Annotation of src/usr.bin/sudo/sudoers.5, Revision 1.6
1.1 millert 1: .rn '' }`
1.6 ! krw 2: ''' $RCSfile: sudoers.5,v $$Revision: 1.5 $$Date: 2000/03/27 03:44:39 $
! 3: '''
! 4: ''' $Log: sudoers.5,v $
! 5: ''' Revision 1.5 2000/03/27 03:44:39 millert
! 6: ''' sudo 1.6.3; see http://www.courtesan.com/sudo/current.html for a list
! 7: ''' of changes.
1.2 aaron 8: '''
1.5 millert 9: ''' Revision 1.5 2000/03/27 03:26:23 millert
10: ''' Use 8 and 5 in the man page bodies as well.
1.1 millert 11: '''
12: '''
13: .de Sh
14: .br
15: .if t .Sp
16: .ne 5
17: .PP
18: \fB\\$1\fR
19: .PP
20: ..
21: .de Sp
22: .if t .sp .5v
23: .if n .sp
24: ..
25: .de Ip
26: .br
27: .ie \\n(.$>=3 .ne \\$3
28: .el .ne 3
29: .IP "\\$1" \\$2
30: ..
31: .de Vb
32: .ft CW
33: .nf
34: .ne \\$1
35: ..
36: .de Ve
37: .ft R
38:
39: .fi
40: ..
41: '''
42: '''
43: ''' Set up \*(-- to give an unbreakable dash;
44: ''' string Tr holds user defined translation string.
45: ''' Bell System Logo is used as a dummy character.
46: '''
47: .tr \(*W-|\(bv\*(Tr
48: .ie n \{\
49: .ds -- \(*W-
50: .ds PI pi
51: .if (\n(.H=4u)&(1m=24u) .ds -- \(*W\h'-12u'\(*W\h'-12u'-\" diablo 10 pitch
52: .if (\n(.H=4u)&(1m=20u) .ds -- \(*W\h'-12u'\(*W\h'-8u'-\" diablo 12 pitch
53: .ds L" ""
54: .ds R" ""
55: ''' \*(M", \*(S", \*(N" and \*(T" are the equivalent of
56: ''' \*(L" and \*(R", except that they are used on ".xx" lines,
57: ''' such as .IP and .SH, which do another additional levels of
58: ''' double-quote interpretation
59: .ds M" """
60: .ds S" """
61: .ds N" """""
62: .ds T" """""
63: .ds L' '
64: .ds R' '
65: .ds M' '
66: .ds S' '
67: .ds N' '
68: .ds T' '
69: 'br\}
70: .el\{\
71: .ds -- \(em\|
72: .tr \*(Tr
73: .ds L" ``
74: .ds R" ''
75: .ds M" ``
76: .ds S" ''
77: .ds N" ``
78: .ds T" ''
79: .ds L' `
80: .ds R' '
81: .ds M' `
82: .ds S' '
83: .ds N' `
84: .ds T' '
85: .ds PI \(*p
86: 'br\}
87: .\" If the F register is turned on, we'll generate
88: .\" index entries out stderr for the following things:
89: .\" TH Title
90: .\" SH Header
91: .\" Sh Subsection
92: .\" Ip Item
93: .\" X<> Xref (embedded
94: .\" Of course, you have to process the output yourself
95: .\" in some meaninful fashion.
96: .if \nF \{
97: .de IX
98: .tm Index:\\$1\t\\n%\t"\\$2"
99: ..
100: .nr % 0
101: .rr F
102: .\}
1.5 millert 103: .TH sudoers 5 "1.6.3" "26/Mar/2000" "FILE FORMATS"
1.1 millert 104: .UC
105: .if n .hy 0
106: .if n .na
107: .ds C+ C\v'-.1v'\h'-1p'\s-2+\h'-1p'+\s0\v'.1v'\h'-1p'
108: .de CQ \" put $1 in typewriter font
109: .ft CW
110: 'if n "\c
111: 'if t \\&\\$1\c
112: 'if n \\&\\$1\c
113: 'if n \&"
114: \\&\\$2 \\$3 \\$4 \\$5 \\$6 \\$7
115: '.ft R
116: ..
117: .\" @(#)ms.acc 1.5 88/02/08 SMI; from UCB 4.2
118: . \" AM - accent mark definitions
119: .bd B 3
120: . \" fudge factors for nroff and troff
121: .if n \{\
122: . ds #H 0
123: . ds #V .8m
124: . ds #F .3m
125: . ds #[ \f1
126: . ds #] \fP
127: .\}
128: .if t \{\
129: . ds #H ((1u-(\\\\n(.fu%2u))*.13m)
130: . ds #V .6m
131: . ds #F 0
132: . ds #[ \&
133: . ds #] \&
134: .\}
135: . \" simple accents for nroff and troff
136: .if n \{\
137: . ds ' \&
138: . ds ` \&
139: . ds ^ \&
140: . ds , \&
141: . ds ~ ~
142: . ds ? ?
143: . ds ! !
144: . ds /
145: . ds q
146: .\}
147: .if t \{\
148: . ds ' \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\'\h"|\\n:u"
149: . ds ` \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\`\h'|\\n:u'
150: . ds ^ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*10/11-\*(#H)'^\h'|\\n:u'
151: . ds , \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10)',\h'|\\n:u'
152: . ds ~ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu-\*(#H-.1m)'~\h'|\\n:u'
153: . ds ? \s-2c\h'-\w'c'u*7/10'\u\h'\*(#H'\zi\d\s+2\h'\w'c'u*8/10'
154: . ds ! \s-2\(or\s+2\h'-\w'\(or'u'\v'-.8m'.\v'.8m'
155: . ds / \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\z\(sl\h'|\\n:u'
156: . ds q o\h'-\w'o'u*8/10'\s-4\v'.4m'\z\(*i\v'-.4m'\s+4\h'\w'o'u*8/10'
157: .\}
158: . \" troff and (daisy-wheel) nroff accents
159: .ds : \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H+.1m+\*(#F)'\v'-\*(#V'\z.\h'.2m+\*(#F'.\h'|\\n:u'\v'\*(#V'
160: .ds 8 \h'\*(#H'\(*b\h'-\*(#H'
161: .ds v \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*9/10-\*(#H)'\v'-\*(#V'\*(#[\s-4v\s0\v'\*(#V'\h'|\\n:u'\*(#]
162: .ds _ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*9/10-\*(#H+(\*(#F*2/3))'\v'-.4m'\z\(hy\v'.4m'\h'|\\n:u'
163: .ds . \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10)'\v'\*(#V*4/10'\z.\v'-\*(#V*4/10'\h'|\\n:u'
164: .ds 3 \*(#[\v'.2m'\s-2\&3\s0\v'-.2m'\*(#]
165: .ds o \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu+\w'\(de'u-\*(#H)/2u'\v'-.3n'\*(#[\z\(de\v'.3n'\h'|\\n:u'\*(#]
166: .ds d- \h'\*(#H'\(pd\h'-\w'~'u'\v'-.25m'\f2\(hy\fP\v'.25m'\h'-\*(#H'
167: .ds D- D\\k:\h'-\w'D'u'\v'-.11m'\z\(hy\v'.11m'\h'|\\n:u'
168: .ds th \*(#[\v'.3m'\s+1I\s-1\v'-.3m'\h'-(\w'I'u*2/3)'\s-1o\s+1\*(#]
169: .ds Th \*(#[\s+2I\s-2\h'-\w'I'u*3/5'\v'-.3m'o\v'.3m'\*(#]
170: .ds ae a\h'-(\w'a'u*4/10)'e
171: .ds Ae A\h'-(\w'A'u*4/10)'E
172: .ds oe o\h'-(\w'o'u*4/10)'e
173: .ds Oe O\h'-(\w'O'u*4/10)'E
174: . \" corrections for vroff
175: .if v .ds ~ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*9/10-\*(#H)'\s-2\u~\d\s+2\h'|\\n:u'
176: .if v .ds ^ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*10/11-\*(#H)'\v'-.4m'^\v'.4m'\h'|\\n:u'
177: . \" for low resolution devices (crt and lpr)
178: .if \n(.H>23 .if \n(.V>19 \
179: \{\
180: . ds : e
181: . ds 8 ss
182: . ds v \h'-1'\o'\(aa\(ga'
183: . ds _ \h'-1'^
184: . ds . \h'-1'.
