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Diff for /src/usr.bin/sudo/Attic/sudoers.5 between version 1.8 and 1.9

version 1.8, 2001/09/28 06:46:25 version 1.9, 2002/01/03 03:49:16
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 .rn '' }`  .\" Automatically generated by Pod::Man version 1.15
 ''' $RCSfile$$Revision$$Date$  .\" Sun Dec 30 12:24:30 2001
 '''  .\"
 ''' $Log$  .\" Standard preamble:
 ''' Revision 1.8  2001/09/28 06:46:25  jufi  .\" ======================================================================
 '''  .de Sh \" Subsection heading
 ''' semicolon -> colon  
 ''' detected by mihaak@lecturax.tmfweb.nl  
 '''  
 ''' Revision 1.7  2001/09/17 23:49:21  pjanzen  
 ''' Typo and grammar fixes, one from PR/2058 (Dennis Schwarz); ok millert@  
 '''  
 ''' Revision 1.6  2001/01/09 18:15:31  krw  
 ''' Typos: 'eg.' -> 'e.g.'  
 '''  
 ''' Revision 1.5  2000/03/27 03:44:39  millert  
 ''' sudo 1.6.3; see http://www.courtesan.com/sudo/current.html for a list  
 ''' of changes.  
 '''  
 ''' Revision 1.5  2000/03/27 03:26:23  millert  
 ''' Use 8 and 5 in the man page bodies as well.  
 '''  
 '''  
 .de Sh  
 .br  .br
 .if t .Sp  .if t .Sp
 .ne 5  .ne 5
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 \fB\\$1\fR  \fB\\$1\fR
 .PP  .PP
 ..  ..
 .de Sp  .de Sp \" Vertical space (when we can't use .PP)
 .if t .sp .5v  .if t .sp .5v
 .if n .sp  .if n .sp
 ..  ..
 .de Ip  .de Ip \" List item
 .br  .br
 .ie \\n(.$>=3 .ne \\$3  .ie \\n(.$>=3 .ne \\$3
 .el .ne 3  .el .ne 3
 .IP "\\$1" \\$2  .IP "\\$1" \\$2
 ..  ..
 .de Vb  .de Vb \" Begin verbatim text
 .ft CW  .ft CW
 .nf  .nf
 .ne \\$1  .ne \\$1
 ..  ..
 .de Ve  .de Ve \" End verbatim text
 .ft R  .ft R
   
