Annotation of src/usr.bin/systat/systat.1, Revision 1.87
1.87 ! lum 1: .\" $OpenBSD: systat.1,v 1.86 2010/07/16 16:27:02 lum Exp $
1.2 deraadt 2: .\" $NetBSD: systat.1,v 1.6 1996/05/10 23:16:39 thorpej Exp $
1.1 deraadt 3: .\"
4: .\" Copyright (c) 1985, 1990, 1993
5: .\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved.
6: .\"
7: .\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
8: .\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
9: .\" are met:
10: .\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
11: .\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
12: .\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
13: .\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
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1.28 millert 15: .\" 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
1.1 deraadt 16: .\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
17: .\" without specific prior written permission.
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19: .\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
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22: .\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
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31: .\" @(#)systat.1 8.2 (Berkeley) 12/30/93
32: .\"
1.87 ! lum 33: .Dd $Mdocdate: July 16 2010 $
1.1 deraadt 34: .Dt SYSTAT 1
1.12 aaron 35: .Os
1.1 deraadt 36: .Sh NAME
37: .Nm systat
1.41 jmc 38: .Nd display system statistics
1.1 deraadt 39: .Sh SYNOPSIS
40: .Nm systat
1.82 sobrado 41: .Op Fl abiNn
1.62 matthieu 42: .Op Fl d Ar count
43: .Op Fl s Ar delay
44: .Op Fl w Ar width
45: .Op Ar view
46: .Op Ar delay
1.1 deraadt 47: .Sh DESCRIPTION
1.13 aaron 48: .Nm
1.73 jmc 49: displays various system statistics in a screen-oriented fashion
50: using the
51: .Xr curses 3
52: screen display library.
1.1 deraadt 53: .Pp
54: While
1.13 aaron 55: .Nm
1.86 lum 56: is running, the screen is divided into different areas.
57: The top line displays the current number of users, the
58: three system load average figures over the last 1, 5, and
59: 15 minute intervals, and the system time.
1.73 jmc 60: The bottom line of the screen is reserved for
61: user input and error messages.
62: The information displayed in the rest of the screen
63: comprises a
64: .Em view ,
65: and is the main interface for
1.76 jmc 66: displaying different types of system statistics.
1.73 jmc 67: The
68: .Ic vmstat
69: view is the default.
1.77 jmc 70: .Pp
71: Certain information may be discarded when the screen size is
72: insufficient for display.
73: For example, on a machine with 10 drives the
74: .Ic iostat
75: bar graph displays only 3 drives on a 24 line terminal.
1.76 jmc 76: .\".Pp
77: .\"Input is interpreted at two different levels.
78: .\"A
79: .\".Dq global
80: .\"command interpreter processes all keyboard input.
81: .\"If this command interpreter fails to recognize a command, the
82: .\"input line is passed to a per-display command interpreter.
83: .\"This allows each display to have certain display-specific commands.
1.1 deraadt 84: .Pp
1.16 aaron 85: The options are as follows:
1.62 matthieu 86: .Bl -tag -width Ds
1.64 jmc 87: .It Fl a
1.62 matthieu 88: Display all lines.
89: .It Fl b
1.64 jmc 90: Raw, non interactive mode.
1.62 matthieu 91: .It Fl d Ar count
92: Exit after
93: .Ar count
94: screen updates.
95: .It Fl i
96: Interactive mode.
1.81 sthen 97: .It Fl N
98: Resolve network addresses to names.
99: This is the opposite of the
100: .Fl n
101: option.
1.34 itojun 102: .It Fl n
1.73 jmc 103: Do not try to reverse map IP addresses.
1.81 sthen 104: This is the default.
1.62 matthieu 105: .It Fl s Ar delay
1.31 jmc 106: Specifies the screen refresh time interval in seconds.
1.62 matthieu 107: This option is overridden by the final
1.64 jmc 108: .Ar delay
1.73 jmc 109: argument, if given.
1.31 jmc 110: The default interval is 5 seconds.
1.62 matthieu 111: .It Fl w Ar width
1.63 sobrado 112: Specifies the maximum width of the display.