185: . ds 3 3
186: . ds o a
187: . ds d- d\h'-1'\(ga
188: . ds D- D\h'-1'\(hy
189: . ds th \o'bp'
190: . ds Th \o'LP'
191: . ds ae ae
192: . ds Ae AE
193: . ds oe oe
194: . ds Oe OE
195: .\}
196: .rm #[ #] #H #V #F C
197: .SH "NAME"
198: sudoers \- list of which users may execute what
199: .SH "DESCRIPTION"
200: The \fIsudoers\fR file is composed two types of entries:
201: aliases (basically variables) and user specifications
202: (which specify who may run what). The grammar of \fIsudoers\fR
203: will be described below in Extended Backus-Naur Form (EBNF).
204: Don't despair if you don't know what EBNF is, it is fairly
205: simple and the definitions below are annotated.
206: .Sh "Quick guide to \s-1EBNF\s0"
207: \s-1EBNF\s0 is a concise and exact way of describing the grammar of a language.
208: Each \s-1EBNF\s0 definition is made up of \fIproduction rules\fR. Eg.
209: .PP
210: .Vb 1
211: \& symbol ::= definition | alternate1 | alternate2 ...
212: .Ve
213: Each \fIproduction rule\fR references others and thus makes up a
214: grammar for the language. \s-1EBNF\s0 also contains the following
215: operators, which many readers will recognize from regular
216: expressions. Do not, however, confuse them with \*(L"wildcard\*(R"
217: characters, which have different meanings.
218: .Ip "\f(CW?\fR" 8
219: Means that the preceding symbol (or group of symbols) is optional.
220: That is, it may appear once or not at all.
221: .Ip "\f(CW*\fR" 8
222: Means that the preceding symbol (or group of symbols) may appear
223: zero or more times.
224: .Ip "\f(CW+\fR" 8
225: Means that the preceding symbol (or group of symbols) may appear
226: one or more times.
227: .PP
228: Parentheses may be used to group symbols together. For clarity,
229: we will use single quotes ('') to designate what is a verbatim character
230: string (as opposed to a symbol name).
231: .Sh "Aliases"
232: There are four kinds of aliases: the \f(CWUser_Alias\fR, \f(CWRunas_Alias\fR,
233: \f(CWHost_Alias\fR and \f(CWCmnd_Alias\fR.
234: .PP
235: .Vb 4
236: \& Alias ::= 'User_Alias' = User_Alias (':' User_Alias)* |
1.3 millert 237: \& 'Runas_Alias' = Runas_Alias (':' Runas_Alias)* |
238: \& 'Host_Alias' = Host_Alias (':' Host_Alias)* |
239: \& 'Cmnd_Alias' = Cmnd_Alias (':' Cmnd_Alias)*
1.1 millert 240: .Ve
241: .Vb 1
242: \& User_Alias ::= NAME '=' User_List
243: .Ve
244: .Vb 1
245: \& Runas_Alias ::= NAME '=' Runas_User_List
246: .Ve
247: .Vb 1
248: \& Host_Alias ::= NAME '=' Host_List
249: .Ve
250: .Vb 1
251: \& Cmnd_Alias ::= NAME '=' Cmnd_List
252: .Ve
253: .Vb 1
254: \& NAME ::= [A-Z]([A-Z][0-9]_)*
255: .Ve
256: Each \fIalias\fR definition is of the form
257: .PP
258: .Vb 1
259: \& Alias_Type NAME = item1, item2, ...
260: .Ve
261: where \fIAlias_Type\fR is one of \f(CWUser_Alias\fR, \f(CWRunas_Alias\fR, \f(CWHost_Alias\fR,
262: or \f(CWCmnd_Alias\fR. A \f(CWNAME\fR is a string of upper case letters, numbers,
263: and the underscore characters ('_'). A \f(CWNAME\fR \fBmust\fR start with an
264: upper case letter. It is possible to put several alias definitions
265: of the same type on a single line, joined by a semicolon (':'). Eg.
266: .PP
267: .Vb 1
268: \& Alias_Type NAME = item1, item2, item3 : NAME = item4, item5
269: .Ve
270: The definitions of what constitutes a valid \fIalias\fR member follow.
271: .PP
272: .Vb 2
273: \& User_List ::= User |
274: \& User ',' User_List
275: .Ve
276: .Vb 5
277: \& User ::= '!'* username |
278: \& '!'* '#'uid |
279: \& '!'* '%'group |
280: \& '!'* '+'netgroup |
281: \& '!'* User_Alias
282: .Ve
283: A \f(CWUser_List\fR is made up of one or more usernames, uids
284: (prefixed with \*(L'#'), System groups (prefixed with \*(L'%'),
285: netgroups (prefixed with \*(L'+') and other aliases. Each list
286: item may be prefixed with one or more \*(L'!\*(R' operators. An odd number
287: of \*(L'!\*(R' operators negates the value of the item; an even number
288: just cancel each other out.
289: .PP
290: .Vb 2
291: \& Runas_List ::= Runas_User |
292: \& Runas_User ',' Runas_List
293: .Ve
294: .Vb 5
295: \& Runas_User ::= '!'* username |
296: \& '!'* '#'uid |
297: \& '!'* '%'group |
298: \& '!'* +netgroup |
299: \& '!'* Runas_Alias
300: .Ve
301: Likewise, a \f(CWRunas_List\fR has the same possible elements
302: as a \f(CWUser_List\fR, except that it can include a \f(CWRunas_Alias\fR,
303: instead of a \f(CWUser_Alias\fR.