 .fi  .fi
 ..  ..
 '''  .\" Set up some character translations and predefined strings.  \*(-- will
 '''  .\" give an unbreakable dash, \*(PI will give pi, \*(L" will give a left
 '''     Set up \*(-- to give an unbreakable dash;  .\" double quote, and \*(R" will give a right double quote.  | will give a
 '''     string Tr holds user defined translation string.  .\" real vertical bar.  \*(C+ will give a nicer C++.  Capital omega is used
 '''     Bell System Logo is used as a dummy character.  .\" to do unbreakable dashes and therefore won't be available.  \*(C` and
 '''  .\" \*(C' expand to `' in nroff, nothing in troff, for use with C<>
 .tr \(*W-|\(bv\*(Tr  .tr \(*W-|\(bv\*(Tr
   .ds C+ C\v'-.1v'\h'-1p'\s-2+\h'-1p'+\s0\v'.1v'\h'-1p'
 .ie n \{\  .ie n \{\
 .ds -- \(*W-  .    ds -- \(*W-
 .ds PI pi  .    ds PI pi
 .if (\n(.H=4u)&(1m=24u) .ds -- \(*W\h'-12u'\(*W\h'-12u'-\" diablo 10 pitch  .    if (\n(.H=4u)&(1m=24u) .ds -- \(*W\h'-12u'\(*W\h'-12u'-\" diablo 10 pitch
 .if (\n(.H=4u)&(1m=20u) .ds -- \(*W\h'-12u'\(*W\h'-8u'-\" diablo 12 pitch  .    if (\n(.H=4u)&(1m=20u) .ds -- \(*W\h'-12u'\(*W\h'-8u'-\"  diablo 12 pitch
 .ds L" ""  .    ds L" ""
 .ds R" ""  .    ds R" ""
 '''   \*(M", \*(S", \*(N" and \*(T" are the equivalent of  .    ds C`
 '''   \*(L" and \*(R", except that they are used on ".xx" lines,  .    ds C'
 '''   such as .IP and .SH, which do another additional levels of  
 '''   double-quote interpretation  
 .ds M" """  
 .ds S" """  
 .ds N" """""  
 .ds T" """""  
 .ds L' '  
 .ds R' '  
 .ds M' '  
 .ds S' '  
 .ds N' '  
 .ds T' '  
 'br\}  'br\}
 .el\{\  .el\{\
 .ds -- \(em\|  .    ds -- \|\(em\|
 .tr \*(Tr  .    ds PI \(*p
 .ds L" ``  .    ds L" ``
 .ds R" ''  .    ds R" ''
 .ds M" ``  
 .ds S" ''  
 .ds N" ``  
 .ds T" ''  
 .ds L' `  
 .ds R' '  
 .ds M' `  
 .ds S' '  
 .ds N' `  
 .ds T' '  
 .ds PI \(*p  
 'br\}  'br\}
 .\"     If the F register is turned on, we'll generate  .\"
 .\"     index entries out stderr for the following things:  .\" If the F register is turned on, we'll generate index entries on stderr
 .\"             TH      Title  .\" for titles (.TH), headers (.SH), subsections (.Sh), items (.Ip), and
 .\"             SH      Header  .\" index entries marked with X<> in POD.  Of course, you'll have to process
 .\"             Sh      Subsection  .\" the output yourself in some meaningful fashion.
 .\"             Ip      Item  .if \nF \{\
 .\"             X<>     Xref  (embedded  .    de IX
 .\"     Of course, you have to process the output yourself  .    tm Index:\\$1\t\\n%\t"\\$2"
 .\"     in some meaningful fashion.  
 .if \nF \{  
 .de IX  
 .tm Index:\\$1\t\\n%\t"\\$2"  
 ..  ..
 .nr % 0  .    nr % 0
 .rr F  .    rr F
 .\}  .\}
 .TH sudoers 5 "1.6.3" "26/Mar/2000" "FILE FORMATS"  .\"
 .UC  .\" For nroff, turn off justification.  Always turn off hyphenation; it
 .if n .hy 0  .\" makes way too many mistakes in technical documents.
   .hy 0
 .if n .na  .if n .na
 .ds C+ C\v'-.1v'\h'-1p'\s-2+\h'-1p'+\s0\v'.1v'\h'-1p'  .\"
 .de CQ          \" put $1 in typewriter font  .\" Accent mark definitions (@(#)ms.acc 1.5 88/02/08 SMI; from UCB 4.2).
 .ft CW  .\" Fear.  Run.  Save yourself.  No user-serviceable parts.
 'if n "\c  
 'if t \\&\\$1\c  
 'if n \\&\\$1\c  
 'if n \&"  
 \\&\\$2 \\$3 \\$4 \\$5 \\$6 \\$7  
 '.ft R  
 ..  
 .\" @(#)ms.acc 1.5 88/02/08 SMI; from UCB 4.2  
 .       \" AM - accent mark definitions  
 .bd B 3  .bd B 3
 .       \" fudge factors for nroff and troff  .    \" fudge factors for nroff and troff
 .if n \{\  .if n \{\
 .       ds #H 0  .    ds #H 0
 .       ds #V .8m  .    ds #V .8m
 .       ds #F .3m  .    ds #F .3m
 .       ds #[ \f1  .    ds #[ \f1
 .       ds #] \fP  .    ds #] \fP
 .\}  .\}
 .if t \{\  .if t \{\
 .       ds #H ((1u-(\\\\n(.fu%2u))*.13m)  .    ds #H ((1u-(\\\\n(.fu%2u))*.13m)
 .       ds #V .6m  .    ds #V .6m
 .       ds #F 0  .    ds #F 0
 .       ds #[ \&  .    ds #[ \&
 .       ds #] \&  .    ds #] \&
 .\}  .\}
 .       \" simple accents for nroff and troff  .    \" simple accents for nroff and troff
 .if n \{\  .if n \{\
 .       ds ' \&  .    ds ' \&
 .       ds ` \&  .    ds ` \&
 .       ds ^ \&  .    ds ^ \&
 .       ds , \&  .    ds , \&
 .       ds ~ ~  .    ds ~ ~
 .       ds ? ?  .    ds /
 .       ds ! !  
 .       ds /  
 .       ds q  
 .\}  .\}
 .if t \{\  .if t \{\
 .       ds ' \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\'\h"|\\n:u"  .    ds ' \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\'\h"|\\n:u"
 .       ds ` \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\`\h'|\\n:u'  .    ds ` \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\`\h'|\\n:u'
 .       ds ^ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*10/11-\*(#H)'^\h'|\\n:u'  .    ds ^ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*10/11-\*(#H)'^\h'|\\n:u'
 .       ds , \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10)',\h'|\\n:u'  .    ds , \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10)',\h'|\\n:u'
 .       ds ~ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu-\*(#H-.1m)'~\h'|\\n:u'  .    ds ~ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu-\*(#H-.1m)'~\h'|\\n:u'
 .       ds ? \s-2c\h'-\w'c'u*7/10'\u\h'\*(#H'\zi\d\s+2\h'\w'c'u*8/10'  .    ds / \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\z\(sl\h'|\\n:u'
 .       ds ! \s-2\(or\s+2\h'-\w'\(or'u'\v'-.8m'.\v'.8m'  
 .       ds / \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\z\(sl\h'|\\n:u'  
 .       ds q o\h'-\w'o'u*8/10'\s-4\v'.4m'\z\(*i\v'-.4m'\s+4\h'\w'o'u*8/10'  
 .\}  .\}
 .       \" troff and (daisy-wheel) nroff accents  .    \" troff and (daisy-wheel) nroff accents
 .ds : \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H+.1m+\*(#F)'\v'-\*(#V'\z.\h'.2m+\*(#F'.\h'|\\n:u'\v'\*(#V'  .ds : \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H+.1m+\*(#F)'\v'-\*(#V'\z.\h'.2m+\*(#F'.\h'|\\n:u'\v'\*(#V'
 .ds 8 \h'\*(#H'\(*b\h'-\*(#H'  .ds 8 \h'\*(#H'\(*b\h'-\*(#H'
 .ds v \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*9/10-\*(#H)'\v'-\*(#V'\*(#[\s-4v\s0\v'\*(#V'\h'|\\n:u'\*(#]  
 .ds _ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*9/10-\*(#H+(\*(#F*2/3))'\v'-.4m'\z\(hy\v'.4m'\h'|\\n:u'  
 .ds . \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10)'\v'\*(#V*4/10'\z.\v'-\*(#V*4/10'\h'|\\n:u'  
 .ds 3 \*(#[\v'.2m'\s-2\&3\s0\v'-.2m'\*(#]  
 .ds o \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu+\w'\(de'u-\*(#H)/2u'\v'-.3n'\*(#[\z\(de\v'.3n'\h'|\\n:u'\*(#]  .ds o \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu+\w'\(de'u-\*(#H)/2u'\v'-.3n'\*(#[\z\(de\v'.3n'\h'|\\n:u'\*(#]
 .ds d- \h'\*(#H'\(pd\h'-\w'~'u'\v'-.25m'\f2\(hy\fP\v'.25m'\h'-\*(#H'  .ds d- \h'\*(#H'\(pd\h'-\w'~'u'\v'-.25m'\f2\(hy\fP\v'.25m'\h'-\*(#H'
 .ds D- D\\k:\h'-\w'D'u'\v'-.11m'\z\(hy\v'.11m'\h'|\\n:u'  .ds D- D\\k:\h'-\w'D'u'\v'-.11m'\z\(hy\v'.11m'\h'|\\n:u'
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 .ds Th \*(#[\s+2I\s-2\h'-\w'I'u*3/5'\v'-.3m'o\v'.3m'\*(#]  .ds Th \*(#[\s+2I\s-2\h'-\w'I'u*3/5'\v'-.3m'o\v'.3m'\*(#]
 .ds ae a\h'-(\w'a'u*4/10)'e  .ds ae a\h'-(\w'a'u*4/10)'e
 .ds Ae A\h'-(\w'A'u*4/10)'E  .ds Ae A\h'-(\w'A'u*4/10)'E
 .ds oe o\h'-(\w'o'u*4/10)'e  .    \" corrections for vroff
 .ds Oe O\h'-(\w'O'u*4/10)'E  
 .       \" corrections for vroff  
 .if v .ds ~ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*9/10-\*(#H)'\s-2\u~\d\s+2\h'|\\n:u'  .if v .ds ~ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*9/10-\*(#H)'\s-2\u~\d\s+2\h'|\\n:u'
 .if v .ds ^ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*10/11-\*(#H)'\v'-.4m'^\v'.4m'\h'|\\n:u'  .if v .ds ^ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*10/11-\*(#H)'\v'-.4m'^\v'.4m'\h'|\\n:u'
 .       \" for low resolution devices (crt and lpr)  .    \" for low resolution devices (crt and lpr)
 .if \n(.H>23 .if \n(.V>19 \  .if \n(.H>23 .if \n(.V>19 \
 \{\  \{\
 .       ds : e  .    ds : e
 .       ds 8 ss  .    ds 8 ss
 .       ds v \h'-1'\o'\(aa\(ga'  .    ds o a
 .       ds _ \h'-1'^  .    ds d- d\h'-1'\(ga
 .       ds . \h'-1'.  .    ds D- D\h'-1'\(hy
 .       ds 3 3  .    ds th \o'bp'
 .       ds o a  .    ds Th \o'LP'
 .       ds d- d\h'-1'\(ga  .    ds ae ae
 .       ds D- D\h'-1'\(hy  .    ds Ae AE
 .       ds th \o'bp'  
 .       ds Th \o'LP'  
 .       ds ae ae  
 .       ds Ae AE  
 .       ds oe oe  
 .       ds Oe OE  
 .\}  .\}
 .rm #[ #] #H #V #F C  .rm #[ #] #H #V #F C
   .\" ======================================================================
   .\"
   .IX Title "sudoers 5"
   .TH sudoers 5 "1.6.4" "December 30, 2001" "MAINTENANCE COMMANDS"
   .UC
 .SH "NAME"  .SH "NAME"
 sudoers \- list of which users may execute what  sudoers \- list of which users may execute what
 .SH "DESCRIPTION"  .SH "DESCRIPTION"
   .IX Header "DESCRIPTION"
 The \fIsudoers\fR file is composed of two types of entries:  The \fIsudoers\fR file is composed of two types of entries:
 aliases (basically variables) and user specifications  aliases (basically variables) and user specifications
 (which specify who may run what).  The grammar of \fIsudoers\fR  (which specify who may run what).  The grammar of \fIsudoers\fR
 will be described below in Extended Backus-Naur Form (EBNF).  will be described below in Extended Backus-Naur Form (\s-1EBNF\s0).
 Don't despair if you don't know what EBNF is; it is fairly  Don't despair if you don't know what \s-1EBNF\s0 is; it is fairly
 simple, and the definitions below are annotated.  simple, and the definitions below are annotated.
 .Sh "Quick guide to \s-1EBNF\s0"  .Sh "Quick guide to \s-1EBNF\s0"
 \s-1EBNF\s0 is a concise and exact way of describing the grammar of a language.  .IX Subsection "Quick guide to EBNF"
   \&\s-1EBNF\s0 is a concise and exact way of describing the grammar of a language.
 Each \s-1EBNF\s0 definition is made up of \fIproduction rules\fR.  E.g.,  Each \s-1EBNF\s0 definition is made up of \fIproduction rules\fR.  E.g.,
 .PP  .PP
 .Vb 1  .Vb 1
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 operators, which many readers will recognize from regular  operators, which many readers will recognize from regular
 expressions.  Do not, however, confuse them with \*(L"wildcard\*(R"  expressions.  Do not, however, confuse them with \*(L"wildcard\*(R"
 characters, which have different meanings.  characters, which have different meanings.
 .Ip "\f(CW?\fR" 8  .Ip "\f(CW\*(C`?\*(C'\fR" 8
   .IX Item "?"
 Means that the preceding symbol (or group of symbols) is optional.  Means that the preceding symbol (or group of symbols) is optional.
 That is, it may appear once or not at all.  That is, it may appear once or not at all.
 .Ip "\f(CW*\fR" 8  .Ip "\f(CW\*(C`*\*(C'\fR" 8
   .IX Item "*"
 Means that the preceding symbol (or group of symbols) may appear  Means that the preceding symbol (or group of symbols) may appear
 zero or more times.  zero or more times.
 .Ip "\f(CW+\fR" 8  .Ip "\f(CW\*(C`+\*(C'\fR" 8
   .IX Item "+"
 Means that the preceding symbol (or group of symbols) may appear  Means that the preceding symbol (or group of symbols) may appear
 one or more times.  one or more times.
 .PP  .PP
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 we will use single quotes ('') to designate what is a verbatim character  we will use single quotes ('') to designate what is a verbatim character
 string (as opposed to a symbol name).  string (as opposed to a symbol name).
 .Sh "Aliases"  .Sh "Aliases"
 There are four kinds of aliases: \f(CWUser_Alias\fR, \f(CWRunas_Alias\fR,  .IX Subsection "Aliases"
 \f(CWHost_Alias\fR and \f(CWCmnd_Alias\fR.  There are four kinds of aliases: \f(CW\*(C`User_Alias\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`Runas_Alias\*(C'\fR,
   \&\f(CW\*(C`Host_Alias\*(C'\fR and \f(CW\*(C`Cmnd_Alias\*(C'\fR.
 .PP  .PP
 .Vb 4  .Vb 4
 \& Alias ::= 'User_Alias' = User_Alias (':' User_Alias)* |  \& Alias ::= 'User_Alias'  User_Alias (':' User_Alias)* |
 \&           'Runas_Alias' = Runas_Alias (':' Runas_Alias)* |  \&           'Runas_Alias' Runas_Alias (':' Runas_Alias)* |
 \&           'Host_Alias' = Host_Alias (':' Host_Alias)* |  \&           'Host_Alias'  Host_Alias (':' Host_Alias)* |
 \&           'Cmnd_Alias' = Cmnd_Alias (':' Cmnd_Alias)*  \&           'Cmnd_Alias'  Cmnd_Alias (':' Cmnd_Alias)*
 .Ve  .Ve
 .Vb 1  .Vb 1
 \& User_Alias ::= NAME '=' User_List  \& User_Alias ::= NAME '=' User_List
 .Ve  .Ve
 .Vb 1  .Vb 1
 \& Runas_Alias ::= NAME '=' Runas_User_List  \& Runas_Alias ::= NAME '=' Runas_List
 .Ve  .Ve
 .Vb 1  .Vb 1
 \& Host_Alias ::= NAME '=' Host_List  \& Host_Alias ::= NAME '=' Host_List
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 .Vb 1  .Vb 1