1.62 matthieu 113: .\" XXX not sure for the above.
114: .It Ar view
1.1 deraadt 115: The
1.62 matthieu 116: .Ar view
1.2 deraadt 117: argument expects to be one of:
1.62 matthieu 118: .Ic vmstat ,
1.1 deraadt 119: .Ic pigs ,
1.62 matthieu 120: .Ic ifstat ,
1.1 deraadt 121: .Ic iostat ,
1.49 deraadt 122: .Ic sensors ,
1.1 deraadt 123: .Ic mbufs ,
1.62 matthieu 124: .Ic netstat ,
125: .Ic swap ,
126: .Ic states ,
127: .Ic rules ,
1.68 canacar 128: .Ic queues ,
1.71 canacar 129: .Ic pf ,
130: .Ic pool ,
131: .Ic malloc ,
1.80 jmc 132: .Ic buckets ,
133: .Ic nfsclient ,
1.1 deraadt 134: or
1.80 jmc 135: .Ic nfsserver .
1.2 deraadt 136: These displays can also be requested interactively and are described in
1.1 deraadt 137: full detail below.
1.62 matthieu 138: .Ar view
1.53 jmc 139: may be abbreviated to the minimum unambiguous prefix;
140: for example,
1.50 jmc 141: .Dq io
142: for
143: .Dq iostat .
1.62 matthieu 144: .It Ar delay
1.1 deraadt 145: The
1.62 matthieu 146: .Ar delay
1.73 jmc 147: argument specifies the screen refresh time interval in seconds.
148: This is provided for backwards compatibility, and overrides any
1.31 jmc 149: interval specified with the
1.73 jmc 150: .Fl s
1.2 deraadt 151: flag.
1.31 jmc 152: The default interval is 5 seconds.
1.1 deraadt 153: .El
154: .Pp
155: Certain characters cause immediate action by
1.61 jmc 156: .Nm .
1.63 sobrado 157: These are:
1.1 deraadt 158: .Bl -tag -width Fl
159: .It Ic \&:
160: Move the cursor to the command line and interpret the input
1.16 aaron 161: line typed as a command.
162: While entering a command the
1.1 deraadt 163: current character erase, word erase, and line kill characters
164: may be used.
1.69 canacar 165: .It Ic o
166: Select the next ordering which sorts the rows according to a
1.70 jmc 167: combination of columns.
168: Available orderings depend on the view.
169: Not all views support orderings.
1.66 canacar 170: .It Ic p
171: Pause
172: .Nm .
1.59 jmc 173: .It Ic q
1.73 jmc 174: Quit
1.66 canacar 175: .Nm .
1.69 canacar 176: .It Ic r
177: Reverse the selected ordering if supported by the view.
1.66 canacar 178: .It Ic ^A \*(Ba Aq Ic Home
179: Jump to the beginning of the current view.
180: .It Ic ^B \*(Ba Aq Ic right arrow
1.84 jmc 181: Select the previous view.
1.66 canacar 182: .It Ic ^E \*(Ba Aq Ic End
183: Jump to the end of the current view.
184: .It Ic ^F \*(Ba Aq Ic left arrow
185: Select the next view.
186: .It Ic ^G
187: Print the name of the current
1.73 jmc 188: view being shown and the refresh interval.
1.66 canacar 189: .It Ic ^L
190: Refresh the screen.
191: .It Ic ^N \*(Ba Aq Ic down arrow
192: Scroll current view down by one line.
193: .It Ic ^P \*(Ba Aq Ic up arrow
194: Scroll current view up by one line.
195: .It Ic ^V \*(Ba Aq Ic Page Down
196: Scroll current view down by one page.
197: .It Ic Alt-V \*(Ba Aq Ic Page Up
198: Scroll current view up by one page.
199: .It Ic ^Z
200: Suspend
1.59 jmc 201: .Nm .
1.1 deraadt 202: .El
203: .Pp
1.13 aaron 204: The following commands are interpreted by the
205: .Dq global
1.1 deraadt 206: command interpreter.
207: .Bl -tag -width Fl
208: .It Ic help
1.73 jmc 209: Print the names of the available views on the command line.