304: .PP
305: .Vb 2
306: \& Host_List ::= Host |
307: \& Host ',' Host_List
308: .Ve
309: .Vb 5
310: \& Host ::= '!'* hostname |
311: \& '!'* ip_addr |
312: \& '!'* network(/netmask)? |
313: \& '!'* '+'netgroup |
314: \& '!'* Host_Alias
315: .Ve
316: A \f(CWHost_List\fR is made up of one or more hostnames, \s-1IP\s0 addresses,
317: network numbers, netgroups (prefixed with \*(L'+') and other aliases.
318: Again, the value of an item may be negated with the \*(L'!\*(R' operator.
319: If you do not specify a netmask with a network number, the netmask
320: of the host's ethernet \fIinterface\fR\|(s) will be used when matching.
1.6 ! krw 321: The netmask may be specified either in dotted quad notation (e.g.
! 322: 255.255.255.0) or \s-1CIDR\s0 notation (number of bits, e.g. 24). A hostname
1.5 millert 323: may include shell-style wildcards (see `Wildcards\*(R' section below),
324: but unless the \f(CWhostname\fR command on your machine returns the fully
325: qualified hostname, you'll need to use the \fIfqdn\fR option for wildcards
326: to be useful.
1.1 millert 327: .PP
328: .Vb 2
329: \& Cmnd_List ::= Cmnd |
330: \& Cmnd ',' Cmnd_List
331: .Ve
332: .Vb 3
333: \& commandname ::= filename |
334: \& filename args |
335: \& filename '""'
336: .Ve
337: .Vb 3
338: \& Cmnd ::= '!'* commandname |
339: \& '!'* directory |
340: \& '!'* Cmnd_Alias
341: .Ve
342: A \f(CWCmnd_List\fR is a list of one or more commandnames, directories, and other
1.5 millert 343: aliases. A commandname is a fully qualified filename which may include
1.1 millert 344: shell-style wildcards (see `Wildcards\*(R' section below). A simple
345: filename allows the user to run the command with any arguments he/she
346: wishes. However, you may also command line arguments (including wildcards).
347: Alternately, you can specify \f(CW""\fR to indicate that the command
348: may only be run \fBwithout\fR command line arguments. A directory is a
349: fully qualified pathname ending in a \*(L'/\*(R'. When you specify a directory
350: in a \f(CWCmnd_List\fR, the user will be able to run any file within that directory
351: (but not in any subdirectories therein).
352: .PP
353: If a \f(CWCmnd\fR has associated command line arguments, then the arguments
354: in the \f(CWCmnd\fR must match exactly those given by the user on the command line
355: (or match the wildcards if there are any). Note that the following
356: characters must be escaped with a \*(L'\e\*(R' if they are used in command
357: arguments: \*(L',\*(R', \*(L':\*(R', \*(L'=\*(R', \*(L'\e\*(R'.
358: .Sh "Defaults"
359: Certain configuration options may be changed from their default
360: values at runtime via one or more \f(CWDefault_Entry\fR lines. These
361: may affect all users on any host, all users on a specific host,
362: or just a specific user. When multiple entries match, they are
363: applied in order. Where there are conflicting values, the last
364: value on a matching line takes effect.
365: .PP
366: .Vb 3
367: \& Default_Type ::= 'Defaults' ||
368: \& 'Defaults' ':' User ||
369: \& 'Defaults' '@' Host
370: .Ve
371: .Vb 1
372: \& Default_Entry ::= Default_Type Parameter_List
373: .Ve
374: .Vb 2
375: \& Parameter ::= Parameter '=' Value ||
376: \& '!'* Parameter ||
377: .Ve
378: Parameters may be \fBflags\fR, \fBinteger\fR values, or \fBstrings\fR. Flags
379: are implicitly boolean and can be turned off via the \*(L'!\*(R' operator.
380: Some integer and string parameters may also be used in a boolean
381: context to disable them. Values may be enclosed in double quotes
382: (\f(CW"\fR) when they contain multiple words. Special characters may
383: be escaped with a backslash (\f(CW\e\fR).
384: .PP
385: \fBFlags\fR:
386: .Ip "long_otp_prompt" 12
1.4 millert 387: When validating with a One Time Password scheme (\fBS/Key\fR or \fB\s-1OPIE\s0\fR),
388: a two-line prompt is used to make it easier to cut and paste the
389: challenge to a local window. It's not as pretty as the default but
390: some people find it more convenient. This flag is off by default.
1.1 millert 391: .Ip "ignore_dot" 12
1.4 millert 392: If set, \fBsudo\fR will ignore \*(L'.\*(R' or \*(L'\*(R' (current dir) in \f(CW$PATH\fR;
393: the \f(CW$PATH\fR itself is not modified. This flag is off by default.
1.1 millert 394: .Ip "mail_always" 12
1.5 millert 395: Send mail to the \fImailto\fR user every time a users runs \fBsudo\fR.
1.4 millert 396: This flag is off by default.
1.1 millert 397: .Ip "mail_no_user" 12
1.4 millert 398: If set, mail will be sent to the \fImailto\fR user if the invoking
399: user is not in the \fIsudoers\fR file. This flag is on by default.
1.1 millert 400: .Ip "mail_no_host" 12
1.4 millert 401: If set, mail will be sent to the \fImailto\fR user if the invoking
402: user exists in the \fIsudoers\fR file, but is not allowed to run
403: commands on the current host. This flag is off by default.
1.1 millert 404: .Ip "mail_no_perms" 12
1.4 millert 405: If set, mail will be sent to the \fImailto\fR user if the invoking
1.5 millert 406: user allowed to use \fBsudo\fR but the command they are trying is not
1.4 millert 407: listed in their \fIsudoers\fR file entry. This flag is off by default.
1.1 millert 408: .Ip "tty_tickets" 12
1.4 millert 409: If set, users must authenticate on a per-tty basis. Normally,
410: \fBsudo\fR uses a directory in the ticket dir with the same name as
411: the user running it. With this flag enabled, \fBsudo\fR will use a
412: file named for the tty the user is logged in on in that directory.
413: This flag is off by default.
1.1 millert 414: .Ip "lecture" 12
1.4 millert 415: If set, a user will receive a short lecture the first time he/she
416: runs \fBsudo\fR. This flag is on by default.
1.1 millert 417: .Ip "authenticate" 12
1.4 millert 418: If set, users must authenticate themselves via a password (or other
419: means of authentication) before they may run commands. This default
420: may be overridden via the \f(CWPASSWD\fR and \f(CWNOPASSWD\fR tags.
421: This flag is on by default.
1.1 millert 422: .Ip "root_sudo" 12
1.5 millert 423: If set, root is allowed to run \fBsudo\fR too. Disabling this prevents users
424: from \*(L"chaining\*(R" \fBsudo\fR commands to get a root shell by doing something
1.4 millert 425: like \f(CW"sudo sudo /bin/sh"\fR.
426: This flag is on by default.
1.1 millert 427: .Ip "log_host" 12
1.4 millert 428: If set, the hostname will be logged in the (non-syslog) \fBsudo\fR log file.
429: This flag is off by default.
1.1 millert 430: .Ip "log_year" 12
1.4 millert 431: If set, the four-digit year will be logged in the (non-syslog) \fBsudo\fR log file.