 \& Alias_Type NAME = item1, item2, ...  \& Alias_Type NAME = item1, item2, ...
 .Ve  .Ve
 where \fIAlias_Type\fR is one of \f(CWUser_Alias\fR, \f(CWRunas_Alias\fR, \f(CWHost_Alias\fR,  where \fIAlias_Type\fR is one of \f(CW\*(C`User_Alias\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`Runas_Alias\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`Host_Alias\*(C'\fR,
 or \f(CWCmnd_Alias\fR.  A \f(CWNAME\fR is a string of uppercase letters, numbers,  or \f(CW\*(C`Cmnd_Alias\*(C'\fR.  A \f(CW\*(C`NAME\*(C'\fR is a string of uppercase letters, numbers,
 and the underscore characters ('_').  A \f(CWNAME\fR \fBmust\fR start with an  and the underscore characters ('_').  A \f(CW\*(C`NAME\*(C'\fR \fBmust\fR start with an
 uppercase letter.  It is possible to put several alias definitions  uppercase letter.  It is possible to put several alias definitions
 of the same type on a single line, joined by a colon (':').  E.g.,  of the same type on a single line, joined by a colon (':').  E.g.,
 .PP  .PP
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 \& User_List ::= User |  \& User_List ::= User |
 \&               User ',' User_List  \&               User ',' User_List
 .Ve  .Ve
 .Vb 5  .Vb 4
 \& User ::= '!'* username |  \& User ::= '!'* username |
 \&          '!'* '#'uid |  
 \&          '!'* '%'group |  \&          '!'* '%'group |
 \&          '!'* '+'netgroup |  \&          '!'* '+'netgroup |
 \&          '!'* User_Alias  \&          '!'* User_Alias
 .Ve  .Ve
 A \f(CWUser_List\fR is made up of one or more usernames, uids  A \f(CW\*(C`User_List\*(C'\fR is made up of one or more usernames, uids
 (prefixed with \*(L'#'), System groups (prefixed with \*(L'%'),  (prefixed with '#'), System groups (prefixed with '%'),
 netgroups (prefixed with \*(L'+') and other aliases.  Each list  netgroups (prefixed with '+') and other aliases.  Each list
 item may be prefixed with one or more \*(L'!\*(R' operators.  An odd number  item may be prefixed with one or more '!' operators.  An odd number
 of \*(L'!\*(R' operators negate the value of the item; an even number  of '!' operators negate the value of the item; an even number
 just cancel each other out.  just cancel each other out.
 .PP  .PP
 .Vb 2  .Vb 2
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 \&                '!'* +netgroup |  \&                '!'* +netgroup |
 \&                '!'* Runas_Alias  \&                '!'* Runas_Alias
 .Ve  .Ve
 Likewise, a \f(CWRunas_List\fR has the same possible elements  A \f(CW\*(C`Runas_List\*(C'\fR is similar to a \f(CW\*(C`User_List\*(C'\fR except that it can
 as a \f(CWUser_List\fR, except that it can include a \f(CWRunas_Alias\fR,  also contain uids (prefixed with '#') and instead of \f(CW\*(C`User_Alias\*(C'\fRes
 instead of a \f(CWUser_Alias\fR.  it can contain \f(CW\*(C`Runas_Alias\*(C'\fRes.
 .PP  .PP
 .Vb 2  .Vb 2
 \& Host_List ::= Host |  \& Host_List ::= Host |
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Line 264 
 \&          '!'* '+'netgroup |  \&          '!'* '+'netgroup |
 \&          '!'* Host_Alias  \&          '!'* Host_Alias
 .Ve  .Ve
 A \f(CWHost_List\fR is made up of one or more hostnames, \s-1IP\s0 addresses,  A \f(CW\*(C`Host_List\*(C'\fR is made up of one or more hostnames, \s-1IP\s0 addresses,
 network numbers, netgroups (prefixed with \*(L'+') and other aliases.  network numbers, netgroups (prefixed with '+') and other aliases.
 Again, the value of an item may be negated with the \*(L'!\*(R' operator.  Again, the value of an item may be negated with the '!' operator.
 If you do not specify a netmask with a network number, the netmask  If you do not specify a netmask with a network number, the netmask
 of the host's ethernet \fIinterface\fR\|(s) will be used when matching.  of the host's ethernet \fIinterface\fR\|(s) will be used when matching.
 The netmask may be specified either in dotted quad notation (e.g.  The netmask may be specified either in dotted quad notation (e.g.
 255.255.255.0) or \s-1CIDR\s0 notation (number of bits, e.g. 24).  A hostname  255.255.255.0) or \s-1CIDR\s0 notation (number of bits, e.g. 24).  A hostname
 may include shell-style wildcards (see `Wildcards\*(R' section below),  may include shell-style wildcards (see `Wildcards' section below),
 but unless the \f(CWhostname\fR command on your machine returns the fully  but unless the \f(CW\*(C`hostname\*(C'\fR command on your machine returns the fully
 qualified hostname, you'll need to use the \fIfqdn\fR option for wildcards  qualified hostname, you'll need to use the \fIfqdn\fR option for wildcards
 to be useful.  to be useful.
 .PP  .PP
Line 350 
Line 290 
 \&          '!'* directory |  \&          '!'* directory |
 \&          '!'* Cmnd_Alias  \&          '!'* Cmnd_Alias
 .Ve  .Ve
 A \f(CWCmnd_List\fR is a list of one or more commandnames, directories, and other  A \f(CW\*(C`Cmnd_List\*(C'\fR is a list of one or more commandnames, directories, and other
 aliases.  A commandname is a fully qualified filename which may include  aliases.  A commandname is a fully qualified filename which may include
 shell-style wildcards (see `Wildcards\*(R' section below).  A simple  shell-style wildcards (see `Wildcards' section below).  A simple
 filename allows the user to run the command with any arguments he/she  filename allows the user to run the command with any arguments he/she
 wishes.  However, you may also command line arguments (including wildcards).  wishes.  However, you may also specify command line arguments (including
 Alternately, you can specify \f(CW""\fR to indicate that the command  wildcards).  Alternately, you can specify \f(CW\*(C`""\*(C'\fR to indicate that the command
 may only be run \fBwithout\fR command line arguments.  A directory is a  may only be run \fBwithout\fR command line arguments.  A directory is a
 fully qualified pathname ending in a \*(L'/\*(R'.  When you specify a directory  fully qualified pathname ending in a '/'.  When you specify a directory
 in a \f(CWCmnd_List\fR, the user will be able to run any file within that directory  in a \f(CW\*(C`Cmnd_List\*(C'\fR, the user will be able to run any file within that directory
 (but not in any subdirectories therein).  (but not in any subdirectories therein).
 .PP  .PP
 If a \f(CWCmnd\fR has associated command line arguments, then the arguments  If a \f(CW\*(C`Cmnd\*(C'\fR has associated command line arguments, then the arguments
 in the \f(CWCmnd\fR must match exactly those given by the user on the command line  in the \f(CW\*(C`Cmnd\*(C'\fR must match exactly those given by the user on the command line
 (or match the wildcards if there are any).  Note that the following  (or match the wildcards if there are any).  Note that the following
 characters must be escaped with a \*(L'\e\*(R' if they are used in command  characters must be escaped with a '\e' if they are used in command
 arguments: \*(L',\*(R', \*(L':\*(R', \*(L'=\*(R', \*(L'\e\*(R'.  arguments: ',', ':', '=', '\e'.
 .Sh "Defaults"  .Sh "Defaults"
   .IX Subsection "Defaults"
 Certain configuration options may be changed from their default  Certain configuration options may be changed from their default
 values at runtime via one or more \f(CWDefault_Entry\fR lines.  These  values at runtime via one or more \f(CW\*(C`Default_Entry\*(C'\fR lines.  These
 may affect all users on any host, all users on a specific host,  may affect all users on any host, all users on a specific host,
 or just a specific user.  When multiple entries match, they are  or just a specific user.  When multiple entries match, they are
 applied in order.  Where there are conflicting values, the last  applied in order.  Where there are conflicting values, the last
Line 382 
Line 323 
 .Vb 1  .Vb 1
 \& Default_Entry ::= Default_Type Parameter_List  \& Default_Entry ::= Default_Type Parameter_List
 .Ve  .Ve
 .Vb 2  .Vb 4
 \& Parameter ::= Parameter '=' Value ||  \& Parameter ::= Parameter '=' Value ||
   \&               Parameter '+=' Value ||
   \&               Parameter '-=' Value ||
 \&               '!'* Parameter ||  \&               '!'* Parameter ||
 .Ve  .Ve
 Parameters may be \fBflags\fR, \fBinteger\fR values, or \fBstrings\fR.  Flags  Parameters may be \fBflags\fR, \fBinteger\fR values, \fBstrings\fR, or \fBlists\fR.
 are implicitly boolean and can be turned off via the \*(L'!\*(R' operator.  Flags are implicitly boolean and can be turned off via the '!'
 Some integer and string parameters may also be used in a boolean  operator.  Some integer, string and list parameters may also be
 context to disable them.  Values may be enclosed in double quotes  used in a boolean context to disable them.  Values may be enclosed
 (\f(CW"\fR) when they contain multiple words.  Special characters may  in double quotes (\f(CW\*(C`"\*(C'\fR) when they contain multiple words.  Special
 be escaped with a backslash (\f(CW\e\fR).  characters may be escaped with a backslash (\f(CW\*(C`\e\*(C'\fR).
 .PP  .PP
 \fBFlags\fR:  Lists have two additional assignment operators, \f(CW\*(C`+=\*(C'\fR and \f(CW\*(C`\-=\*(C'\fR.
   These operators are used to add to and delete from a list respectively.
   It is not an error to use the \f(CW\*(C`\-=\*(C'\fR operator to remove an element
   that does not exist in a list.
   .PP
   Note that since the \fIsudoers\fR file is parsed in order the best place
   to put the Defaults section is after the Host, User, and Cmnd aliases
   but before the user specifications.
   .PP
   \&\fBFlags\fR:
 .Ip "long_otp_prompt" 12  .Ip "long_otp_prompt" 12
   .IX Item "long_otp_prompt"
 When validating with a One Time Password scheme (\fBS/Key\fR or \fB\s-1OPIE\s0\fR),  When validating with a One Time Password scheme (\fBS/Key\fR or \fB\s-1OPIE\s0\fR),
 a two-line prompt is used to make it easier to cut and paste the  a two-line prompt is used to make it easier to cut and paste the
 challenge to a local window.  It's not as pretty as the default but  challenge to a local window.  It's not as pretty as the default but
 some people find it more convenient.  This flag is off by default.  some people find it more convenient.  This flag is \fIoff\fR
   by default.
 .Ip "ignore_dot" 12  .Ip "ignore_dot" 12
 If set, \fBsudo\fR will ignore \*(L'.\*(R' or \*(L'\*(R' (current dir) in \f(CW$PATH\fR;  .IX Item "ignore_dot"
 the \f(CW$PATH\fR itself is not modified.  This flag is off by default.  If set, \fBsudo\fR will ignore '.' or '' (current dir) in the \f(CW\*(C`PATH\*(C'\fR
   environment variable; the \f(CW\*(C`PATH\*(C'\fR itself is not modified.  This
   flag is \fIoff\fR by default.
 .Ip "mail_always" 12  .Ip "mail_always" 12
   .IX Item "mail_always"
 Send mail to the \fImailto\fR user every time a users runs \fBsudo\fR.  Send mail to the \fImailto\fR user every time a users runs \fBsudo\fR.
 This flag is off by default.  This flag is \fIoff\fR by default.
   .Ip "mail_badpass" 12
   .IX Item "mail_badpass"
   Send mail to the \fImailto\fR user if the user running sudo does not
   enter the correct password.  This flag is \fIoff\fR by default.
 .Ip "mail_no_user" 12  .Ip "mail_no_user" 12
   .IX Item "mail_no_user"
 If set, mail will be sent to the \fImailto\fR user if the invoking  If set, mail will be sent to the \fImailto\fR user if the invoking
 user is not in the \fIsudoers\fR file.  This flag is on by default.  user is not in the \fIsudoers\fR file.  This flag is \fIon\fR
   by default.
 .Ip "mail_no_host" 12  .Ip "mail_no_host" 12
   .IX Item "mail_no_host"
 If set, mail will be sent to the \fImailto\fR user if the invoking  If set, mail will be sent to the \fImailto\fR user if the invoking
 user exists in the \fIsudoers\fR file, but is not allowed to run  user exists in the \fIsudoers\fR file, but is not allowed to run
 commands on the current host.  This flag is off by default.  commands on the current host.  This flag is \fIoff\fR by default.
 .Ip "mail_no_perms" 12  .Ip "mail_no_perms" 12
   .IX Item "mail_no_perms"
 If set, mail will be sent to the \fImailto\fR user if the invoking  If set, mail will be sent to the \fImailto\fR user if the invoking
 user allowed to use \fBsudo\fR but the command they are trying is not  user allowed to use \fBsudo\fR but the command they are trying is not
 listed in their \fIsudoers\fR file entry.  This flag is off by default.  listed in their \fIsudoers\fR file entry.  This flag is \fIoff\fR
   by default.
 .Ip "tty_tickets" 12  .Ip "tty_tickets" 12
   .IX Item "tty_tickets"
 If set, users must authenticate on a per-tty basis.  Normally,  If set, users must authenticate on a per-tty basis.  Normally,
 \fBsudo\fR uses a directory in the ticket dir with the same name as  \&\fBsudo\fR uses a directory in the ticket dir with the same name as