1.52 jmc 210: .It Ic quit
1.73 jmc 211: Quit
1.61 jmc 212: .Nm .
1.52 jmc 213: (This may be abbreviated to
214: .Ic q . )
1.1 deraadt 215: .It Ic stop
216: Stop refreshing the screen.
217: .It Xo
218: .Op Ic start
219: .Op Ar number
220: .Xc
1.16 aaron 221: Start (continue) refreshing the screen.
222: If a second, numeric,
1.1 deraadt 223: argument is provided it is interpreted as a refresh interval
224: (in seconds).
225: Supplying only a number will set the refresh interval to this
226: value.
227: .El
228: .Pp
1.73 jmc 229: .Ar view
1.53 jmc 230: may be abbreviated to the minimum unambiguous prefix.
1.73 jmc 231: The available views are:
1.52 jmc 232: .Bl -tag -width "netstatXXX"
1.71 canacar 233: .It Ic buckets
234: Display kernel
235: .Xr malloc 9
236: bucket statistics similar to the output of
237: .Cm vmstat Fl m .
1.52 jmc 238: .It Ic ifstat
1.73 jmc 239: Display interface statistics.
1.52 jmc 240: The
241: .Dq State
242: column has the format
243: .Sm off
244: .Xo
245: .Cm up \*(Ba dn
246: .Bq : Cm U \*(Ba D .
247: .Xc
248: .Sm on
249: .Sq up
250: and
251: .Sq dn
252: represent whether the interface is up or down.
253: .Sq U
254: and
255: .Sq D
256: represent whether the interface is connected or not;
257: in the case of
258: .Xr carp 4
259: interfaces, whether the interface is in master or backup state, respectively.
1.76 jmc 260: .\"See below for more options.
1.52 jmc 261: .It Ic iostat
1.73 jmc 262: Display statistics about disk throughput.
1.52 jmc 263: Statistics
264: on disk throughput show, for each drive, data transferred in kilobytes,
265: number of disk transactions performed, and time spent in disk accesses
1.56 otto 266: (in fractions of a second).
1.71 canacar 267: .It Ic malloc
268: Display kernel
269: .Xr malloc 9
270: type statistics similar to the output of
271: .Cm vmstat Fl m .
272: Available orderings are:
273: .Ic name ,
274: .Ic inuse ,
275: .Ic memuse ,
276: and
277: .Ic requests .
1.72 jmc 278: .It Ic mbufs
1.78 canacar 279: Display mbuf usage information from kernel pools
280: and mbuf cluster pool statistics of each network interface.
1.52 jmc 281: .It Ic netstat
1.73 jmc 282: Display network connections.
1.52 jmc 283: By default, network servers awaiting requests are not displayed.
284: Each address
285: is displayed in the format
1.76 jmc 286: .Dq host:port ,
1.52 jmc 287: with each shown symbolically, when possible.
1.76 jmc 288: .\"It is possible to have addresses displayed numerically,
289: .\"limit the display to a set of ports, hosts, and/or protocols
290: .\"(the minimum unambiguous prefix may be supplied):
291: .\".Bl -tag -width Ar
292: .\".It Cm all
293: .\"Toggle the displaying of server processes awaiting requests (this
294: .\"is the equivalent of the
295: .\".Fl a
296: .\"flag to
297: .\".Xr netstat 1 ) .
298: .\".It Cm display Op Ar items
299: .\"Display information about the connections associated with the
300: .\"specified hosts or ports.
301: .\"As for
302: .\".Ar ignore ,
303: .\".Ar items
304: .\"may be names or numbers.
305: .\".It Cm ignore Op Ar items
306: .\"Do not display information about connections associated with
307: .\"the specified hosts or ports.
308: .\"Hosts and ports may be specified
309: .\"by name
310: .\".Pf ( Dq vangogh ,
311: .\".Dq ftp ) ,
312: .\"or numerically.
313: .\"Host addresses
314: .\"use the Internet dot notation
315: .\".Pq Dq 128.32.0.9 .
316: .\"Multiple items
317: .\"may be specified with a single command by separating them with
318: .\"spaces.
319: .\".It Cm names
320: .\"Display network addresses symbolically.