432: This flag is off by default.
1.1 millert 433: .Ip "shell_noargs" 12
1.4 millert 434: If set and \fBsudo\fR is invoked with no arguments it acts as if the
435: \f(CW-s\fR flag had been given. That is, it runs a shell as root (the
436: shell is determined by the \f(CWSHELL\fR environment variable if it is
437: set, falling back on the shell listed in the invoking user's
438: /etc/passwd entry if not). This flag is off by default.
1.1 millert 439: .Ip "set_home" 12
1.4 millert 440: If set and \fBsudo\fR is invoked with the \f(CW-s\fR flag the \f(CWHOME\fR
441: environment variable will be set to the home directory of the target
442: user (which is root unless the \f(CW-u\fR option is used). This effectively
443: makes the \f(CW-s\fR flag imply \f(CW-H\fR. This flag is off by default.
1.1 millert 444: .Ip "path_info" 12
1.4 millert 445: Normally, \fBsudo\fR will tell the user when a command could not be
446: found in their \f(CW$PATH\fR. Some sites may wish to disable this as
447: it could be used to gather information on the location of executables
448: that the normal user does not have access to. The disadvantage is
449: that if the executable is simply not in the user's \f(CW$PATH\fR, \fBsudo\fR
450: will tell the user that they are not allowed to run it, which can
451: be confusing. This flag is off by default.
1.1 millert 452: .Ip "fqdn" 12
1.4 millert 453: Set this flag if you want to put fully qualified hostnames in the
454: \fIsudoers\fR file. Ie: instead of myhost you would use myhost.mydomain.edu.
455: You may still use the short form if you wish (and even mix the two).
1.5 millert 456: Beware that turning on \fIfqdn\fR requires \fBsudo\fR to make \s-1DNS\s0 lookups
1.4 millert 457: which may make \fBsudo\fR unusable if \s-1DNS\s0 stops working (for example
458: if the machine is not plugged into the network). Also note that
459: you must use the host's official name as \s-1DNS\s0 knows it. That is,
460: you may not use a host alias (\f(CWCNAME\fR entry) due to performance
461: issues and the fact that there is no way to get all aliases from
462: \s-1DNS\s0. If your machine's hostname (as returned by the \f(CWhostname\fR
463: command) is already fully qualified you shouldn't need to set
464: \fIfqfn\fR. This flag is off by default.
1.1 millert 465: .Ip "insults" 12
1.5 millert 466: If set, \fBsudo\fR will insult users when they enter an incorrect
1.4 millert 467: password. This flag is off by default.
1.1 millert 468: .Ip "requiretty" 12
1.5 millert 469: If set, \fBsudo\fR will only run when the user is logged in to a real
1.4 millert 470: tty. This will disallow things like \f(CW"rsh somehost sudo ls"\fR since
471: \fIrsh\fR\|(1) does not allocate a tty. Because it is not possible to turn
472: of echo when there is no tty present, some sites may with to set
473: this flag to prevent a user from entering a visible password. This
474: flag is off by default.
1.5 millert 475: .Ip "env_editor" 12
476: If set, \fBvisudo\fR will use the value of the \s-1EDITOR\s0 or \s-1VISUAL\s0 environment
477: falling back on the default editor. Note that this may create a
478: security hole as most editors allow a user to get a shell (which
479: would be a root shell and not be logged).
480: .Ip "rootpw" 12
481: If set, \fBsudo\fR will prompt for the root password instead of the password
482: of the invoking user.
483: .Ip "runaspw" 12
484: If set, \fBsudo\fR will prompt for the password of the user defined by the
485: \fIrunas_default\fR option (defaults to root) instead of the password
486: of the invoking user.
487: .Ip "targetpw" 12
488: If set, \fBsudo\fR will prompt for the password of the user specified by
489: the \f(CW-u\fR flag (defaults to root) instead of the password of the
490: invoking user.
491: .Ip "set_logname" 12
492: Normally, \fBsudo\fR will set the \f(CWLOGNAME\fR and \f(CWUSER\fR environment variables
493: to the name of the target user (usually root unless the \f(CW-u\fR flag is given).
494: However, since some programs (including the \s-1RCS\s0 revision control system)
495: use \f(CWLOGNAME\fR to determine the real identity of the user, it may be desirable
496: to change this behavior. This can be done by negating the set_logname option.
1.1 millert 497: .PP
498: \fBIntegers\fR:
499: .Ip "passwd_tries" 12
1.4 millert 500: The number of tries a user gets to enter his/her password before
1.5 millert 501: \fBsudo\fR logs the failure and exits. The default is 3.
1.1 millert 502: .PP
503: \fBIntegers that can be used in a boolean context\fR:
504: .Ip "loglinelen" 12
1.4 millert 505: Number of characters per line for the file log. This value is used
506: to decide when to wrap lines for nicer log files. This has no
507: effect on the syslog log file, only the file log. The default is
508: 80 (use 0 or negate to disable word wrap).
1.1 millert 509: .Ip "timestamp_timeout" 12
1.4 millert 510: Number of minutes that can elapse before \fBsudo\fR will ask for a passwd
511: again. The default is 5, set this to 0 to always prompt for a password.
1.1 millert 512: .Ip "passwd_timeout" 12
1.5 millert 513: Number of minutes before the \fBsudo\fR password prompt times out.
1.4 millert 514: The default is 5, set this to 0 for no password timeout.
1.1 millert 515: .Ip "umask" 12
1.4 millert 516: Umask to use when running the root command. Set this to 0777 to
517: not override the user's umask. The default is 0022.
1.1 millert 518: .PP
519: \fBStrings\fR:
520: .Ip "mailsub" 12
1.4 millert 521: Subject of the mail sent to the \fImailto\fR user. The escape \f(CW%h\fR
522: will expand to the hostname of the machine.
523: Default is \*(L"*** \s-1SECURITY\s0 information for \f(CW%h\fR ***\*(R".
1.1 millert 524: .Ip "badpass_message" 12
1.4 millert 525: Message that is displayed if a user enters an incorrect password.
526: The default is \*(L"Sorry, try again.\*(R" unless insults are enabled.
1.1 millert 527: .Ip "timestampdir" 12
1.4 millert 528: The directory in which \fBsudo\fR stores its timestamp files.
1.5 millert 529: The default is \fI@\s-1TIMEDIR\s0@\fR.
1.1 millert 530: .Ip "passprompt" 12
1.4 millert 531: The default prompt to use when asking for a password; can be overridden
532: via the \f(CW-p\fR option or the \f(CWSUDO_PROMPT\fR environment variable. Supports
533: two escapes: \*(L"%u\*(R" expands to the user's login name and \*(L"%h\*(R" expands
534: to the local hostname. The default value is \*(L"Password:\*(R".
1.1 millert 535: .Ip "runas_default" 12
1.4 millert 536: The default user to run commands as if the \f(CW-u\fR flag is not specified
537: on the command line. This defaults to \*(L"root\*(R".
