previous file from the command line. |
:x * Examine the first (or _N-th) file from the command line. |
:x * Examine the first (or _N-th) file from the command line. |
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:d Delete the current file from the command line list. |
= ^G :f Print current file name. |
= ^G :f Print current file name. |
V Print version number of "less". |
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-_<_f_l_a_g_> Toggle a command line flag [see FLAGS below]. |
MMIISSCCEELLLLAANNEEOOUUSS CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS |
__<_f_l_a_g_> Display the setting of a command line flag. |
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-_<_f_l_a_g_> Toggle a command line option [see OPTIONS below]. |
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--_<_n_a_m_e_> Toggle a command line option, by name. |
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__<_f_l_a_g_> Display the setting of a command line option. |
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___<_n_a_m_e_> Display the setting of an option, by name. |
+_c_m_d Execute the less cmd each time a new file is examined. |
+_c_m_d Execute the less cmd each time a new file is examined. |
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!_c_o_m_m_a_n_d Passes the command to $SHELL to be executed. |
!_c_o_m_m_a_n_d Execute the shell command with $SHELL. |
|XX_c_o_m_m_a_n_d Pipe file between current pos & mark XX to shell command. |
|XX_c_o_m_m_a_n_d Pipe file between current pos & mark XX to shell command. |
v Edit the current file with $VISUAL or $EDITOR. |
v Edit the current file with $VISUAL or $EDITOR. |
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V Print version number of "less". |
FLAGS |
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Most flags may be changed either on the command line, |
OOPPTTIIOONNSS |
or from within less by using the - command. |
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-? Display help (from command line). |
Most options may be changed either on the command line, |
-a Forward search skips current screen. |
or from within less by using the - or -- command. |
-b [_N] Number of buffers. |
Options may be given in one of two forms: either a single |
-B Don't automatically allocate buffers for pipes. |
character preceded by a -, or a name preceeded by --. |
-c -C Repaint by scrolling/clearing. |
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-d Dumb terminal. |
-? ........ --help |
-e -E Quit at end of file. |
Display help (from command line). |
-f Force open non-regular files. |
-a ........ --search-skip-screen |
-g Don't highlight matches for previous search pattern. |
Forward search skips current screen. |
-G Highlight ALL matches for previous search pattern. |
-b [_N] .... --buffers=[_N] |
-h [_N] Backward scroll limit. |
Number of buffers. |
-i Ignore case in searches. |
-B ........ --auto-buffers |
-I Ignore case in searches and in search patterns. |
Don't automatically allocate buffers for pipes. |
-j [_N] Screen position of target lines. |
-c -C .... --clear-screen --CLEAR-SCREEN |
-k [_f_i_l_e] Use a lesskey file. |
Repaint by scrolling/clearing. |
-m -M Set prompt style. |
-d ........ --dumb |
-n -N Use line numbers. |
Dumb terminal. |
-o [_f_i_l_e] Log file. |
-D [_x_n_._n] . --color=_x_n_._n |
-O [_f_i_l_e] Log file (unconditionally overwrite). |
Set screen colors. (MS-DOS only) |
-p [_p_a_t_t_e_r_n] Start at pattern (from command line). |
-e -E .... --quit-at-eof --QUIT-AT-EOF |
-P [_p_r_o_m_p_t] Define new prompt. |
Quit at end of file. |
-q -Q Quiet the terminal bell. |
-f ........ --force |
-r Output "raw" control characters. |
Force open non-regular files. |
-s Squeeze multiple blank lines. |
-F ........ --quit-if-one-screen |
-S Chop long lines. |
Quit if entire file fits on first screen. |
-t [_t_a_g] Find a tag. |
-g ........ --hilite-search |
-T [_t_a_g_s_f_i_l_e] Use an alternate tags file. |
Highlight only last match for searches. |
-u -U Change handling of backspaces. |
-G ........ --HILITE-SEARCH |
-V Display the version number of "less". |
Don't highlight any matches for searches. |
-w Display ~ for lines after end-of-file. |
-h [_N] .... --max-back-scroll=[_N] |
-x [_N] Set tab stops. |
Backward scroll limit. |
-X Don't use termcap init/deinit strings. |
-i ........ --ignore-case |
-y [_N] Forward scroll limit. |
Ignore case in searches that do not contain uppercase. |
-z [_N] Set size of window. |
-I ........ --IGNORE-CASE |
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Ignore case in all searches. |
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-j [_N] .... --jump-target=[_N] |
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Screen position of target lines. |
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-J ........ --status-column |
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Display a status column at left edge of screen. |
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-k [_f_i_l_e] . --lesskey-file=[_f_i_l_e] |
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Use a lesskey file. |
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-L ........ --no-lessopen |
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Ignore the LESSOPEN environment variable. |
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-m -M .... --long-prompt --LONG-PROMPT |
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Set prompt style. |
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-n -N .... --line-numbers --LINE-NUMBERS |
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Use line numbers. |
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-o [_f_i_l_e] . --log-file=[_f_i_l_e] |