321: .\".It Cm numbers
322: .\"Display network addresses numerically.
323: .\".It Cm reset
324: .\"Reset the port, host, and protocol matching mechanisms to the default
325: .\"(any protocol, port, or host).
326: .\".It Cm show Oo
327: .\".Ar protocols \*(Ba ports \*(Ba hosts
328: .\".Oc
329: .\"Show, on the command line, the currently selected protocols,
330: .\"hosts, and ports.
331: .\"Protocols, hosts and ports which are being ignored are prefixed with a
332: .\".Ql \&! .
333: .\"If an argument is supplied to
334: .\".Cm show ,
335: .\"then only the requested information will be displayed.
336: .\".It Cm tcp \*(Ba udp \*(Ba all
337: .\"Display only network connections using the indicated protocol.
338: .\".El
1.79 jasper 339: .It Ic nfsclient
1.80 jmc 340: Display statistics about NFS client activity.
1.84 jmc 341: Output resembles
1.79 jasper 342: .Cm nfsstat Fl c .
343: .It Ic nfsserver
1.80 jmc 344: Display statistics about NFS server activity.
1.84 jmc 345: Output resembles
1.79 jasper 346: .Cm nfsstat Fl s .
1.62 matthieu 347: .It Ic pf
1.64 jmc 348: Display filter information about
1.62 matthieu 349: .Xr pf 4 ,
350: similar to the output of
1.64 jmc 351: .Cm pfctl Fl s Cm info
1.62 matthieu 352: option.
1.1 deraadt 353: .It Ic pigs
1.73 jmc 354: Display those processes resident in main
1.1 deraadt 355: memory and getting the
1.73 jmc 356: largest portion of the processor.
1.1 deraadt 357: When less than 100% of the
358: processor is scheduled to user processes, the remaining time
1.13 aaron 359: is accounted to the
360: .Dq idle
361: process.
1.68 canacar 362: .It Ic pool
363: Display kernel
364: .Xr pool 9
365: statistics similar to the output of
366: .Cm vmstat Fl m .
1.69 canacar 367: Available orderings are:
1.75 canacar 368: .Ic name ,
369: .Ic requests ,
1.76 jmc 370: .Ic size ,
1.69 canacar 371: and
1.75 canacar 372: .Ic number of pages .
1.62 matthieu 373: .It Ic queues
1.64 jmc 374: Display statistics about the active
375: .Xr altq 9
376: queues, similar to the output of
1.62 matthieu 377: .Cm pfctl Fl s Cm queue .
378: .It Ic rules
1.64 jmc 379: Display pf rules statistics, similar to the output of
1.62 matthieu 380: .Cm pfctl Fl s Cm rules .
1.52 jmc 381: .It Ic sensors
1.73 jmc 382: Display the current values of available hardware sensors,
1.52 jmc 383: in a format similar to that of
384: .Xr sysctl 8 .
1.62 matthieu 385: .It Ic states
1.64 jmc 386: Display pf states statistics, similar to the output of
1.62 matthieu 387: .Cm pfctl Fl s Cm states .
1.69 canacar 388: Available orderings are:
389: .Ic none ,
390: .Ic bytes ,
391: .Ic expiry ,
392: .Ic packets ,
393: .Ic age ,
394: .Ic source address ,
395: .Ic source port ,
396: .Ic destination address ,
397: .Ic destination port ,
398: .Ic rate ,
399: and
400: .Ic peak
401: columns.
1.1 deraadt 402: .It Ic swap
1.12 aaron 403: Show information about swap space usage on all the
1.1 deraadt 404: swap areas compiled into the kernel.
405: The first column is the device name of the partition.
406: The next column is the total space available in the partition.
1.12 aaron 407: The
1.1 deraadt 408: .Ar Used
409: column indicates the total blocks used so far;
410: the graph shows the percentage of space in use on each partition.
1.8 aaron 411: If there is more than one swap partition in use,
1.1 deraadt 412: a total line is also shown.
1.8 aaron 413: Areas known to the kernel but not in use are shown as not available.