 the user running it.  With this flag enabled, \fBsudo\fR will use a  the user running it.  With this flag enabled, \fBsudo\fR will use a
 file named for the tty the user is logged in on in that directory.  file named for the tty the user is logged in on in that directory.
 This flag is off by default.  This flag is \fIoff\fR by default.
 .Ip "lecture" 12  .Ip "lecture" 12
   .IX Item "lecture"
 If set, a user will receive a short lecture the first time he/she  If set, a user will receive a short lecture the first time he/she
 runs \fBsudo\fR.  This flag is on by default.  runs \fBsudo\fR.  This flag is \fIon\fR by default.
 .Ip "authenticate" 12  .Ip "authenticate" 12
   .IX Item "authenticate"
 If set, users must authenticate themselves via a password (or other  If set, users must authenticate themselves via a password (or other
 means of authentication) before they may run commands.  This default  means of authentication) before they may run commands.  This default
 may be overridden via the \f(CWPASSWD\fR and \f(CWNOPASSWD\fR tags.  may be overridden via the \f(CW\*(C`PASSWD\*(C'\fR and \f(CW\*(C`NOPASSWD\*(C'\fR tags.
 This flag is on by default.  This flag is \fIon\fR by default.
 .Ip "root_sudo" 12  .Ip "root_sudo" 12
   .IX Item "root_sudo"
 If set, root is allowed to run \fBsudo\fR too.  Disabling this prevents users  If set, root is allowed to run \fBsudo\fR too.  Disabling this prevents users
 from \*(L"chaining\*(R" \fBsudo\fR commands to get a root shell by doing something  from \*(L"chaining\*(R" \fBsudo\fR commands to get a root shell by doing something
 like \f(CW"sudo sudo /bin/sh"\fR.  like \f(CW\*(C`"sudo sudo /bin/sh"\*(C'\fR.
 This flag is on by default.  This flag is \fIon\fR by default.
 .Ip "log_host" 12  .Ip "log_host" 12
   .IX Item "log_host"
 If set, the hostname will be logged in the (non-syslog) \fBsudo\fR log file.  If set, the hostname will be logged in the (non-syslog) \fBsudo\fR log file.
 This flag is off by default.  This flag is \fIoff\fR by default.
 .Ip "log_year" 12  .Ip "log_year" 12
   .IX Item "log_year"
 If set, the four-digit year will be logged in the (non-syslog) \fBsudo\fR log file.  If set, the four-digit year will be logged in the (non-syslog) \fBsudo\fR log file.
 This flag is off by default.  This flag is \fIoff\fR by default.
 .Ip "shell_noargs" 12  .Ip "shell_noargs" 12
   .IX Item "shell_noargs"
 If set and \fBsudo\fR is invoked with no arguments it acts as if the  If set and \fBsudo\fR is invoked with no arguments it acts as if the
 \f(CW-s\fR flag had been given.  That is, it runs a shell as root (the  \&\fB\-s\fR flag had been given.  That is, it runs a shell as root (the
 shell is determined by the \f(CWSHELL\fR environment variable if it is  shell is determined by the \f(CW\*(C`SHELL\*(C'\fR environment variable if it is
 set, falling back on the shell listed in the invoking user's  set, falling back on the shell listed in the invoking user's
 /etc/passwd entry if not).  This flag is off by default.  /etc/passwd entry if not).  This flag is \fIoff\fR by default.
 .Ip "set_home" 12  .Ip "set_home" 12
 If set and \fBsudo\fR is invoked with the \f(CW-s\fR flag the \f(CWHOME\fR  .IX Item "set_home"
   If set and \fBsudo\fR is invoked with the \fB\-s\fR flag the \f(CW\*(C`HOME\*(C'\fR
 environment variable will be set to the home directory of the target  environment variable will be set to the home directory of the target
 user (which is root unless the \f(CW-u\fR option is used).  This effectively  user (which is root unless the \fB\-u\fR option is used).  This effectively
 makes the \f(CW-s\fR flag imply \f(CW-H\fR.  This flag is off by default.  makes the \fB\-s\fR flag imply \fB\-H\fR.  This flag is \fIoff\fR by default.
   .Ip "always_set_home" 12
   .IX Item "always_set_home"
   If set, \fBsudo\fR will set the \f(CW\*(C`HOME\*(C'\fR environment variable to the home
   directory of the target user (which is root unless the \fB\-u\fR option is used).
   This effectively means that the \fB\-H\fR flag is always implied.
   This flag is \fIoff\fR by default.
 .Ip "path_info" 12  .Ip "path_info" 12
   .IX Item "path_info"
 Normally, \fBsudo\fR will tell the user when a command could not be  Normally, \fBsudo\fR will tell the user when a command could not be
 found in their \f(CW$PATH\fR.  Some sites may wish to disable this as  found in their \f(CW\*(C`PATH\*(C'\fR environment variable.  Some sites may wish
 it could be used to gather information on the location of executables  to disable this as it could be used to gather information on the
 that the normal user does not have access to.  The disadvantage is  location of executables that the normal user does not have access
 that if the executable is simply not in the user's \f(CW$PATH\fR, \fBsudo\fR  to.  The disadvantage is that if the executable is simply not in
 will tell the user that they are not allowed to run it, which can  the user's \f(CW\*(C`PATH\*(C'\fR, \fBsudo\fR will tell the user that they are not
 be confusing.  This flag is off by default.  allowed to run it, which can be confusing.  This flag is \fIoff\fR by
   default.
   .Ip "preserve_groups" 12
   .IX Item "preserve_groups"
   By default \fBsudo\fR will initialize the group vector to the list of
   groups the target user is in.  When \fIpreserve_groups\fR is set, the
   user's existing group vector is left unaltered.  The real and
   effective group IDs, however, are still set to match the target
   user.  This flag is \fIoff\fR by default.
 .Ip "fqdn" 12  .Ip "fqdn" 12
   .IX Item "fqdn"
 Set this flag if you want to put fully qualified hostnames in the  Set this flag if you want to put fully qualified hostnames in the
 \fIsudoers\fR file.  I.e.: instead of myhost you would use myhost.mydomain.edu.  \&\fIsudoers\fR file.  I.e.: instead of myhost you would use myhost.mydomain.edu.
 You may still use the short form if you wish (and even mix the two).  You may still use the short form if you wish (and even mix the two).
 Beware that turning on \fIfqdn\fR requires \fBsudo\fR to make \s-1DNS\s0 lookups  Beware that turning on \fIfqdn\fR requires \fBsudo\fR to make \s-1DNS\s0 lookups
 which may make \fBsudo\fR unusable if \s-1DNS\s0 stops working (for example  which may make \fBsudo\fR unusable if \s-1DNS\s0 stops working (for example
 if the machine is not plugged into the network).  Also note that  if the machine is not plugged into the network).  Also note that
 you must use the host's official name as \s-1DNS\s0 knows it.  That is,  you must use the host's official name as \s-1DNS\s0 knows it.  That is,
 you may not use a host alias (\f(CWCNAME\fR entry) due to performance  you may not use a host alias (\f(CW\*(C`CNAME\*(C'\fR entry) due to performance
 issues and the fact that there is no way to get all aliases from  issues and the fact that there is no way to get all aliases from
 \s-1DNS\s0.  If your machine's hostname (as returned by the \f(CWhostname\fR  \&\s-1DNS\s0.  If your machine's hostname (as returned by the \f(CW\*(C`hostname\*(C'\fR
 command) is already fully qualified you shouldn't need to set  command) is already fully qualified you shouldn't need to set
 \fIfqfn\fR.  This flag is off by default.  \&\fIfqdn\fR.  This flag is \fIoff\fR by default.
 .Ip "insults" 12  .Ip "insults" 12
   .IX Item "insults"
 If set, \fBsudo\fR will insult users when they enter an incorrect  If set, \fBsudo\fR will insult users when they enter an incorrect
 password.  This flag is off by default.  password.  This flag is \fIon\fR by default.
 .Ip "requiretty" 12  .Ip "requiretty" 12
   .IX Item "requiretty"
 If set, \fBsudo\fR will only run when the user is logged in to a real  If set, \fBsudo\fR will only run when the user is logged in to a real
 tty.  This will disallow things like \f(CW"rsh somehost sudo ls"\fR since  tty.  This will disallow things like \f(CW\*(C`"rsh somehost sudo ls"\*(C'\fR since
 \fIrsh\fR\|(1) does not allocate a tty.  Because it is not possible to turn  \&\fIrsh\fR\|(1) does not allocate a tty.  Because it is not possible to turn
 of echo when there is no tty present, some sites may with to set  of echo when there is no tty present, some sites may with to set
 this flag to prevent a user from entering a visible password.  This  this flag to prevent a user from entering a visible password.  This
 flag is off by default.  flag is \fIoff\fR by default.
 .Ip "env_editor" 12  .Ip "env_editor" 12
 If set, \fBvisudo\fR will use the value of the \s-1EDITOR\s0 or \s-1VISUAL\s0 environment  .IX Item "env_editor"
 falling back on the default editor.  Note that this may create a  If set, \fBvisudo\fR will use the value of the \s-1EDITOR\s0 or \s-1VISUAL\s0
 security hole as most editors allow a user to get a shell (which  environment variables before falling back on the default editor list.
 would be a root shell and not be logged).  Note that this may create a security hole as it allows the user to
   run any arbitrary command as root without logging.  A safer alternative
   is to place a colon-separated list of editors in the \f(CW\*(C`editor\*(C'\fR
   variable.  \fBvisudo\fR will then only use the \s-1EDITOR\s0 or \s-1VISUAL\s0 if
   they match a value specified in \f(CW\*(C`editor\*(C'\fR.  This flag is \f(CW\*(C`on\*(C'\fR by
   default.
 .Ip "rootpw" 12  .Ip "rootpw" 12
   .IX Item "rootpw"
 If set, \fBsudo\fR will prompt for the root password instead of the password  If set, \fBsudo\fR will prompt for the root password instead of the password
 of the invoking user.  of the invoking user.  This flag is \fIoff\fR by default.
 .Ip "runaspw" 12  .Ip "runaspw" 12
   .IX Item "runaspw"
 If set, \fBsudo\fR will prompt for the password of the user defined by the  If set, \fBsudo\fR will prompt for the password of the user defined by the
 \fIrunas_default\fR option (defaults to root) instead of the password  \&\fIrunas_default\fR option (defaults to \f(CW\*(C`root\*(C'\fR) instead of the password
 of the invoking user.  of the invoking user.  This flag is \fIoff\fR by default.
 .Ip "targetpw" 12  .Ip "targetpw" 12
   .IX Item "targetpw"
 If set, \fBsudo\fR will prompt for the password of the user specified by  If set, \fBsudo\fR will prompt for the password of the user specified by
 the \f(CW-u\fR flag (defaults to root) instead of the password of the  the \fB\-u\fR flag (defaults to \f(CW\*(C`root\*(C'\fR) instead of the password of the
 invoking user.  invoking user.  This flag is \fIoff\fR by default.
 .Ip "set_logname" 12  .Ip "set_logname" 12
 Normally, \fBsudo\fR will set the \f(CWLOGNAME\fR and \f(CWUSER\fR environment variables  .IX Item "set_logname"
 to the name of the target user (usually root unless the \f(CW-u\fR flag is given).  Normally, \fBsudo\fR will set the \f(CW\*(C`LOGNAME\*(C'\fR and \f(CW\*(C`USER\*(C'\fR environment variables
   to the name of the target user (usually root unless the \fB\-u\fR flag is given).
 However, since some programs (including the \s-1RCS\s0 revision control system)  However, since some programs (including the \s-1RCS\s0 revision control system)
 use \f(CWLOGNAME\fR to determine the real identity of the user, it may be desirable  use \f(CW\*(C`LOGNAME\*(C'\fR to determine the real identity of the user, it may be desirable
 to change this behavior.  This can be done by negating the set_logname option.  to change this behavior.  This can be done by negating the set_logname option.
   .Ip "stay_setuid" 12
   .IX Item "stay_setuid"
   Normally, when \fBsudo\fR executes a command the real and effective
   UIDs are set to the target user (root by default).  This option
   changes that behavior such that the real \s-1UID\s0 is left as the invoking
   user's \s-1UID\s0.  In other words, this makes \fBsudo\fR act as a setuid
   wrapper.  This can be useful on systems that disable some potentially
   dangerous functionality when a program is run setuid.
   .Ip "env_reset" 12
   .IX Item "env_reset"
   If set, \fBsudo\fR will reset the environment to only contain the
   following variables: \f(CW\*(C`HOME\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`LOGNAME\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`PATH\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`SHELL\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`TERM\*(C'\fR,
   and \f(CW\*(C`USER\*(C'\fR (in addition to the \f(CW\*(C`SUDO_*\*(C'\fR variables).
   Of these, only \f(CW\*(C`TERM\*(C'\fR is copied unaltered from the old environment.
   The other variables are set to default values (possibly modified
   by the value of the \fIset_logname\fR option).  If \fBsudo\fR was compiled