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Copy to log file (standard input only). |
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-O [_f_i_l_e] . --LOG-FILE=[_f_i_l_e] |
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Copy to log file (unconditionally overwrite). |
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-p [_p_a_t_t_e_r_n] --pattern=[_p_a_t_t_e_r_n] |
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Start at pattern (from command line). |
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-P [_p_r_o_m_p_t] --prompt=[_p_r_o_m_p_t] |
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Define new prompt. |
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-q -Q .... --quiet --QUIET --silent --SILENT |
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Quiet the terminal bell. |
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-r -R .... --raw-control-chars --RAW-CONTROL-CHARS |
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Output "raw" control characters. |
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-s ........ --squeeze-blank-lines |
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Squeeze multiple blank lines. |
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-S ........ --chop-long-lines |
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Chop long lines. |
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-t [_t_a_g] .. --tag=[_t_a_g] |
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Find a tag. |
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-T [_t_a_g_s_f_i_l_e] --tag-file=[_t_a_g_s_f_i_l_e] |
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Use an alternate tags file. |
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-u -U .... --underline-special --UNDERLINE-SPECIAL |
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Change handling of backspaces. |
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-V ........ --version |
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Display the version number of "less". |
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-w ........ --hilite-unread |
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Highlight first new line after forward-screen. |
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-W ........ --HILITE-UNREAD |
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Highlight first new line after any forward movement. |
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-x [_N[,...]] --tabs=[_N[,...]] |
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Set tab stops. |
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-X ........ --no-init |
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Don't use termcap init/deinit strings. |
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--no-keypad |
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Don't use termcap keypad init/deinit strings. |
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-y [_N] .... --max-forw-scroll=[_N] |
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Forward scroll limit. |
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-z [_N] .... --window=[_N] |
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Set size of window. |
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-" [_c[_c]] . --quotes=[_c[_c]] |
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Set shell quote characters. |
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-~ ........ --tilde |
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Don't display tildes after end of file. |
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-# [_N] .... --shift=[_N] |
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Horizontal scroll amount (0 = one half screen width) |
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LLIINNEE EEDDIITTIINNGG |
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These keys can be used to edit text being entered |
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on the "command line" at the bottom of the screen. |
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RightArrow ESC-l Move cursor right one character. |
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LeftArrow ESC-h Move cursor left one character. |
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CNTL-RightArrow ESC-RightArrow ESC-w Move cursor right one word. |
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CNTL-LeftArrow ESC-LeftArrow ESC-b Move cursor left one word. |
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HOME ESC-0 Move cursor to start of line. |
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END ESC-$ Move cursor to end of line. |
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BACKSPACE Delete char to left of cursor. |
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DELETE ESC-x Delete char under cursor. |
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CNTL-BACKSPACE ESC-BACKSPACE Delete word to left of cursor. |
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CNTL-DELETE ESC-DELETE ESC-X Delete word under cursor. |
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CNTL-U ESC (MS-DOS only) Delete entire line. |
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UpArrow ESC-k Retrieve previous command line. |
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DownArrow ESC-j Retrieve next command line. |
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TAB Complete filename & cycle. |
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SHIFT-TAB ESC-TAB Complete filename & reverse cycle. |
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CNTL-L Complete filename, list all. |
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