1.1 millert 538: .Ip "syslog_goodpri" 12
1.4 millert 539: Syslog priority to use when user authenticates successfully.
540: Defaults to \*(L"notice\*(R".
1.1 millert 541: .Ip "syslog_badpri" 12
1.4 millert 542: Syslog priority to use when user authenticates unsuccessfully.
543: Defaults to \*(L"alert\*(R".
1.5 millert 544: .Ip "editor" 12
545: Path to the editor to be used by \fBvisudo\fR. The default is the path
546: to vi on your system.
1.1 millert 547: .PP
548: \fBStrings that can be used in a boolean context\fR:
1.5 millert 549: .Ip "logfile" 12
550: Path to the \fBsudo\fR log file (not the syslog log file). Setting a path
551: turns on logging to a file, negating this option turns it off.
1.1 millert 552: .Ip "syslog" 12
1.4 millert 553: Syslog facility if syslog is being used for logging (negate to
554: disable syslog logging). Defaults to \*(L"local2\*(R".
1.1 millert 555: .Ip "mailerpath" 12
1.4 millert 556: Path to mail program used to send warning mail.
557: Defaults to the path to sendmail found at configure time.
1.1 millert 558: .Ip "mailerflags" 12
1.4 millert 559: Flags to use when invoking mailer. Defaults to \f(CW-t\fR.
1.1 millert 560: .Ip "mailto" 12
1.4 millert 561: Address to send warning and erorr mail to. Defaults to \*(L"root\*(R".
1.1 millert 562: .Ip "exempt_group" 12
1.4 millert 563: Users in this group are exempt from password and \s-1PATH\s0 requirements.
564: This is not set by default.
1.1 millert 565: .Ip "secure_path" 12
1.4 millert 566: Path used for every command run from \fBsudo\fR. If you don't trust the
1.5 millert 567: people running \fBsudo\fR to have a sane \f(CWPATH\fR environment variable you may
1.4 millert 568: want to use this. Another use is if you want to have the \*(L"root path\*(R"
569: be separate from the \*(L"user path.\*(R" This is not set by default.
1.3 millert 570: .Ip "verifypw" 12
571: This option controls when a password will be required when a
1.5 millert 572: user runs \fBsudo\fR with the \fB\-v\fR. It has the following possible values:
1.3 millert 573: .Sp
574: .Vb 3
1.4 millert 575: \& all All the user's I<sudoers> entries for the
1.3 millert 576: \& current host must have the C<NOPASSWD>
577: \& flag set to avoid entering a password.
578: .Ve
579: .Vb 4
1.4 millert 580: \& any At least one of the user's I<sudoers> entries
1.3 millert 581: \& for the current host must have the
582: \& C<NOPASSWD> flag set to avoid entering a
583: \& password.
584: .Ve
585: .Vb 2
586: \& never The user need never enter a password to use
587: \& the B<-v> flag.
588: .Ve
589: .Vb 2
590: \& always The user must always enter a password to use
591: \& the B<-v> flag.
592: .Ve
593: The default value is `all\*(R'.
594: .Ip "listpw" 12
595: This option controls when a password will be required when a
1.5 millert 596: user runs \fBsudo\fR with the \fB\-l\fR. It has the following possible values:
1.3 millert 597: .Sp
598: .Vb 3
1.4 millert 599: \& all All the user's I<sudoers> entries for the
1.3 millert 600: \& current host must have the C<NOPASSWD>
601: \& flag set to avoid entering a password.
602: .Ve
603: .Vb 4
1.4 millert 604: \& any At least one of the user's I<sudoers> entries
1.3 millert 605: \& for the current host must have the
606: \& C<NOPASSWD> flag set to avoid entering a
607: \& password.
608: .Ve
609: .Vb 2
610: \& never The user need never enter a password to use
611: \& the B<-l> flag.
612: .Ve
613: .Vb 2
614: \& always The user must always enter a password to use
615: \& the B<-l> flag.
616: .Ve
617: The default value is `any\*(R'.
1.1 millert 618: .PP
1.5 millert 619: When logging via \fIsyslog\fR\|(3), \fBsudo\fR accepts the following values for the syslog
1.1 millert 620: facility (the value of the \fBsyslog\fR Parameter): \fBauthpriv\fR (if your \s-1OS\s0
621: supports it), \fBauth\fR, \fBdaemon\fR, \fBuser\fR, \fBlocal0\fR, \fBlocal1\fR, \fBlocal2\fR,
622: \fBlocal3\fR, \fBlocal4\fR, \fBlocal5\fR, \fBlocal6\fR, and \fBlocal7\fR. The following
623: syslog priorities are supported: \fBalert\fR, \fBcrit\fR, \fBdebug\fR, \fBemerg\fR,
624: \fBerr\fR, \fBinfo\fR, \fBnotice\fR, and \fBwarning\fR.
625: .Sh "User Specification"
626: .PP
1.3 millert 627: .Vb 2
628: \& User_Spec ::= User_list Host_List '=' User_List Cmnd_Spec_List \e
629: \& (':' User_Spec)*
1.1 millert 630: .Ve
631: .Vb 2
632: \& Cmnd_Spec_List ::= Cmnd_Spec |
633: \& Cmnd_Spec ',' Cmnd_Spec_List
634: .Ve
635: .Vb 1
1.3 millert 636: \& Cmnd_Spec ::= Runas_Spec? ('NOPASSWD:' | 'PASSWD:')? Cmnd
637: .Ve
638: .Vb 1
639: \& Runas_Spec ::= '(' Runas_List ')'
1.1 millert 640: .Ve
641: A \fBuser specification\fR determines which commands a user may run
642: (and as what user) on specified hosts. By default, commands are
643: run as \fBroot\fR but this can be changed on a per-command basis.
644: .PP
645: Let's break that down into its constituent parts:
646: .Sh "Runas_Spec"
647: A \f(CWRunas_Spec\fR is simply a \f(CWRunas_List\fR (as defined above)
648: enclosed in a set of parentheses. If you do not specify a
649: \f(CWRunas_Spec\fR in the user specification, a default \f(CWRunas_Spec\fR
650: of \fBroot\fR will be used. A \f(CWRunas_Spec\fR sets the default for
651: commands that follow it. What this means is that for the entry:
652: .PP
653: .Vb 1
654: \& dgb boulder = (operator) /bin/ls, /bin/kill, /usr/bin/who
655: .Ve
656: The user \fBdgb\fR may run \fI/bin/ls\fR, \fI/bin/kill\fR, and
657: \fI/usr/bin/lprm\fR -- but only as \fBoperator\fR. Eg.
658: .PP
659: .Vb 1
660: \& sudo -u operator /bin/ls.
661: .Ve
662: It is also possible to override a \f(CWRunas_Spec\fR later on in an
663: entry. If we modify the entry like so:
664: .PP
665: .Vb 1
666: \& dgb boulder = (operator) /bin/ls, (root) /bin/kill, /usr/bin/lprm
667: .Ve
668: Then user \fBdgb\fR is now allowed to run \fI/bin/ls\fR as \fBoperator\fR,
669: but \fI/bin/kill\fR and \fI/usr/bin/lprm\fR as \fBroot\fR.