   with the \f(CW\*(C`SECURE_PATH\*(C'\fR option, its value will be used for the \f(CW\*(C`PATH\*(C'\fR
   environment variable.
   Other variables may be preserved with the \fIenv_keep\fR option.
   .Ip "use_loginclass" 12
   .IX Item "use_loginclass"
   If set, \fBsudo\fR will apply the defaults specified for the target user's
   login class if one exists.  Only available if \fBsudo\fR is configured with
   the \-\-with-logincap option.  This flag is \fIoff\fR by default.
 .PP  .PP
 \fBIntegers\fR:  \&\fBIntegers\fR:
 .Ip "passwd_tries" 12  .Ip "passwd_tries" 12
   .IX Item "passwd_tries"
 The number of tries a user gets to enter his/her password before  The number of tries a user gets to enter his/her password before
 \fBsudo\fR logs the failure and exits.  The default is 3.  \&\fBsudo\fR logs the failure and exits.  The default is \f(CW\*(C`3\*(C'\fR.
 .PP  .PP
 \fBIntegers that can be used in a boolean context\fR:  \&\fBIntegers that can be used in a boolean context\fR:
 .Ip "loglinelen" 12  .Ip "loglinelen" 12
   .IX Item "loglinelen"
 Number of characters per line for the file log.  This value is used  Number of characters per line for the file log.  This value is used
 to decide when to wrap lines for nicer log files.  This has no  to decide when to wrap lines for nicer log files.  This has no
 effect on the syslog log file, only the file log.  The default is  effect on the syslog log file, only the file log.  The default is
 80 (use 0 or negate to disable word wrap).  \&\f(CW\*(C`80\*(C'\fR (use 0 or negate the option to disable word wrap).
 .Ip "timestamp_timeout" 12  .Ip "timestamp_timeout" 12
 Number of minutes that can elapse before \fBsudo\fR will ask for a passwd  .IX Item "timestamp_timeout"
 again.  The default is 5.  Set this to 0 to always prompt for a password.  Number of minutes that can elapse before \fBsudo\fR will ask for a
   passwd again.  The default is \f(CW\*(C`5\*(C'\fR.  Set this to \f(CW\*(C`0\*(C'\fR to always
   prompt for a password.
   If set to a value less than \f(CW\*(C`0\*(C'\fR the user's timestamp will never
   expire.  This can be used to allow users to create or delete their
   own timestamps via \f(CW\*(C`sudo \-v\*(C'\fR and \f(CW\*(C`sudo \-k\*(C'\fR respectively.
 .Ip "passwd_timeout" 12  .Ip "passwd_timeout" 12
   .IX Item "passwd_timeout"
 Number of minutes before the \fBsudo\fR password prompt times out.  Number of minutes before the \fBsudo\fR password prompt times out.
 The default is 5, set this to 0 for no password timeout.  The default is \f(CW\*(C`5\*(C'\fR, set this to \f(CW\*(C`0\*(C'\fR for no password timeout.
 .Ip "umask" 12  .Ip "umask" 12
 Umask to use when running the root command.  Set this to 0777 to  .IX Item "umask"
 not override the user's umask.  The default is 0022.  Umask to use when running the command.  Negate this option or set
   it to 0777 to preserve the user's umask.  The default is \f(CW\*(C`0022\*(C'\fR.
 .PP  .PP
 \fBStrings\fR:  \&\fBStrings\fR:
 .Ip "mailsub" 12  .Ip "mailsub" 12
 Subject of the mail sent to the \fImailto\fR user. The escape \f(CW%h\fR  .IX Item "mailsub"
   Subject of the mail sent to the \fImailto\fR user. The escape \f(CW\*(C`%h\*(C'\fR
 will expand to the hostname of the machine.  will expand to the hostname of the machine.
 Default is \*(L"*** \s-1SECURITY\s0 information for \f(CW%h\fR ***\*(R".  Default is \f(CW\*(C`*** SECURITY information for %h ***\*(C'\fR.
 .Ip "badpass_message" 12  .Ip "badpass_message" 12
   .IX Item "badpass_message"
 Message that is displayed if a user enters an incorrect password.  Message that is displayed if a user enters an incorrect password.
 The default is \*(L"Sorry, try again.\*(R" unless insults are enabled.  The default is \f(CW\*(C`Sorry, try again.\*(C'\fR unless insults are enabled.
 .Ip "timestampdir" 12  .Ip "timestampdir" 12
   .IX Item "timestampdir"
 The directory in which \fBsudo\fR stores its timestamp files.  The directory in which \fBsudo\fR stores its timestamp files.
 The default is \fI@\s-1TIMEDIR\s0@\fR.  The default is \fI/var/run/sudo\fR.
 .Ip "passprompt" 12  .Ip "passprompt" 12
   .IX Item "passprompt"
 The default prompt to use when asking for a password; can be overridden  The default prompt to use when asking for a password; can be overridden
 via the \f(CW-p\fR option or the \f(CWSUDO_PROMPT\fR environment variable. Supports  via the \fB\-p\fR option or the \f(CW\*(C`SUDO_PROMPT\*(C'\fR environment variable. Supports
 two escapes: \*(L"%u\*(R" expands to the user's login name and \*(L"%h\*(R" expands  two escapes: \*(L"%u\*(R" expands to the user's login name and \*(L"%h\*(R" expands
 to the local hostname.  The default value is \*(L"Password:\*(R".  to the local hostname.  The default value is \f(CW\*(C`Password:\*(C'\fR.
 .Ip "runas_default" 12  .Ip "runas_default" 12
 The default user to run commands as if the \f(CW-u\fR flag is not specified  .IX Item "runas_default"
 on the command line.  This defaults to \*(L"root\*(R".  The default user to run commands as if the \fB\-u\fR flag is not specified
   on the command line.  This defaults to \f(CW\*(C`root\*(C'\fR.
 .Ip "syslog_goodpri" 12  .Ip "syslog_goodpri" 12
   .IX Item "syslog_goodpri"
 Syslog priority to use when user authenticates successfully.  Syslog priority to use when user authenticates successfully.
 Defaults to \*(L"notice\*(R".  Defaults to \f(CW\*(C`notice\*(C'\fR.
 .Ip "syslog_badpri" 12  .Ip "syslog_badpri" 12
   .IX Item "syslog_badpri"
 Syslog priority to use when user authenticates unsuccessfully.  Syslog priority to use when user authenticates unsuccessfully.
 Defaults to \*(L"alert\*(R".  Defaults to \f(CW\*(C`alert\*(C'\fR.
 .Ip "editor" 12  .Ip "editor" 12
 Path to the editor to be used by \fBvisudo\fR.  The default is the path  .IX Item "editor"
 to vi on your system.  A colon (':') separated list of editors allowed to be used with
   \&\fBvisudo\fR.  \fBvisudo\fR will choose the editor that matches the user's
   \&\s-1USER\s0 environment variable if possible, or the first editor in the
   list that exists and is executable.  The default is the path to vi
   on your system.
 .PP  .PP
 \fBStrings that can be used in a boolean context\fR:  \&\fBStrings that can be used in a boolean context\fR:
 .Ip "logfile" 12  .Ip "logfile" 12
   .IX Item "logfile"
 Path to the \fBsudo\fR log file (not the syslog log file).  Setting a path  Path to the \fBsudo\fR log file (not the syslog log file).  Setting a path
 turns on logging to a file; negating this option turns it off.  turns on logging to a file; negating this option turns it off.
 .Ip "syslog" 12  .Ip "syslog" 12
   .IX Item "syslog"
 Syslog facility if syslog is being used for logging (negate to  Syslog facility if syslog is being used for logging (negate to
 disable syslog logging).  Defaults to \*(L"local2\*(R".  disable syslog logging).  Defaults to \f(CW\*(C`authpriv\*(C'\fR.
 .Ip "mailerpath" 12  .Ip "mailerpath" 12
   .IX Item "mailerpath"
 Path to mail program used to send warning mail.  Path to mail program used to send warning mail.
 Defaults to the path to sendmail found at configure time.  Defaults to the path to sendmail found at configure time.
 .Ip "mailerflags" 12  .Ip "mailerflags" 12
 Flags to use when invoking mailer. Defaults to \f(CW-t\fR.  .IX Item "mailerflags"
   Flags to use when invoking mailer. Defaults to \fB\-t\fR.
 .Ip "mailto" 12  .Ip "mailto" 12
 Address to send warning and error mail to.  Defaults to \*(L"root\*(R".  .IX Item "mailto"
   Address to send warning and error mail to.  The address should
   be enclosed in double quotes (\f(CW\*(C`"\*(C'\fR) to protect against sudo
   interpreting the \f(CW\*(C`@\*(C'\fR sign.  Defaults to \f(CW\*(C`root\*(C'\fR.
 .Ip "exempt_group" 12  .Ip "exempt_group" 12
   .IX Item "exempt_group"
 Users in this group are exempt from password and \s-1PATH\s0 requirements.  Users in this group are exempt from password and \s-1PATH\s0 requirements.
 This is not set by default.  This is not set by default.
 .Ip "secure_path" 12  
 Path used for every command run from \fBsudo\fR.  If you don't trust the  
 people running \fBsudo\fR to have a sane \f(CWPATH\fR environment variable you may  
 want to use this.  Another use is if you want to have the \*(L"root path\*(R"  
 be separate from the \*(L"user path.\*(R"  This is not set by default.  
 .Ip "verifypw" 12  .Ip "verifypw" 12
 This option controls when a password will be required when a  .IX Item "verifypw"
 user runs \fBsudo\fR with \fB\-v\fR.  It has the following possible values:  This option controls when a password will be required when a user runs
   \&\fBsudo\fR with the \fB\-v\fR flag.  It has the following possible values:
   .RS 12
   .Ip "all" 8
   .IX Item "all"
   All the user's \fIsudoers\fR entries for the current host must have
   the \f(CW\*(C`NOPASSWD\*(C'\fR flag set to avoid entering a password.
   .Ip "any" 8
   .IX Item "any"
   At least one of the user's \fIsudoers\fR entries for the current host
   must have the \f(CW\*(C`NOPASSWD\*(C'\fR flag set to avoid entering a password.
   .Ip "never" 8
   .IX Item "never"
   The user need never enter a password to use the \fB\-v\fR flag.
   .Ip "always" 8
   .IX Item "always"
   The user must always enter a password to use the \fB\-v\fR flag.
   .RE
   .RS 12
 .Sp  .Sp
 .Vb 3  The default value is `all'.
 \&    all         All the user's I<sudoers> entries for the  .RE
 \&                current host must have the C<NOPASSWD>  
 \&                flag set to avoid entering a password.  
 .Ve  
 .Vb 4  
 \&    any         At least one of the user's I<sudoers> entries  
 \&                for the current host must have the  
 \&                C<NOPASSWD> flag set to avoid entering a  
 \&                password.  
 .Ve  
 .Vb 2  
 \&    never       The user need never enter a password to use  
 \&                the B<-v> flag.  
 .Ve  
 .Vb 2  
 \&    always      The user must always enter a password to use  
 \&                the B<-v> flag.  
 .Ve  
 The default value is `all\*(R'.  
 .Ip "listpw" 12  .Ip "listpw" 12
   .IX Item "listpw"
 This option controls when a password will be required when a  This option controls when a password will be required when a
 user runs \fBsudo\fR with the \fB\-l\fR.  It has the following possible values:  user runs \fBsudo\fR with the \fB\-l\fR.  It has the following possible values:
   .RS 12
   .Ip "all" 8
   .IX Item "all"
   All the user's \fIsudoers\fR entries for the current host must have
   the \f(CW\*(C`NOPASSWD\*(C'\fR flag set to avoid entering a password.
   .Ip "any" 8
   .IX Item "any"
   At least one of the user's \fIsudoers\fR entries for the current host
   must have the \f(CW\*(C`NOPASSWD\*(C'\fR flag set to avoid entering a password.
   .Ip "never" 8
   .IX Item "never"
   The user need never enter a password to use the \fB\-l\fR flag.
   .Ip "always" 8
   .IX Item "always"
   The user must always enter a password to use the \fB\-l\fR flag.
   .RE
   .RS 12
 .Sp  .Sp
 .Vb 3  The default value is `any'.
 \&    all         All the user's I<sudoers> entries for the  .RE
 \&                current host must have the C<NOPASSWD>  
 \&                flag set to avoid entering a password.  
 .Ve  
 .Vb 4  
 \&    any         At least one of the user's I<sudoers> entries  
 \&                for the current host must have the  
 \&                C<NOPASSWD> flag set to avoid entering a  
 \&                password.  
 .Ve  
 .Vb 2  
 \&    never       The user need never enter a password to use  
 \&                the B<-l> flag.  
 .Ve  
 .Vb 2  
 \&    always      The user must always enter a password to use  
 \&                the B<-l> flag.  
 .Ve  
 The default value is `any\*(R'.  
 .PP  .PP
   \&\fBLists that can be used in a boolean context\fR:
   .Ip "env_check" 12
   .IX Item "env_check"
   Environment variables to be removed from the user's environment if
   the variable's value contains \f(CW\*(C`%\*(C'\fR or \f(CW\*(C`/\*(C'\fR characters.  This can
   be used to guard against printf-style format vulnerabilties in
   poorly-written programs.  The argument may be a double-quoted,
   space-separated list or a single value without double-quotes.  The
   list can be replaced, added to, deleted from, or disabled by using
   the \f(CW\*(C`=\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`+=\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`\-=\*(C'\fR, and \f(CW\*(C`!\*(C'\fR operators respectively.  The default
   list of environment variable to check is printed when \fBsudo\fR is
   run by root with the \fI\-V\fR option.
   .Ip "env_delete" 12
   .IX Item "env_delete"
   Environment variables to be removed from the user's environment.
