Annotation of src/usr.bin/sudo/sudo.8, Revision 1.1
1.1 ! millert 1: .rn '' }`
! 2: ''' $RCSfile: sudo.man,v $$Revision: 1.39 $$Date: 1999/11/16 05:42:28 $
! 3: '''
! 4: ''' $Log: sudo.man,v $
! 5: ''' Revision 1.39 1999/11/16 05:42:28 millert
! 6: ''' get rid of references to sudo-bugs. Now mention the web site or the sudo@ alias
! 7: '''
! 8: '''
! 9: .de Sh
! 10: .br
! 11: .if t .Sp
! 12: .ne 5
! 13: .PP
! 14: \fB\\$1\fR
! 15: .PP
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! 18: .if t .sp .5v
! 19: .if n .sp
! 20: ..
! 21: .de Ip
! 22: .br
! 23: .ie \\n(.$>=3 .ne \\$3
! 24: .el .ne 3
! 25: .IP "\\$1" \\$2
! 26: ..
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! 29: .nf
! 30: .ne \\$1
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! 34:
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! 36: ..
! 37: '''
! 38: '''
! 39: ''' Set up \*(-- to give an unbreakable dash;
! 40: ''' string Tr holds user defined translation string.
! 41: ''' Bell System Logo is used as a dummy character.
! 42: '''
! 43: .tr \(*W-|\(bv\*(Tr
! 44: .ie n \{\
! 45: .ds -- \(*W-
! 46: .ds PI pi
! 47: .if (\n(.H=4u)&(1m=24u) .ds -- \(*W\h'-12u'\(*W\h'-12u'-\" diablo 10 pitch
! 48: .if (\n(.H=4u)&(1m=20u) .ds -- \(*W\h'-12u'\(*W\h'-8u'-\" diablo 12 pitch
! 49: .ds L" ""
! 50: .ds R" ""
! 51: ''' \*(M", \*(S", \*(N" and \*(T" are the equivalent of
! 52: ''' \*(L" and \*(R", except that they are used on ".xx" lines,
! 53: ''' such as .IP and .SH, which do another additional levels of
! 54: ''' double-quote interpretation
! 55: .ds M" """
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! 67: .ds -- \(em\|
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! 80: .ds T' '
! 81: .ds PI \(*p
! 82: 'br\}
! 83: .\" If the F register is turned on, we'll generate
! 84: .\" index entries out stderr for the following things:
! 85: .\" TH Title
! 86: .\" SH Header
! 87: .\" Sh Subsection
! 88: .\" Ip Item
! 89: .\" X<> Xref (embedded
! 90: .\" Of course, you have to process the output yourself
! 91: .\" in some meaninful fashion.
! 92: .if \nF \{
! 93: .de IX
! 94: .tm Index:\\$1\t\\n%\t"\\$2"
! 95: ..
! 96: .nr % 0
! 97: .rr F
! 98: .\}
! 99: .TH sudo 8 "1.6" "15/Nov/1999" "MAINTENANCE COMMANDS"
! 100: .UC
! 101: .if n .hy 0
! 102: .if n .na
! 103: .ds C+ C\v'-.1v'\h'-1p'\s-2+\h'-1p'+\s0\v'.1v'\h'-1p'
! 104: .de CQ \" put $1 in typewriter font
! 105: .ft CW
! 106: 'if n "\c
! 107: 'if t \\&\\$1\c
! 108: 'if n \\&\\$1\c
! 109: 'if n \&"
! 110: \\&\\$2 \\$3 \\$4 \\$5 \\$6 \\$7
! 111: '.ft R
! 112: ..