670: .Sh "\s-1NOPASSWD\s0 and \s-1PASSWD\s0"
671: By default, \fBsudo\fR requires that a user authenticate him or herself
672: before running a command. This behavior can be modified via the
673: \f(CWNOPASSWD\fR tag. Like a \f(CWRunas_Spec\fR, the \f(CWNOPASSWD\fR tag sets
674: a default for the commands that follow it in the \f(CWCmnd_Spec_List\fR.
675: Conversely, the \f(CWPASSWD\fR tag can be used to reverse things.
676: For example:
677: .PP
678: .Vb 1
679: \& ray rushmore = NOPASSWD: /bin/kill, /bin/ls, /usr/bin/lprm
680: .Ve
681: would allow the user \fBray\fR to run \fI/bin/kill\fR, \fI/bin/ls\fR, and
682: \fI/usr/bin/lprm\fR as root on the machine rushmore as \fBroot\fR without
683: authenticating himself. If we only want \fBray\fR to be able to
684: run \fI/bin/kill\fR without a password the entry would be:
685: .PP
686: .Vb 1
687: \& ray rushmore = NOPASSWD: /bin/kill, PASSWD: /bin/ls, /usr/bin/lprm
688: .Ve
1.3 millert 689: Note however, that the \f(CWPASSWD\fR tag has no effect on users who are
690: in the group specified by the exempt_group option.
691: .PP
692: By default, if the \f(CWNOPASSWD\fR tag is applied to any of the entries
693: for a user on the current host, he or she will be able to run
694: \f(CWsudo -l\fR without a password. Additionally, a user may only run
695: \f(CWsudo -v\fR without a password if the \f(CWNOPASSWD\fR tag is present
696: for all a user's entries that pertain to the current host.
697: This behavior may be overridden via the verifypw and listpw options.
1.1 millert 698: .Sh "Wildcards (aka meta characters):"
699: \fBsudo\fR allows shell-style \fIwildcards\fR to be used in pathnames
700: as well as command line arguments in the \fIsudoers\fR file. Wildcard
701: matching is done via the \fB\s-1POSIX\s0\fR \f(CWfnmatch(3)\fR routine. Note that
702: these are \fInot\fR regular expressions.
703: .Ip "\f(CW*\fR" 8
704: Matches any set of zero or more characters.
705: .Ip "\f(CW?\fR" 8
706: Matches any single character.
707: .Ip "\f(CW[...]\fR" 8
708: Matches any character in the specified range.
709: .Ip "\f(CW[!...]\fR" 8
710: Matches any character \fBnot\fR in the specified range.
711: .Ip "\f(CW\ex\fR" 8
712: For any character \*(L"x\*(R", evaluates to \*(L"x\*(R". This is used to
713: escape special characters such as: \*(L"*\*(R", \*(L"?\*(R", \*(L"[\*(R", and \*(L"}\*(R".
714: .PP
715: Note that a forward slash ('/') will \fBnot\fR be matched by
716: wildcards used in the pathname. When matching the command
717: line arguments, however, as slash \fBdoes\fR get matched by
718: wildcards. This is to make a path like:
719: .PP
720: .Vb 1
721: \& /usr/bin/*
722: .Ve
723: match \f(CW/usr/bin/who\fR but not \f(CW/usr/bin/X11/xterm\fR.
724: .Sh "Exceptions to wildcard rules:"
725: The following exceptions apply to the above rules:
726: .Ip \f(CW""\fR 8
727: If the empty string \f(CW""\fR is the only command line argument in the
728: \fIsudoers\fR entry it means that command is not allowed to be run
729: with \fBany\fR arguments.
730: .Sh "Other special characters and reserved words:"
731: The pound sign ('#') is used to indicate a comment (unless it
732: occurs in the context of a user name and is followed by one or
733: more digits, in which case it is treated as a uid). Both the
734: comment character and any text after it, up to the end of the line,
735: are ignored.
736: .PP
1.2 aaron 737: The reserved word \fB\s-1ALL\s0\fR is a built in \fIalias\fR that always causes
1.1 millert 738: a match to succeed. It can be used wherever one might otherwise
739: use a \f(CWCmnd_Alias\fR, \f(CWUser_Alias\fR, \f(CWRunas_Alias\fR, or \f(CWHost_Alias\fR.
740: You should not try to define your own \fIalias\fR called \fB\s-1ALL\s0\fR as the
741: built in alias will be used in preference to your own. Please note
742: that using \fB\s-1ALL\s0\fR can be dangerous since in a command context, it
743: allows the user to run \fBany\fR command on the system.
744: .PP
745: An exclamation point (\*(R'!') can be used as a logical \fInot\fR operator
746: both in an \fIalias\fR and in front of a \f(CWCmnd\fR. This allows one to
747: exclude certain values. Note, however, that using a \f(CW!\fR in
748: conjunction with the built in \f(CWALL\fR alias to allow a user to
749: run \*(L"all but a few\*(R" commands rarely works as intended (see \s-1SECURITY\s0
750: \s-1NOTES\s0 below).
751: .PP
752: Long lines can be continued with a backslash (\*(R'\e') as the last
753: character on the line.
754: .PP
755: Whitespace between elements in a list as well as specicial syntactic
756: characters in a \fIUser Specification\fR ('=\*(R', \*(L':\*(R', \*(L'(\*(R', \*(L')') is optional.
757: .PP
758: The following characters must be escaped with a backslash (\*(R'\e') when
1.6 ! krw 759: used as part of a word (e.g. a username or hostname):
1.1 millert 760: \&'@\*(R', \*(L'!\*(R', \*(L'=\*(R', \*(L':\*(R', \*(L',\*(R', \*(L'(\*(R', \*(L')\*(R', \*(L'\e\*(R'.