   The argument may be a double-quoted, space-separated list or a
   single value without double-quotes.  The list can be replaced, added
   to, deleted from, or disabled by using the \f(CW\*(C`=\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`+=\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`\-=\*(C'\fR, and
   \&\f(CW\*(C`!\*(C'\fR operators respectively.  The default list of environment
   variable to remove is printed when \fBsudo\fR is run by root with the
   \&\fI\-V\fR option.
   .Ip "env_keep" 12
   .IX Item "env_keep"
   Environment variables to be preserved in the user's environment
   when the \fIenv_reset\fR option is in effect.  This allows fine-grained
   control over the environment \fBsudo\fR\-spawned processes will receive.
   The argument may be a double-quoted, space-separated list or a
   single value without double-quotes.  The list can be replaced, added
   to, deleted from, or disabled by using the \f(CW\*(C`=\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`+=\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`\-=\*(C'\fR, and
   \&\f(CW\*(C`!\*(C'\fR operators respectively.  This list has no default members.
   .PP
 When logging via \fIsyslog\fR\|(3), \fBsudo\fR accepts the following values for the syslog  When logging via \fIsyslog\fR\|(3), \fBsudo\fR accepts the following values for the syslog
 facility (the value of the \fBsyslog\fR Parameter): \fBauthpriv\fR (if your \s-1OS\s0  facility (the value of the \fBsyslog\fR Parameter): \fBauthpriv\fR (if your \s-1OS\s0
 supports it), \fBauth\fR, \fBdaemon\fR, \fBuser\fR, \fBlocal0\fR, \fBlocal1\fR, \fBlocal2\fR,  supports it), \fBauth\fR, \fBdaemon\fR, \fBuser\fR, \fBlocal0\fR, \fBlocal1\fR, \fBlocal2\fR,
 \fBlocal3\fR, \fBlocal4\fR, \fBlocal5\fR, \fBlocal6\fR, and \fBlocal7\fR.  The following  \&\fBlocal3\fR, \fBlocal4\fR, \fBlocal5\fR, \fBlocal6\fR, and \fBlocal7\fR.  The following
 syslog priorities are supported: \fBalert\fR, \fBcrit\fR, \fBdebug\fR, \fBemerg\fR,  syslog priorities are supported: \fBalert\fR, \fBcrit\fR, \fBdebug\fR, \fBemerg\fR,
 \fBerr\fR, \fBinfo\fR, \fBnotice\fR, and \fBwarning\fR.  \&\fBerr\fR, \fBinfo\fR, \fBnotice\fR, and \fBwarning\fR.
 .Sh "User Specification"  .Sh "User Specification"
 .PP  .IX Subsection "User Specification"
 .Vb 2  .Vb 2
 \& User_Spec ::= User_list Host_List '=' User_List Cmnd_Spec_List \e  \& User_Spec ::= User_list Host_List '=' Cmnd_Spec_List \e
 \&               (':' User_Spec)*  \&               (':' User_Spec)*
 .Ve  .Ve
 .Vb 2  .Vb 2
Line 655 
Line 734 
 .PP  .PP
 Let's break that down into its constituent parts:  Let's break that down into its constituent parts:
 .Sh "Runas_Spec"  .Sh "Runas_Spec"
 A \f(CWRunas_Spec\fR is simply a \f(CWRunas_List\fR (as defined above)  .IX Subsection "Runas_Spec"
   A \f(CW\*(C`Runas_Spec\*(C'\fR is simply a \f(CW\*(C`Runas_List\*(C'\fR (as defined above)
 enclosed in a set of parentheses.  If you do not specify a  enclosed in a set of parentheses.  If you do not specify a
 \f(CWRunas_Spec\fR in the user specification, a default \f(CWRunas_Spec\fR  \&\f(CW\*(C`Runas_Spec\*(C'\fR in the user specification, a default \f(CW\*(C`Runas_Spec\*(C'\fR
 of \fBroot\fR will be used.  A \f(CWRunas_Spec\fR sets the default for  of \fBroot\fR will be used.  A \f(CW\*(C`Runas_Spec\*(C'\fR sets the default for
 commands that follow it.  What this means is that for the entry:  commands that follow it.  What this means is that for the entry:
 .PP  .PP
 .Vb 1  .Vb 1
 \& dgb    boulder = (operator) /bin/ls, /bin/kill, /usr/bin/who  \& dgb    boulder = (operator) /bin/ls, /bin/kill, /usr/bin/who
 .Ve  .Ve
 The user \fBdgb\fR may run \fI/bin/ls\fR, \fI/bin/kill\fR, and  The user \fBdgb\fR may run \fI/bin/ls\fR, \fI/bin/kill\fR, and
 \fI/usr/bin/lprm\fR -- but only as \fBoperator\fR.  E.g.,  \&\fI/usr/bin/lprm\fR \*(-- but only as \fBoperator\fR.  E.g.,
 .PP  .PP
 .Vb 1  .Vb 1
 \&    sudo -u operator /bin/ls.  \&    sudo -u operator /bin/ls.
 .Ve  .Ve
 It is also possible to override a \f(CWRunas_Spec\fR later on in an  It is also possible to override a \f(CW\*(C`Runas_Spec\*(C'\fR later on in an
 entry.  If we modify the entry like so:  entry.  If we modify the entry like so:
 .PP  .PP
 .Vb 1  .Vb 1
Line 679 
Line 759 
 Then user \fBdgb\fR is now allowed to run \fI/bin/ls\fR as \fBoperator\fR,  Then user \fBdgb\fR is now allowed to run \fI/bin/ls\fR as \fBoperator\fR,
 but  \fI/bin/kill\fR and \fI/usr/bin/lprm\fR as \fBroot\fR.  but  \fI/bin/kill\fR and \fI/usr/bin/lprm\fR as \fBroot\fR.
 .Sh "\s-1NOPASSWD\s0 and \s-1PASSWD\s0"  .Sh "\s-1NOPASSWD\s0 and \s-1PASSWD\s0"
   .IX Subsection "NOPASSWD and PASSWD"
 By default, \fBsudo\fR requires that a user authenticate him or herself  By default, \fBsudo\fR requires that a user authenticate him or herself
 before running a command.  This behavior can be modified via the  before running a command.  This behavior can be modified via the
 \f(CWNOPASSWD\fR tag.  Like a \f(CWRunas_Spec\fR, the \f(CWNOPASSWD\fR tag sets  \&\f(CW\*(C`NOPASSWD\*(C'\fR tag.  Like a \f(CW\*(C`Runas_Spec\*(C'\fR, the \f(CW\*(C`NOPASSWD\*(C'\fR tag sets
 a default for the commands that follow it in the \f(CWCmnd_Spec_List\fR.  a default for the commands that follow it in the \f(CW\*(C`Cmnd_Spec_List\*(C'\fR.
 Conversely, the \f(CWPASSWD\fR tag can be used to reverse things.  Conversely, the \f(CW\*(C`PASSWD\*(C'\fR tag can be used to reverse things.
 For example:  For example:
 .PP  .PP
 .Vb 1  .Vb 1
 \& ray    rushmore = NOPASSWD: /bin/kill, /bin/ls, /usr/bin/lprm  \& ray    rushmore = NOPASSWD: /bin/kill, /bin/ls, /usr/bin/lprm
 .Ve  .Ve
 would allow the user \fBray\fR to run \fI/bin/kill\fR, \fI/bin/ls\fR, and  would allow the user \fBray\fR to run \fI/bin/kill\fR, \fI/bin/ls\fR, and
 \fI/usr/bin/lprm\fR as root on the machine rushmore as \fBroot\fR without  \&\fI/usr/bin/lprm\fR as root on the machine rushmore as \fBroot\fR without
 authenticating himself.  If we only want \fBray\fR to be able to  authenticating himself.  If we only want \fBray\fR to be able to
 run \fI/bin/kill\fR without a password the entry would be:  run \fI/bin/kill\fR without a password the entry would be:
 .PP  .PP
 .Vb 1  .Vb 1
 \& ray    rushmore = NOPASSWD: /bin/kill, PASSWD: /bin/ls, /usr/bin/lprm  \& ray    rushmore = NOPASSWD: /bin/kill, PASSWD: /bin/ls, /usr/bin/lprm
 .Ve  .Ve
 Note, however, that the \f(CWPASSWD\fR tag has no effect on users who are  Note, however, that the \f(CW\*(C`PASSWD\*(C'\fR tag has no effect on users who are
 in the group specified by the exempt_group option.  in the group specified by the exempt_group option.
 .PP  .PP
 By default, if the \f(CWNOPASSWD\fR tag is applied to any of the entries  By default, if the \f(CW\*(C`NOPASSWD\*(C'\fR tag is applied to any of the entries
 for a user on the current host, he or she will be able to run  for a user on the current host, he or she will be able to run
 \f(CWsudo -l\fR without a password.  Additionally, a user may only run  \&\f(CW\*(C`sudo \-l\*(C'\fR without a password.  Additionally, a user may only run
 \f(CWsudo -v\fR without a password if the \f(CWNOPASSWD\fR tag is present  \&\f(CW\*(C`sudo \-v\*(C'\fR without a password if the \f(CW\*(C`NOPASSWD\*(C'\fR tag is present
 for all a user's entries that pertain to the current host.  for all a user's entries that pertain to the current host.
 This behavior may be overridden via the verifypw and listpw options.  This behavior may be overridden via the verifypw and listpw options.
 .Sh "Wildcards (aka meta characters):"  .Sh "Wildcards (aka meta characters):"
 \fBsudo\fR allows shell-style \fIwildcards\fR to be used in pathnames  .IX Subsection "Wildcards (aka meta characters):"
   \&\fBsudo\fR allows shell-style \fIwildcards\fR to be used in pathnames
 as well as command line arguments in the \fIsudoers\fR file.  Wildcard  as well as command line arguments in the \fIsudoers\fR file.  Wildcard
 matching is done via the \fB\s-1POSIX\s0\fR \f(CWfnmatch(3)\fR routine.  Note that  matching is done via the \fB\s-1POSIX\s0\fR \f(CW\*(C`fnmatch(3)\*(C'\fR routine.  Note that
 these are \fInot\fR regular expressions.  these are \fInot\fR regular expressions.
 .Ip "\f(CW*\fR" 8  .Ip "\f(CW\*(C`*\*(C'\fR" 8
   .IX Item "*"
 Matches any set of zero or more characters.  Matches any set of zero or more characters.
 .Ip "\f(CW?\fR" 8  .Ip "\f(CW\*(C`?\*(C'\fR" 8
   .IX Item "?"
 Matches any single character.  Matches any single character.
 .Ip "\f(CW[...]\fR" 8  .Ip "\f(CW\*(C`[...]\*(C'\fR" 8
   .IX Item "[...]"
 Matches any character in the specified range.  Matches any character in the specified range.
 .Ip "\f(CW[!...]\fR" 8  .Ip "\f(CW\*(C`[!...]\*(C'\fR" 8
   .IX Item "[!...]"
 Matches any character \fBnot\fR in the specified range.  Matches any character \fBnot\fR in the specified range.
 .Ip "\f(CW\ex\fR" 8  .Ip "\f(CW\*(C`\ex\*(C'\fR" 8
   .IX Item "x"
 For any character \*(L"x\*(R", evaluates to \*(L"x\*(R".  This is used to  For any character \*(L"x\*(R", evaluates to \*(L"x\*(R".  This is used to
 escape special characters such as: \*(L"*\*(R", \*(L"?\*(R", \*(L"[\*(R", and \*(L"}\*(R".  escape special characters such as: \*(L"*\*(R", \*(L"?\*(R", \*(L"[\*(R", and \*(L"}\*(R".
 .PP  .PP
Line 731 
Line 818 
 .Vb 1  .Vb 1
 \&    /usr/bin/*  \&    /usr/bin/*
 .Ve  .Ve
 match \f(CW/usr/bin/who\fR but not \f(CW/usr/bin/X11/xterm\fR.  match \f(CW\*(C`/usr/bin/who\*(C'\fR but not \f(CW\*(C`/usr/bin/X11/xterm\*(C'\fR.
 .Sh "Exceptions to wildcard rules:"  .Sh "Exceptions to wildcard rules:"
   .IX Subsection "Exceptions to wildcard rules:"
 The following exceptions apply to the above rules:  The following exceptions apply to the above rules:
 .Ip \f(CW""\fR 8  .if n .Ip "\f(CW""""""""\fR" 8
 If the empty string \f(CW""\fR is the only command line argument in the  .el .Ip "\f(CW``''\fR" 8
 \fIsudoers\fR entry it means that command is not allowed to be run  .IX Item """""
   If the empty string \f(CW\*(C`""\*(C'\fR is the only command line argument in the
   \&\fIsudoers\fR entry it means that command is not allowed to be run
 with \fBany\fR arguments.  with \fBany\fR arguments.
 .Sh "Other special characters and reserved words:"  .Sh "Other special characters and reserved words:"
   .IX Subsection "Other special characters and reserved words:"
 The pound sign ('#') is used to indicate a comment (unless it  The pound sign ('#') is used to indicate a comment (unless it
 occurs in the context of a user name and is followed by one or  occurs in the context of a user name and is followed by one or
 more digits, in which case it is treated as a uid).  Both the  more digits, in which case it is treated as a uid).  Both the
Line 747 
Line 838 
 .PP  .PP
 The reserved word \fB\s-1ALL\s0\fR is a built in \fIalias\fR that always causes  The reserved word \fB\s-1ALL\s0\fR is a built in \fIalias\fR that always causes
 a match to succeed.  It can be used wherever one might otherwise  a match to succeed.  It can be used wherever one might otherwise
 use a \f(CWCmnd_Alias\fR, \f(CWUser_Alias\fR, \f(CWRunas_Alias\fR, or \f(CWHost_Alias\fR.  use a \f(CW\*(C`Cmnd_Alias\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`User_Alias\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`Runas_Alias\*(C'\fR, or \f(CW\*(C`Host_Alias\*(C'\fR.
 You should not try to define your own \fIalias\fR called \fB\s-1ALL\s0\fR as the  You should not try to define your own \fIalias\fR called \fB\s-1ALL\s0\fR as the
 built in alias will be used in preference to your own.  Please note  built in alias will be used in preference to your own.  Please note
 that using \fB\s-1ALL\s0\fR can be dangerous since in a command context, it  that using \fB\s-1ALL\s0\fR can be dangerous since in a command context, it
 allows the user to run \fBany\fR command on the system.  allows the user to run \fBany\fR command on the system.
 .PP  .PP
 An exclamation point (\*(R'!') can be used as a logical \fInot\fR operator  An exclamation point ('!') can be used as a logical \fInot\fR operator
 both in an \fIalias\fR and in front of a \f(CWCmnd\fR.  This allows one to  both in an \fIalias\fR and in front of a \f(CW\*(C`Cmnd\*(C'\fR.  This allows one to
 exclude certain values.  Note, however, that using a \f(CW!\fR in  exclude certain values.  Note, however, that using a \f(CW\*(C`!\*(C'\fR in
 conjunction with the built in \f(CWALL\fR alias to allow a user to  conjunction with the built in \f(CW\*(C`ALL\*(C'\fR alias to allow a user to
 run \*(L"all but a few\*(R" commands rarely works as intended (see \s-1SECURITY\s0  run \*(L"all but a few\*(R" commands rarely works as intended (see \s-1SECURITY\s0
 \s-1NOTES\s0 below).  \&\s-1NOTES\s0 below).