! 113: .\" @(#)ms.acc 1.5 88/02/08 SMI; from UCB 4.2
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! 115: .bd B 3
! 116: . \" fudge factors for nroff and troff
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! 118: . ds #H 0
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! 122: . ds #] \fP
! 123: .\}
! 124: .if t \{\
! 125: . ds #H ((1u-(\\\\n(.fu%2u))*.13m)
! 126: . ds #V .6m
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! 143: .if t \{\
! 144: . ds ' \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\'\h"|\\n:u"
! 145: . ds ` \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\`\h'|\\n:u'
! 146: . ds ^ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*10/11-\*(#H)'^\h'|\\n:u'
! 147: . ds , \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10)',\h'|\\n:u'
! 148: . ds ~ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu-\*(#H-.1m)'~\h'|\\n:u'
! 149: . ds ? \s-2c\h'-\w'c'u*7/10'\u\h'\*(#H'\zi\d\s+2\h'\w'c'u*8/10'
! 150: . ds ! \s-2\(or\s+2\h'-\w'\(or'u'\v'-.8m'.\v'.8m'
! 151: . ds / \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\z\(sl\h'|\\n:u'
! 152: . ds q o\h'-\w'o'u*8/10'\s-4\v'.4m'\z\(*i\v'-.4m'\s+4\h'\w'o'u*8/10'
! 153: .\}
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! 156: .ds 8 \h'\*(#H'\(*b\h'-\*(#H'
! 157: .ds v \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*9/10-\*(#H)'\v'-\*(#V'\*(#[\s-4v\s0\v'\*(#V'\h'|\\n:u'\*(#]
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! 171: .if v .ds ~ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*9/10-\*(#H)'\s-2\u~\d\s+2\h'|\\n:u'
! 172: .if v .ds ^ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*10/11-\*(#H)'\v'-.4m'^\v'.4m'\h'|\\n:u'
! 173: . \" for low resolution devices (crt and lpr)
! 174: .if \n(.H>23 .if \n(.V>19 \
! 175: \{\
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! 191: .\}
! 192: .rm #[ #] #H #V #F C
! 193: .SH "NAME"
! 194: sudo \- execute a command as another user
! 195: .SH "SYNOPSIS"
! 196: \fBsudo\fR \fB\-V\fR | \fB\-h\fR | \fB\-l\fR | \fB\-L\fR | \fB\-v\fR | \fB\-k\fR | \fB\-K\fR | \fB\-s\fR | \fB\-H\fR |
! 197: [ \fB\-b\fR ] | [ \fB\-p\fR prompt ] [ \fB\-u\fR username/#uid] \fIcommand\fR
! 198: .SH "DESCRIPTION"
! 199: \fBsudo\fR allows a permitted user to execute a \fIcommand\fR as the
! 200: superuser or another user, as specified in the sudoers file. The
! 201: real and effective uid and gid are set to match those of the target
! 202: user as specified in the passwd file (the group vector is also
! 203: initialized when the target user is not root).
! 204: .PP
! 205: \fBsudo\fR determines who is an authorized user by consulting the
! 206: file \fI/etc/sudoers\fR. By giving \fBsudo\fR the \f(CW-v\fR flag a user
! 207: can update the time stamp without running a \fIcommand.\fR
! 208: The password prompt itself will also time out if the user's password is
! 209: not entered with N minutes (again, this is defined at configure
! 210: time and defaults to 5 minutes).
! 211: .PP
! 212: If a user that is not listed in the \fIsudoers\fR file tries to run
! 213: a command via \fBsudo\fR, mail is sent to the proper authorities,
! 214: as defined at configure time (defaults to root). Note that the
! 215: mail will not be sent if an unauthorized user tries to run sudo
! 216: with the \f(CW-l\fR or \f(CW-v\fR flags. This allows users to determine
! 217: for themselves whether or not they are allowed to use \fBsudo\fR.
! 218: .PP
! 219: \fBsudo\fR can log both successful an unsuccessful attempts (as well
! 220: as errors) to \fIsyslog\fR\|(3), a log file, or both. By default \fBsudo\fR
! 221: will log via \fIsyslog\fR\|(3) but this is changeable at configure time.
! 222: .SH "OPTIONS"
! 223: \fBsudo\fR accepts the following command line options:
! 224: .Ip "-V" 4
! 225: The \f(CW-V\fR (\fIversion\fR) option causes \fBsudo\fR to print the
! 226: version number and exit.
! 227: .Ip "-l" 4
! 228: The \f(CW-l\fR (\fIlist\fR) option will list out the allowed (and
! 229: forbidden) commands for the user on the current host.
! 230: .Ip "-L" 4
! 231: The \f(CW-L\fR (\fIlist\fR defaults) option will list out the parameters
! 232: that may be set in a \fIDefaults\fR line along with a short description
! 233: for each. This option is useful in conjunction with \fIgrep\fR\|(1).
! 234: .Ip "-h" 4
! 235: The \f(CW-h\fR (\fIhelp\fR) option causes \fBsudo\fR to print a usage message and exit.
! 236: .Ip "-v" 4
! 237: If given the \f(CW-v\fR (\fIvalidate\fR) option, \fBsudo\fR will update the
! 238: user's timestamp, prompting for the user's password if necessary.
! 239: This extends the \fBsudo\fR timeout to for another N minutes
! 240: (where N is defined at installation time and defaults to 5
! 241: minutes) but does not run a command.