761: .SH "EXAMPLES"
762: Below are example \fIsudoers\fR entries. Admittedly, some of
763: these are a bit contrived. First, we define our \fIaliases\fR:
764: .PP
765: .Vb 4
766: \& # User alias specification
767: \& User_Alias FULLTIMERS = millert, mikef, dowdy
768: \& User_Alias PARTTIMERS = bostley, jwfox, crawl
769: \& User_Alias WEBMASTERS = will, wendy, wim
770: .Ve
771: .Vb 3
772: \& # Runas alias specification
773: \& Runas_Alias OP = root, operator
774: \& Runas_Alias DB = oracle, sybase
775: .Ve
776: .Vb 9
777: \& # Host alias specification
778: \& Host_Alias SPARC = bigtime, eclipse, moet, anchor :\e
779: \& SGI = grolsch, dandelion, black :\e
780: \& ALPHA = widget, thalamus, foobar :\e
781: \& HPPA = boa, nag, python
782: \& Host_Alias CUNETS = 128.138.0.0/255.255.0.0
783: \& Host_Alias CSNETS = 128.138.243.0, 128.138.204.0/24, 128.138.242.0
784: \& Host_Alias SERVERS = master, mail, www, ns
785: \& Host_Alias CDROM = orion, perseus, hercules
786: .Ve
787: .Vb 12
788: \& # Cmnd alias specification
789: \& Cmnd_Alias DUMPS = /usr/bin/mt, /usr/sbin/dump, /usr/sbin/rdump,\e
790: \& /usr/sbin/restore, /usr/sbin/rrestore
791: \& Cmnd_Alias KILL = /usr/bin/kill
792: \& Cmnd_Alias PRINTING = /usr/sbin/lpc, /usr/bin/lprm
793: \& Cmnd_Alias SHUTDOWN = /usr/sbin/shutdown
794: \& Cmnd_Alias HALT = /usr/sbin/halt, /usr/sbin/fasthalt
795: \& Cmnd_Alias REBOOT = /usr/sbin/reboot, /usr/sbin/fastboot
796: \& Cmnd_Alias SHELLS = /usr/bin/sh, /usr/bin/csh, /usr/bin/ksh, \e
797: \& /usr/local/bin/tcsh, /usr/bin/rsh, \e
798: \& /usr/local/bin/zsh
799: \& Cmnd_Alias SU = /usr/bin/su
800: .Ve
801: Here we override some of the compiled in default values. We want
1.5 millert 802: \fBsudo\fR to log via \fIsyslog\fR\|(3) using the \fIauth\fR facility in all cases.
1.1 millert 803: We don't want to subject the full time staff to the \fBsudo\fR lecture,
804: and user \fBmillert\fR need not give a password. In addition, on the
805: machines in the \fISERVERS\fR \f(CWHost_Alias\fR, we keep an additional
806: local log file and make sure we log the year in each log line since
807: the log entries will be kept around for several years.
808: .PP
809: .Vb 5
810: \& # Override builtin defaults
811: \& Defaults syslog=auth
812: \& Defaults:FULLTIMERS !lecture
813: \& Defaults:millert !authenticate
814: \& Defaults@SERVERS log_year, logfile=/var/log/sudo.log
815: .Ve
816: The \fIUser specification\fR is the part that actually determines who may
817: run what.
818: .PP
819: .Vb 2
820: \& root ALL = (ALL) ALL
821: \& %wheel ALL = (ALL) ALL
822: .Ve
823: We let \fBroot\fR and any user in group \fBwheel\fR run any command on any
824: host as any user.
825: .PP
826: .Vb 1
827: \& FULLTIMERS ALL = NOPASSWD: ALL
828: .Ve
829: Full time sysadmins (\fBmillert\fR, \fBmikef\fR, and \fBdowdy\fR) may run any
830: command on any host without authenticating themselves.
831: .PP
832: .Vb 1
833: \& PARTTIMERS ALL = ALL
834: .Ve
835: Part time sysadmins (\fBbostley\fR, \fBjwfox\fR, and \fBcrawl\fR) may run any
836: command on any host but they must authenticate themselves first
837: (since the entry lacks the \f(CWNOPASSWD\fR tag).
838: .PP
839: .Vb 1
840: \& jack CSNETS = ALL
841: .Ve
842: The user \fBjack\fR may run any command on the machines in the \fICSNETS\fR alias
843: (the networks \f(CW128.138.243.0\fR, \f(CW128.138.204.0\fR, and \f(CW128.138.242.0\fR).
844: Of those networks, only <128.138.204.0> has an explicit netmask (in
845: CIDR notation) indicating it is a class C network. For the other
846: networks in \fICSNETS\fR, the local machine's netmask will be used
847: during matching.
848: .PP
849: .Vb 1
850: \& lisa CUNETS = ALL
851: .Ve
852: The user \fBlisa\fR may run any command on any host in the \fICUNETS\fR alias
853: (the class B network \f(CW128.138.0.0\fR).
854: .PP
855: .Vb 2
856: \& operator ALL = DUMPS, KILL, PRINTING, SHUTDOWN, HALT, REBOOT,\e
857: \& /usr/oper/bin/
858: .Ve
859: The \fBoperator\fR user may run commands limited to simple maintenance.
860: Here, those are commands related to backups, killing processes, the
861: printing system, shutting down the system, and any commands in the
862: directory \fI/usr/oper/bin/\fR.
863: .PP
864: .Vb 1
865: \& joe ALL = /usr/bin/su operator
866: .Ve
867: The user \fBjoe\fR may only \fIsu\fR\|(1) to operator.
868: .PP
869: .Vb 1
870: \& pete HPPA = /usr/bin/passwd [A-z]*, !/usr/bin/passwd root
871: .Ve
872: The user \fBpete\fR is allowed to change anyone's password except for
873: root on the \fIHPPA\fR machines. Note that this assumes \fIpasswd\fR\|(1)
874: does not take multiple usernames on the command line.
875: .PP
876: .Vb 1
877: \& bob SPARC = (OP) ALL : SGI = (OP) ALL
878: .Ve
879: The user \fBbob\fR may run anything on the \fISPARC\fR and \fISGI\fR machines
880: as any user listed in the \fIOP\fR \f(CWRunas_Alias\fR (\fBroot\fR and \fBoperator\fR).
881: .PP
882: .Vb 1
883: \& jim +biglab = ALL
884: .Ve
885: The user \fBjim\fR may run any command on machines in the \fIbiglab\fR netgroup.
886: \fBSudo\fR knows that \*(L"biglab\*(R" is a netgroup due to the \*(L'+\*(R' prefix.
887: .PP
888: .Vb 1
889: \& +secretaries ALL = PRINTING, /usr/bin/adduser, /usr/bin/rmuser
890: .Ve
891: Users in the \fBsecretaries\fR netgroup need to help manage the printers
892: as well as add and remove users, so they are allowed to run those
893: commands on all machines.
894: .PP
895: .Vb 1
896: \& fred ALL = (DB) NOPASSWD: ALL
897: .Ve
898: The user \fBfred\fR can run commands as any user in the \fIDB\fR \f(CWRunas_Alias\fR
899: (\fBoracle\fR or \fBsybase\fR) without giving a password.
900: .PP
901: .Vb 1
902: \& john ALPHA = /usr/bin/su [!-]*, !/usr/bin/su *root*
903: .Ve
904: On the \fIALPHA\fR machines, user \fBjohn\fR may su to anyone except root
905: but he is not allowed to give \fIsu\fR\|(1) any flags.
906: .PP
907: .Vb 1
908: \& jen ALL, !SERVERS = ALL
909: .Ve
910: The user \fBjen\fR may run any command on any machine except for those
911: in the \fISERVERS\fR \f(CWHost_Alias\fR (master, mail, www and ns).
912: .PP
913: .Vb 1
914: \& jill SERVERS = /usr/bin/, !SU, !SHELLS
915: .Ve
916: For any machine in the \fISERVERS\fR \f(CWHost_Alias\fR, \fBjill\fR may run
917: any commands in the directory /usr/bin/ except for those commands
918: belonging to the \fISU\fR and \fISHELLS\fR \f(CWCmnd_Aliases\fR.