 .PP  .PP
 Long lines can be continued with a backslash (\*(R'\e') as the last  Long lines can be continued with a backslash ('\e') as the last
 character on the line.  character on the line.
 .PP  .PP
 Whitespace between elements in a list as well as special syntactic  Whitespace between elements in a list as well as special syntactic
 characters in a \fIUser Specification\fR ('=\*(R', \*(L':\*(R', \*(L'(\*(R', \*(L')') is optional.  characters in a \fIUser Specification\fR ('=', ':', '(', ')') is optional.
 .PP  .PP
 The following characters must be escaped with a backslash (\*(R'\e') when  The following characters must be escaped with a backslash ('\e') when
 used as part of a word (e.g. a username or hostname):  used as part of a word (e.g. a username or hostname):
 \&'@\*(R', \*(L'!\*(R', \*(L'=\*(R', \*(L':\*(R', \*(L',\*(R', \*(L'(\*(R', \*(L')\*(R', \*(L'\e\*(R'.  \&'@', '!', '=', ':', ',', '(', ')', '\e'.
 .SH "EXAMPLES"  .SH "EXAMPLES"
   .IX Header "EXAMPLES"
 Below are example \fIsudoers\fR entries.  Admittedly, some of  Below are example \fIsudoers\fR entries.  Admittedly, some of
 these are a bit contrived.  First, we define our \fIaliases\fR:  these are a bit contrived.  First, we define our \fIaliases\fR:
 .PP  .PP
Line 810 
Line 902 
 \& Cmnd_Alias     SU = /usr/bin/su  \& Cmnd_Alias     SU = /usr/bin/su
 .Ve  .Ve
 Here we override some of the compiled in default values.  We want  Here we override some of the compiled in default values.  We want
 \fBsudo\fR to log via \fIsyslog\fR\|(3) using the \fIauth\fR facility in all cases.  \&\fBsudo\fR to log via \fIsyslog\fR\|(3) using the \fIauth\fR facility in all cases.
 We don't want to subject the full time staff to the \fBsudo\fR lecture,  We don't want to subject the full time staff to the \fBsudo\fR lecture,
 and user \fBmillert\fR need not give a password.  In addition, on the  and user \fBmillert\fR need not give a password.  In addition, on the
 machines in the \fISERVERS\fR \f(CWHost_Alias\fR, we keep an additional  machines in the \fI\s-1SERVERS\s0\fR \f(CW\*(C`Host_Alias\*(C'\fR, we keep an additional
 local log file and make sure we log the year in each log line since  local log file and make sure we log the year in each log line since
 the log entries will be kept around for several years.  the log entries will be kept around for several years.
 .PP  .PP
 .Vb 5  .Vb 5
 \& # Override builtin defaults  \& # Override built in defaults
 \& Defaults               syslog=auth  \& Defaults               syslog=auth
 \& Defaults:FULLTIMERS    !lecture  \& Defaults:FULLTIMERS    !lecture
 \& Defaults:millert       !authenticate  \& Defaults:millert       !authenticate
Line 845 
Line 937 
 .Ve  .Ve
 Part time sysadmins (\fBbostley\fR, \fBjwfox\fR, and \fBcrawl\fR) may run any  Part time sysadmins (\fBbostley\fR, \fBjwfox\fR, and \fBcrawl\fR) may run any
 command on any host but they must authenticate themselves first  command on any host but they must authenticate themselves first
 (since the entry lacks the \f(CWNOPASSWD\fR tag).  (since the entry lacks the \f(CW\*(C`NOPASSWD\*(C'\fR tag).
 .PP  .PP
 .Vb 1  .Vb 1
 \& jack           CSNETS = ALL  \& jack           CSNETS = ALL
 .Ve  .Ve
 The user \fBjack\fR may run any command on the machines in the \fICSNETS\fR alias  The user \fBjack\fR may run any command on the machines in the \fI\s-1CSNETS\s0\fR alias
 (the networks \f(CW128.138.243.0\fR, \f(CW128.138.204.0\fR, and \f(CW128.138.242.0\fR).  (the networks \f(CW\*(C`128.138.243.0\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`128.138.204.0\*(C'\fR, and \f(CW\*(C`128.138.242.0\*(C'\fR).
 Of those networks, only <128.138.204.0> has an explicit netmask (in  Of those networks, only \f(CW\*(C`128.138.204.0\*(C'\fR has an explicit netmask (in
 CIDR notation) indicating it is a class C network.  For the other  \&\s-1CIDR\s0 notation) indicating it is a class C network.  For the other
 networks in \fICSNETS\fR, the local machine's netmask will be used  networks in \fI\s-1CSNETS\s0\fR, the local machine's netmask will be used
 during matching.  during matching.
 .PP  .PP
 .Vb 1  .Vb 1
 \& lisa           CUNETS = ALL  \& lisa           CUNETS = ALL
 .Ve  .Ve
 The user \fBlisa\fR may run any command on any host in the \fICUNETS\fR alias  The user \fBlisa\fR may run any command on any host in the \fI\s-1CUNETS\s0\fR alias
 (the class B network \f(CW128.138.0.0\fR).  (the class B network \f(CW\*(C`128.138.0.0\*(C'\fR).
 .PP  .PP
 .Vb 2  .Vb 2
 \& operator       ALL = DUMPS, KILL, PRINTING, SHUTDOWN, HALT, REBOOT,\e  \& operator       ALL = DUMPS, KILL, PRINTING, SHUTDOWN, HALT, REBOOT,\e
Line 881 
Line 973 
 \& pete           HPPA = /usr/bin/passwd [A-z]*, !/usr/bin/passwd root  \& pete           HPPA = /usr/bin/passwd [A-z]*, !/usr/bin/passwd root
 .Ve  .Ve
 The user \fBpete\fR is allowed to change anyone's password except for  The user \fBpete\fR is allowed to change anyone's password except for
 root on the \fIHPPA\fR machines.  Note that this assumes \fIpasswd\fR\|(1)  root on the \fI\s-1HPPA\s0\fR machines.  Note that this assumes \fIpasswd\fR\|(1)
 does not take multiple usernames on the command line.  does not take multiple usernames on the command line.
 .PP  .PP
 .Vb 1  .Vb 1
 \& bob            SPARC = (OP) ALL : SGI = (OP) ALL  \& bob            SPARC = (OP) ALL : SGI = (OP) ALL
 .Ve  .Ve
 The user \fBbob\fR may run anything on the \fISPARC\fR and \fISGI\fR machines  The user \fBbob\fR may run anything on the \fI\s-1SPARC\s0\fR and \fI\s-1SGI\s0\fR machines
 as any user listed in the \fIOP\fR \f(CWRunas_Alias\fR (\fBroot\fR and \fBoperator\fR).  as any user listed in the \fI\s-1OP\s0\fR \f(CW\*(C`Runas_Alias\*(C'\fR (\fBroot\fR and \fBoperator\fR).
 .PP  .PP
 .Vb 1  .Vb 1
 \& jim            +biglab = ALL  \& jim            +biglab = ALL
 .Ve  .Ve
 The user \fBjim\fR may run any command on machines in the \fIbiglab\fR netgroup.  The user \fBjim\fR may run any command on machines in the \fIbiglab\fR netgroup.
 \fBSudo\fR knows that \*(L"biglab\*(R" is a netgroup due to the \*(L'+\*(R' prefix.  \&\fBSudo\fR knows that \*(L"biglab\*(R" is a netgroup due to the '+' prefix.
 .PP  .PP
 .Vb 1  .Vb 1
 \& +secretaries   ALL = PRINTING, /usr/bin/adduser, /usr/bin/rmuser  \& +secretaries   ALL = PRINTING, /usr/bin/adduser, /usr/bin/rmuser
Line 906 
Line 998 
 .Vb 1  .Vb 1
 \& fred           ALL = (DB) NOPASSWD: ALL  \& fred           ALL = (DB) NOPASSWD: ALL
 .Ve  .Ve
 The user \fBfred\fR can run commands as any user in the \fIDB\fR \f(CWRunas_Alias\fR  The user \fBfred\fR can run commands as any user in the \fI\s-1DB\s0\fR \f(CW\*(C`Runas_Alias\*(C'\fR
 (\fBoracle\fR or \fBsybase\fR) without giving a password.  (\fBoracle\fR or \fBsybase\fR) without giving a password.
 .PP  .PP
 .Vb 1  .Vb 1
 \& john           ALPHA = /usr/bin/su [!-]*, !/usr/bin/su *root*  \& john           ALPHA = /usr/bin/su [!-]*, !/usr/bin/su *root*
 .Ve  .Ve
 On the \fIALPHA\fR machines, user \fBjohn\fR may su to anyone except root  On the \fI\s-1ALPHA\s0\fR machines, user \fBjohn\fR may su to anyone except root
 but he is not allowed to give \fIsu\fR\|(1) any flags.  but he is not allowed to give \fIsu\fR\|(1) any flags.
 .PP  .PP
 .Vb 1  .Vb 1
 \& jen            ALL, !SERVERS = ALL  \& jen            ALL, !SERVERS = ALL
 .Ve  .Ve
 The user \fBjen\fR may run any command on any machine except for those  The user \fBjen\fR may run any command on any machine except for those
 in the \fISERVERS\fR \f(CWHost_Alias\fR (master, mail, www and ns).  in the \fI\s-1SERVERS\s0\fR \f(CW\*(C`Host_Alias\*(C'\fR (master, mail, www and ns).
 .PP  .PP
 .Vb 1  .Vb 1
 \& jill           SERVERS = /usr/bin/, !SU, !SHELLS  \& jill           SERVERS = /usr/bin/, !SU, !SHELLS
 .Ve  .Ve
 For any machine in the \fISERVERS\fR \f(CWHost_Alias\fR, \fBjill\fR may run  For any machine in the \fI\s-1SERVERS\s0\fR \f(CW\*(C`Host_Alias\*(C'\fR, \fBjill\fR may run
 any commands in the directory /usr/bin/ except for those commands  any commands in the directory /usr/bin/ except for those commands
 belonging to the \fISU\fR and \fISHELLS\fR \f(CWCmnd_Aliases\fR.  belonging to the \fI\s-1SU\s0\fR and \fI\s-1SHELLS\s0\fR \f(CW\*(C`Cmnd_Aliases\*(C'\fR.
 .PP  .PP
 .Vb 1  .Vb 1
 \& steve          CSNETS = (operator) /usr/local/op_commands/  \& steve          CSNETS = (operator) /usr/local/op_commands/
Line 943 
Line 1035 
 .Vb 1  .Vb 1
 \& WEBMASTERS     www = (www) ALL, (root) /usr/bin/su www  \& WEBMASTERS     www = (www) ALL, (root) /usr/bin/su www
 .Ve  .Ve
 On the host www, any user in the \fIWEBMASTERS\fR \f(CWUser_Alias\fR (will,  On the host www, any user in the \fI\s-1WEBMASTERS\s0\fR \f(CW\*(C`User_Alias\*(C'\fR (will,
 wendy, and wim), may run any command as user www (which owns the  wendy, and wim), may run any command as user www (which owns the
 web pages) or simply \fIsu\fR\|(1) to www.  web pages) or simply \fIsu\fR\|(1) to www.
 .PP  .PP
Line 951 
Line 1043 
 \& ALL            CDROM = NOPASSWD: /sbin/umount /CDROM,\e  \& ALL            CDROM = NOPASSWD: /sbin/umount /CDROM,\e
 \&                /sbin/mount -o nosuid\e,nodev /dev/cd0a /CDROM  \&                /sbin/mount -o nosuid\e,nodev /dev/cd0a /CDROM
 .Ve  .Ve
 Any user may mount or unmount a CD\-ROM on the machines in the CDROM  Any user may mount or unmount a \s-1CD-ROM\s0 on the machines in the \s-1CDROM\s0
 \f(CWHost_Alias\fR (orion, perseus, hercules) without entering a password.  \&\f(CW\*(C`Host_Alias\*(C'\fR (orion, perseus, hercules) without entering a password.
 This is a bit tedious for users to type, so it is a prime candidate  This is a bit tedious for users to type, so it is a prime candidate
 for encapsulating in a shell script.  for encapsulating in a shell script.
 .SH "SECURITY NOTES"  .SH "SECURITY NOTES"
 It is generally not effective to \*(L"subtract\*(R" commands from \f(CWALL\fR  .IX Header "SECURITY NOTES"
 using the \*(L'!\*(R' operator.  A user can trivially circumvent this  It is generally not effective to \*(L"subtract\*(R" commands from \f(CW\*(C`ALL\*(C'\fR
   using the '!' operator.  A user can trivially circumvent this
 by copying the desired command to a different name and then  by copying the desired command to a different name and then
 executing that.  For example:  executing that.  For example:
 .PP  .PP
Line 965 
Line 1058 
 \&    bill        ALL = ALL, !SU, !SHELLS  \&    bill        ALL = ALL, !SU, !SHELLS
 .Ve  .Ve
 Doesn't really prevent \fBbill\fR from running the commands listed in  Doesn't really prevent \fBbill\fR from running the commands listed in
 \fISU\fR or \fISHELLS\fR since he can simply copy those commands to a  \&\fI\s-1SU\s0\fR or \fI\s-1SHELLS\s0\fR since he can simply copy those commands to a
 different name, or use a shell escape from an editor or other  different name, or use a shell escape from an editor or other
 program.  Therefore, these kind of restrictions should be considered  program.  Therefore, these kind of restrictions should be considered
 advisory at best (and reinforced by policy).  advisory at best (and reinforced by policy).
 .SH "CAVEATS"  .SH "CAVEATS"
   .IX Header "CAVEATS"
 The \fIsudoers\fR file should \fBalways\fR be edited by the \fBvisudo\fR  The \fIsudoers\fR file should \fBalways\fR be edited by the \fBvisudo\fR
 command which locks the file and does grammatical checking. It is  command which locks the file and does grammatical checking. It is
 imperative that \fIsudoers\fR be free of syntax errors since \fBsudo\fR  imperative that \fIsudoers\fR be free of syntax errors since \fBsudo\fR
Line 978 
Line 1072 
 When using netgroups of machines (as opposed to users), if you  When using netgroups of machines (as opposed to users), if you
 store fully qualified hostnames in the netgroup (as is usually the  store fully qualified hostnames in the netgroup (as is usually the
 case), you either need to have the machine's hostname be fully qualified  case), you either need to have the machine's hostname be fully qualified
 as returned by the \f(CWhostname\fR command or use the \fIfqdn\fR option in  as returned by the \f(CW\*(C`hostname\*(C'\fR command or use the \fIfqdn\fR option in
 \fIsudoers\fR.  \&\fIsudoers\fR.
 .SH "FILES"  .SH "FILES"
 .PP  .IX Header "FILES"
 .Vb 3  .Vb 3
 \& /etc/sudoers           List of who can run what  \& /etc/sudoers           List of who can run what
 \& /etc/group             Local groups file  \& /etc/group             Local groups file
 \& /etc/netgroup          List of network groups  \& /etc/netgroup          List of network groups
 .Ve  .Ve
 .SH "SEE ALSO"  .SH "SEE ALSO"
 \fIsudo\fR\|(8), \fIvisudo\fR\|(8), \fIsu\fR\|(1), \fIfnmatch\fR\|(3).  
   