! 242: .Ip "-k" 4
! 243: The \f(CW-k\fR (\fIkill\fR) option to \fBsudo\fR invalidates the user's timestamp
! 244: by setting the time on it to the epoch. The next time \fBsudo\fR is
! 245: run a password will be required. This option does not require a password
! 246: and was added to allow a user to revoke \fBsudo\fR permissions from a .logout
! 247: file.
! 248: .Ip "-K" 4
! 249: The \f(CW-K\fR (sure \fIkill\fR) option to \fBsudo\fR removes the user's timestamp
! 250: entirely. This option does not require a password.
! 251: .Ip "-b" 4
! 252: The \f(CW-b\fR (\fIbackground\fR) option tells \fBsudo\fR to run the given
! 253: command in the background. Note that if you use the \f(CW-b\fR
! 254: option you cannot use shell job control to manipulate the command.
! 255: .Ip "-p" 4
! 256: The \f(CW-p\fR (\fIprompt\fR) option allows you to override the default
! 257: password prompt and use a custom one. If the password prompt
! 258: contains the \f(CW%u\fR escape, \f(CW%u\fR will be replaced with the user's
! 259: login name. Similarly, \f(CW%h\fR will be replaced with the local
! 260: hostname.
! 261: .Ip "-u" 4
! 262: The \f(CW-u\fR (\fIuser\fR) option causes sudo to run the specified command
! 263: as a user other than \fIroot\fR. To specify a \fIuid\fR instead of a
! 264: \fIusername\fR, use \*(L"#uid\*(R".
! 265: .Ip "-s" 4
! 266: The \f(CW-s\fR (\fIshell\fR) option runs the shell specified by the \fI\s-1SHELL\s0\fR
! 267: environment variable if it is set or the shell as specified
! 268: in \fIpasswd\fR\|(5).
! 269: .Ip "-H" 4
! 270: The \f(CW-H\fR (\fI\s-1HOME\s0\fR) option sets the \fI\s-1HOME\s0\fR environment variable
! 271: to the homedir of the target user (root by default) as specified
! 272: in \fIpasswd\fR\|(5). By default, \fBsudo\fR does not modify \fI\s-1HOME\s0\fR.
! 273: .Ip "--" 4
! 274: The \f(CW--\fR flag indicates that \fBsudo\fR should stop processing command
! 275: line arguments. It is most useful in conjunction with the \f(CW-s\fR flag.
! 276: .SH "RETURN VALUES"
! 277: \fBsudo\fR quits with an exit value of 1 if there is a
! 278: configuration/permission problem or if \fBsudo\fR cannot execute the
! 279: given command. In the latter case the error string is printed to
! 280: stderr. If \fBsudo\fR cannot \fIstat\fR\|(2) one or more entries in the user's
! 281: \f(CWPATH\fR an error is printed on stderr. (If the directory does not
! 282: exist or if it is not really a directory, the entry is ignored and
! 283: no error is printed.) This should not happen under normal
! 284: circumstances. The most common reason for \fIstat\fR\|(2) to return
! 285: \*(L"permission denied\*(R" is if you are running an automounter and one
! 286: of the directories in your \f(CWPATH\fR is on a machine that is currently
! 287: unreachable.
! 288: .SH "SECURITY NOTES"
! 289: \fBsudo\fR tries to be safe when executing external commands. Variables
! 290: that control how dynamic loading and binding is done can be used
! 291: to subvert the program that \fBsudo\fR runs. To combat this the
! 292: \f(CWLD_*\fR, \f(CW_RLD_*\fR, \f(CWSHLIB_PATH\fR (HP\-UX only), and \f(CWLIBPATH\fR (AIX
! 293: only) environment variables are removed from the environment passed
! 294: on to all commands executed. \fBsudo\fR will also remove the \f(CWIFS\fR,
! 295: \f(CWENV\fR, \f(CWBASH_ENV\fR, \f(CWKRB_CONF\fR, \f(CWKRB5_CONFIG\fR, \f(CWLOCALDOMAIN\fR,
! 296: \f(CWRES_OPTIONS\fR and \f(CWHOSTALIASES\fR variables as they too can pose a
! 297: threat.
! 298: .PP
! 299: To prevent command spoofing, \fBsudo\fR checks "." and "" (both denoting
! 300: current directory) last when searching for a command in the user's
! 301: PATH (if one or both are in the PATH). Note, however, that the
! 302: actual \f(CWPATH\fR environment variable is \fInot\fR modified and is passed
! 303: unchanged to the program that \fBsudo\fR executes.