919: .PP
920: .Vb 1
921: \& steve CSNETS = (operator) /usr/local/op_commands/
922: .Ve
923: The user \fBsteve\fR may run any command in the directory /usr/local/op_commands/
924: but only as user operator.
925: .PP
926: .Vb 1
927: \& matt valkyrie = KILL
928: .Ve
929: On his personal workstation, valkyrie, \fBmatt\fR needs to be able to
930: kill hung processes.
931: .PP
932: .Vb 1
933: \& WEBMASTERS www = (www) ALL, (root) /usr/bin/su www
934: .Ve
935: On the host www, any user in the \fIWEBMASTERS\fR \f(CWUser_Alias\fR (will,
936: wendy, and wim), may run any command as user www (which owns the
937: web pages) or simply \fIsu\fR\|(1) to www.
938: .PP
939: .Vb 2
940: \& ALL CDROM = NOPASSWD: /sbin/umount /CDROM,\e
941: \& /sbin/mount -o nosuid\e,nodev /dev/cd0a /CDROM
942: .Ve
943: Any user may mount or unmount a CD\-ROM on the machines in the CDROM
944: \f(CWHost_Alias\fR (orion, perseus, hercules) without entering a password.
945: This is a bit tedious for users to type, so it is a prime candiate
946: for encapsulating in a shell script.
947: .SH "SECURITY NOTES"
948: It is generally not effective to \*(L"subtract\*(R" commands from \f(CWALL\fR
949: using the \*(L'!\*(R' operator. A user can trivially circumvent this
950: by copying the desired command to a different name and then
951: executing that. For example:
952: .PP
953: .Vb 1
954: \& bill ALL = ALL, !SU, !SHELLS
955: .Ve
956: Doesn't really prevent \fBbill\fR from running the commands listed in
957: \fISU\fR or \fISHELLS\fR since he can simply copy those commands to a
958: different name, or use a shell escape from an editor or other
959: program. Therefore, these kind of restrictions should be considered
960: advisory at best (and reinforced by policy).
961: .SH "CAVEATS"
962: The \fIsudoers\fR file should \fBalways\fR be edited by the \fBvisudo\fR
963: command which locks the file and does grammatical checking. It is
964: imperative that \fIsudoers\fR be free of syntax errors since \fBsudo\fR
965: will not run with a syntactically incorrect \fIsudoers\fR file.
1.3 millert 966: .PP
967: When using netgroups of machines (as opposed to users), if you
1.5 millert 968: store fully qualified hostnames in the netgroup (as is usually the
969: case), you either need to have the machine's hostname be fully qualified
1.3 millert 970: as returned by the \f(CWhostname\fR command or use the \fIfqdn\fR option in
971: \fIsudoers\fR.
1.1 millert 972: .SH "FILES"
973: .PP
974: .Vb 3
975: \& /etc/sudoers List of who can run what
976: \& /etc/group Local groups file
977: \& /etc/netgroup List of network groups
978: .Ve
979: .SH "SEE ALSO"
980: \fIsudo\fR\|(8), \fIvisudo\fR\|(8), \fIsu\fR\|(1), \fIfnmatch\fR\|(3).
981:
982: .rn }` ''
983: .IX Title "sudoers 5"
984: .IX Name "sudoers - list of which users may execute what"
985:
986: .IX Header "NAME"
987:
988: .IX Header "DESCRIPTION"
989:
990: .IX Subsection "Quick guide to \s-1EBNF\s0"
991:
992: .IX Item "\f(CW?\fR"
993:
994: .IX Item "\f(CW*\fR"
995:
996: .IX Item "\f(CW+\fR"
997:
998: .IX Subsection "Aliases"
999:
1000: .IX Subsection "Defaults"
1001:
1002: .IX Item "long_otp_prompt"
1003:
1004: .IX Item "ignore_dot"
1005:
1006: .IX Item "mail_always"
1007:
1008: .IX Item "mail_no_user"
1009:
1010: .IX Item "mail_no_host"
1011:
1012: .IX Item "mail_no_perms"
1013:
1014: .IX Item "tty_tickets"
1015:
1016: .IX Item "lecture"
1017:
1018: .IX Item "authenticate"
1019:
1020: .IX Item "root_sudo"
1021:
1022: .IX Item "log_host"
1023:
1024: .IX Item "log_year"
1025:
1026: .IX Item "shell_noargs"
1027:
1028: .IX Item "set_home"
1029:
1030: .IX Item "path_info"
1031:
1032: .IX Item "fqdn"
1033:
1034: .IX Item "insults"
1035:
1036: .IX Item "requiretty"
1037:
1.5 millert 1038: .IX Item "env_editor"
1039:
1040: .IX Item "rootpw"
1041:
1042: .IX Item "runaspw"
1043:
1044: .IX Item "targetpw"
1045:
1046: .IX Item "set_logname"
1047:
1.1 millert 1048: .IX Item "passwd_tries"
1049:
1050: .IX Item "loglinelen"
1051:
1052: .IX Item "timestamp_timeout"
1053:
1054: .IX Item "passwd_timeout"
1055:
1056: .IX Item "umask"
1057:
1058: .IX Item "mailsub"
1059:
1060: .IX Item "badpass_message"
1061:
1062: .IX Item "timestampdir"
1063:
1064: .IX Item "passprompt"
1065:
1066: .IX Item "runas_default"
1067:
1068: .IX Item "syslog_goodpri"
1069:
1070: .IX Item "syslog_badpri"
1.5 millert 1071:
1072: .IX Item "editor"
1073:
1074: .IX Item "logfile"
1.1 millert 1075:
1076: .IX Item "syslog"
1077:
1078: .IX Item "mailerpath"
1079:
1080: .IX Item "mailerflags"
1081:
1082: .IX Item "mailto"
1083:
1084: .IX Item "exempt_group"
1085:
1086: .IX Item "secure_path"
1087:
1.3 millert 1088: .IX Item "verifypw"
1089:
1090: .IX Item "listpw"
1091:
1.1 millert 1092: .IX Subsection "User Specification"
1093:
1094: .IX Subsection "Runas_Spec"
1095:
1096: .IX Subsection "\s-1NOPASSWD\s0 and \s-1PASSWD\s0"
1097:
1098: .IX Subsection "Wildcards (aka meta characters):"
1099:
1100: .IX Item "\f(CW*\fR"
1101:
1102: .IX Item "\f(CW?\fR"
1103:
1104: .IX Item "\f(CW[...]\fR"
1105:
1106: .IX Item "\f(CW[!...]\fR"
1107:
1108: .IX Item "\f(CW\ex\fR"
1109:
1110: .IX Subsection "Exceptions to wildcard rules:"
1111:
1.3 millert 1112: .IX Item \f(CW""\fR
1.1 millert 1113:
1114: .IX Subsection "Other special characters and reserved words:"
1115:
1116: .IX Header "EXAMPLES"
1117:
1118: .IX Header "SECURITY NOTES"
1119:
1120: .IX Header "CAVEATS"
1121:
1122: .IX Header "FILES"
1123:
1124: .IX Header "SEE ALSO"
1125:
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