 .rn }` ''  
 .IX Title "sudoers 5"  
 .IX Name "sudoers - list of which users may execute what"  
   
 .IX Header "NAME"  
   
 .IX Header "DESCRIPTION"  
   
 .IX Subsection "Quick guide to \s-1EBNF\s0"  
   
 .IX Item "\f(CW?\fR"  
   
 .IX Item "\f(CW*\fR"  
   
 .IX Item "\f(CW+\fR"  
   
 .IX Subsection "Aliases"  
   
 .IX Subsection "Defaults"  
   
 .IX Item "long_otp_prompt"  
   
 .IX Item "ignore_dot"  
   
 .IX Item "mail_always"  
   
 .IX Item "mail_no_user"  
   
 .IX Item "mail_no_host"  
   
 .IX Item "mail_no_perms"  
   
 .IX Item "tty_tickets"  
   
 .IX Item "lecture"  
   
 .IX Item "authenticate"  
   
 .IX Item "root_sudo"  
   
 .IX Item "log_host"  
   
 .IX Item "log_year"  
   
 .IX Item "shell_noargs"  
   
 .IX Item "set_home"  
   
 .IX Item "path_info"  
   
 .IX Item "fqdn"  
   
 .IX Item "insults"  
   
 .IX Item "requiretty"  
   
 .IX Item "env_editor"  
   
 .IX Item "rootpw"  
   
 .IX Item "runaspw"  
   
 .IX Item "targetpw"  
   
 .IX Item "set_logname"  
   
 .IX Item "passwd_tries"  
   
 .IX Item "loglinelen"  
   
 .IX Item "timestamp_timeout"  
   
 .IX Item "passwd_timeout"  
   
 .IX Item "umask"  
   
 .IX Item "mailsub"  
   
 .IX Item "badpass_message"  
   
 .IX Item "timestampdir"  
   
 .IX Item "passprompt"  
   
 .IX Item "runas_default"  
   
 .IX Item "syslog_goodpri"  
   
 .IX Item "syslog_badpri"  
   
 .IX Item "editor"  
   
 .IX Item "logfile"  
   
 .IX Item "syslog"  
   
 .IX Item "mailerpath"  
   
 .IX Item "mailerflags"  
   
 .IX Item "mailto"  
   
 .IX Item "exempt_group"  
   
 .IX Item "secure_path"  
   
 .IX Item "verifypw"  
   
 .IX Item "listpw"  
   
 .IX Subsection "User Specification"  
   
 .IX Subsection "Runas_Spec"  
   
 .IX Subsection "\s-1NOPASSWD\s0 and \s-1PASSWD\s0"  
   
 .IX Subsection "Wildcards (aka meta characters):"  
   
 .IX Item "\f(CW*\fR"  
   
 .IX Item "\f(CW?\fR"  
   
 .IX Item "\f(CW[...]\fR"  
   
 .IX Item "\f(CW[!...]\fR"  
   
 .IX Item "\f(CW\ex\fR"  
   
 .IX Subsection "Exceptions to wildcard rules:"  
   
 .IX Item \f(CW""\fR  
   
 .IX Subsection "Other special characters and reserved words:"  
   
 .IX Header "EXAMPLES"  
   
 .IX Header "SECURITY NOTES"  
   
 .IX Header "CAVEATS"  
   
 .IX Header "FILES"  
   
 .IX Header "SEE ALSO"  .IX Header "SEE ALSO"
   \&\fIrsh\fR\|(1), \fIsudo\fR\|(8), \fIvisudo\fR\|(8), \fIsu\fR\|(1), \fIfnmatch\fR\|(3).
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Removed from v.1.8  
changed lines
  Added in v.1.9