! 304: .PP
! 305: For security reasons, if your OS supports shared libraries and does
! 306: not disable user-defined library search paths for setuid programs
! 307: (most do), you should either use a linker option that disables this
! 308: behavior or link \fBsudo\fR statically.
! 309: .PP
! 310: \fBsudo\fR will check the ownership of its timestamp directory
! 311: (\fI/var/run/sudo\fR or \fI/tmp/.odus\fR by default) and ignore the
! 312: directory's contents if it is not owned by root and only writable
! 313: by root. On systems that allow non-root users to give away files
! 314: via \fIchown\fR\|(2), if the timestamp directory is located in a directory
! 315: writable by anyone (ie: \fI/tmp\fR), it is possible for a user to
! 316: create the timestamp directory before \fBsudo\fR is run. However,
! 317: because \fBsudo\fR checks the ownership and mode of the directory and
! 318: its contents, the only damage that can be done is to \*(L"hide\*(R" files
! 319: by putting them in the timestamp dir. This is unlikely to happen
! 320: since once the timestamp dir is owned by root and inaccessible by
! 321: any other user the user placing files there would be unable to get
! 322: them back out. To get around this issue you can use a directory
! 323: that is not world-writable for the timestamps (\fI/var/adm/sudo\fR for
! 324: instance) or create /tmp/.odus with the appropriate owner (root)
! 325: and permissions (0700) in the system startup files.
! 326: .PP
! 327: \fBsudo\fR will not honor timestamps set far in the future.
! 328: Timestamps with a date greater than current_time + 2 * \f(CWTIMEOUT\fR
! 329: will be ignored and sudo will log and complain. This is done to
! 330: keep a user from creating his/her own timestamp with a bogus
! 331: date on system that allow users to give away files.
! 332: .SH "EXAMPLES"
! 333: Note: the following examples assume suitable \fIsudoers\fR\|(5) entries.
! 334: .PP
! 335: To get a file listing of an unreadable directory:
! 336: .PP
! 337: .Vb 1
! 338: \& % sudo ls /usr/local/protected
! 339: .Ve
! 340: To list the home directory of user yazza on a machine where the
! 341: filesystem holding ~yazza is not exported as root:
! 342: .PP
! 343: .Vb 1
! 344: \& % sudo -u yazza ls ~yazza
! 345: .Ve
! 346: To edit the \fIindex.html\fR file as user www:
! 347: .PP
! 348: .Vb 1
! 349: \& % sudo -u www vi ~www/htdocs/index.html
! 350: .Ve
! 351: To shutdown a machine:
! 352: .PP
! 353: .Vb 1
! 354: \& % sudo shutdown -r +15 "quick reboot"
! 355: .Ve
! 356: To make a usage listing of the directories in the /home
! 357: partition. Note that this runs the commands in a sub-shell
! 358: to make the \f(CWcd\fR and file redirection work.
! 359: .PP
! 360: .Vb 1
! 361: \& % sudo sh -c "cd /home ; du -s * | sort -rn > USAGE"
! 362: .Ve
! 363: .SH "ENVIRONMENT"
! 364: \fBsudo\fR utilizes the following environment variables:
! 365: .PP
! 366: .Vb 13
! 367: \& PATH Set to a sane value if SECURE_PATH is set
! 368: \& SHELL Used to determine shell to run with -s option
! 369: \& USER Set to the target user (root unless the -u option
! 370: \& is specified)
! 371: \& HOME In -s or -H mode (or if sudo was configured with
! 372: \& the --enable-shell-sets-home option), set to
! 373: \& homedir of the target user.
! 374: \& SUDO_PROMPT Used as the default password prompt
! 375: \& SUDO_COMMAND Set to the command run by sudo
! 376: \& SUDO_USER Set to the login of the user who invoked sudo
! 377: \& SUDO_UID Set to the uid of the user who invoked sudo
! 378: \& SUDO_GID Set to the gid of the user who invoked sudo
! 379: \& SUDO_PS1 If set, PS1 will be set to its value
! 380: .Ve
! 381: .SH "FILES"
! 382: .PP
! 383: .Vb 2
! 384: \& /etc/sudoers List of who can run what
! 385: \& /var/run/sudo Directory containing timestamps
! 386: .Ve
! 387: \fBsudo\fR utilizes the following environment variables:
! 388: .PP
! 389: .Vb 13
! 390: \& PATH Set to a sane value if SECURE_PATH is set
! 391: \& SHELL Used to determine shell to run with -s option
! 392: \& USER Set to the target user (root unless the -u option
! 393: \& is specified)
! 394: \& HOME In -s or -H mode (or if sudo was configured with
! 395: \& the --enable-shell-sets-home option), set to
! 396: \& homedir of the target user.
! 397: \& SUDO_PROMPT Used as the default password prompt
! 398: \& SUDO_COMMAND Set to the command run by sudo
! 399: \& SUDO_USER Set to the login of the user who invoked sudo
! 400: \& SUDO_UID Set to the uid of the user who invoked sudo
! 401: \& SUDO_GID Set to the gid of the user who invoked sudo
! 402: \& SUDO_PS1 If set, PS1 will be set to its value
! 403: .Ve
! 404: .SH "FILES"
! 405: .PP
! 406: .Vb 3
! 407: \& /etc/sudoers List of who can run what
! 408: \& /var/run/sudo Directory containing timestamps
! 409: \& /tmp/.odus Same as above if no /var/run exists
! 410: .Ve
! 411: .SH "AUTHORS"
! 412: Many people have worked on \fBsudo\fR over the years, this
! 413: version consists of code written primarily by:
! 414: .PP
! 415: .Vb 2
! 416: \& Todd Miller
! 417: \& Chris Jepeway
! 418: .Ve
! 419: See the HISTORY file in the \fBsudo\fR distribution for a short history
! 420: of \fBsudo\fR.
! 421: .SH "BUGS"
! 422: If you feel you have found a bug in sudo, please submit a bug report
! 423: at http://www.courtesan.com/sudo/bugs/.
! 424: .SH "DISCLAIMER"
! 425: \fBSudo\fR is provided ``AS IS'\*(R' and any express or implied warranties,
! 426: including, but not limited to, the implied warranties of merchantability
! 427: and fitness for a particular purpose are disclaimed.
! 428: See the LICENSE file distributed with \fBsudo\fR for complete details.
! 429: .SH "CAVEATS"
! 430: There is no easy way to prevent a user from gaining a root shell if
! 431: that user has access to commands allowing shell escapes.
! 432: .PP
! 433: If users have sudo \f(CWALL\fR there is nothing to prevent them from creating
! 434: their own program that gives them a root shell regardless of any \*(L'!\*(R'
! 435: elements in the user specification.
! 436: .PP
! 437: Running shell scripts via \fBsudo\fR can expose the same kernel bugs
! 438: that make setuid shell scripts unsafe on some operating systems
! 439: (if your OS supports the /dev/fd/ directory, setuid shell scripts
! 440: are generally safe).
! 441: .SH "SEE ALSO"
! 442: \fIsudoers\fR\|(5), \fIvisudo\fR\|(8), \fIsu\fR\|(1).
! 443:
! 444: .rn }` ''
! 445: .IX Title "sudo 8"
! 446: .IX Name "sudo - execute a command as another user"
! 447:
! 448: .IX Header "NAME"
! 449:
! 450: .IX Header "SYNOPSIS"
! 451:
! 452: .IX Header "DESCRIPTION"
! 453:
! 454: .IX Header "OPTIONS"
! 455:
! 456: .IX Item "-V"
! 457:
! 458: .IX Item "-l"
! 459:
! 460: .IX Item "-L"
! 461:
! 462: .IX Item "-h"
! 463:
! 464: .IX Item "-v"
! 465:
! 466: .IX Item "-k"
! 467:
! 468: .IX Item "-K"
! 469:
! 470: .IX Item "-b"
! 471:
! 472: .IX Item "-p"
! 473:
! 474: .IX Item "-u"
! 475:
! 476: .IX Item "-s"
! 477:
! 478: .IX Item "-H"
! 479:
! 480: .IX Item "--"
! 481:
! 482: .IX Header "RETURN VALUES"
! 483:
! 484: .IX Header "SECURITY NOTES"
! 485:
! 486: .IX Header "EXAMPLES"
! 487:
! 488: .IX Header "ENVIRONMENT"
! 489:
! 490: .IX Header "FILES"
! 491:
! 492: .IX Header "FILES"
! 493:
! 494: .IX Header "AUTHORS"
! 495:
! 496: .IX Header "BUGS"
! 497:
! 498: .IX Header "DISCLAIMER"
! 499:
! 500: .IX Header "CAVEATS"
! 501:
! 502: .IX Header "SEE ALSO"
! 503:
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