1.1 deraadt 414: .It Ic vmstat
415: Take over the entire display and show a (rather crowded) compendium
416: of statistics related to virtual memory usage, process scheduling,
1.84 jmc 417: device interrupts, system name translation caching, disk I/O, etc.
1.73 jmc 418: This view is the default.
1.1 deraadt 419: .Pp
1.86 lum 420: Below the top line are statistics on memory utilization.
1.1 deraadt 421: The first row of the table reports memory usage only among
1.8 aaron 422: active processes, that is, processes that have run in the previous
1.1 deraadt 423: twenty seconds.
424: The second row reports on memory usage of all processes.
1.47 millert 425: The first column reports on the amount of physical memory
1.1 deraadt 426: claimed by processes.
1.29 jmc 427: The second column reports the same figure for
1.47 millert 428: virtual memory, that is, the amount of memory that would be
429: needed if all processes were resident at the same time.
430: Finally, the last column shows the amount of physical memory
1.1 deraadt 431: on the free list.
432: .Pp
1.5 flipk 433: Below the memory display is a list of the average number of processes
1.13 aaron 434: (over the last refresh interval) that are runnable
435: .Pq Sq r ,
436: in disk wait other than paging
437: .Pq Sq d ,
438: sleeping
439: .Pq Sq s ,
440: and swapped out but desiring to run
441: .Pq Sq w .
1.1 deraadt 442: Below the queue length listing is a numerical listing and
443: a bar graph showing the amount of
1.40 dlg 444: interrupt (shown as
1.63 sobrado 445: .Ql \*(Ba ) ,
1.16 aaron 446: system (shown as
447: .Ql = ) ,
448: user (shown as
1.43 jmc 449: .Ql \*(Gt ) ,
1.16 aaron 450: nice (shown as
451: .Ql - ) ,
452: and idle time (shown as
1.29 jmc 453: .Ql \ \& ) .
1.1 deraadt 454: .Pp
1.12 aaron 455: To the right of the Proc display are statistics about
1.16 aaron 456: Context switches
457: .Pq Dq Csw ,
458: Traps
459: .Pq Dq Trp ,
460: Syscalls
461: .Pq Dq Sys ,
462: Interrupts
463: .Pq Dq Int ,
464: Soft interrupts
465: .Pq Dq Sof ,
466: and Faults
467: .Pq Dq Flt
1.7 deraadt 468: which have occurred during the last refresh interval.
1.5 flipk 469: .Pp
1.83 jmc 470: Below the CPU usage graph are statistics on name translations.
1.1 deraadt 471: It lists the number of names translated in the previous interval,
472: the number and percentage of the translations that were
473: handled by the system wide name translation cache, and
474: the number and percentage of the translations that were
475: handled by the per process name translation cache.
476: .Pp
1.5 flipk 477: At the bottom left is the disk usage display.
478: It reports the number of seeks, transfers, number
479: of kilobyte blocks transferred per second averaged over the
480: refresh period of the display (by default, five seconds), and
481: the time spent in disk accesses.
482: .Pp
1.1 deraadt 483: Under the date in the upper right hand quadrant are statistics
484: on paging and swapping activity.
485: The first two columns report the average number of pages
486: brought in and out per second over the last refresh interval
487: due to page faults and the paging daemon.
488: The third and fourth columns report the average number of pages
489: brought in and out per second over the last refresh interval
490: due to swap requests initiated by the scheduler.
491: The first row of the display shows the average
1.8 aaron 492: number of disk transfers per second over the last refresh interval.
493: The second row of the display shows the average
1.1 deraadt 494: number of pages transferred per second over the last refresh interval.
495: .Pp
496: Running down the right hand side of the display is a breakdown
497: of the interrupts being handled by the system.
498: At the top of the list is the total interrupts per second
499: over the time interval.
500: The rest of the column breaks down the total on a device
501: by device basis.
502: Only devices that have interrupted at least once since boot time are shown.
1.83 jmc 503: .Pp
504: Below the Interrupts display is a summary of
505: total number of input packets and output packets for all interfaces.
1.5 flipk 506: .Pp
507: Below the SWAPPING display and slightly to the left of the Interrupts
1.18 aaron 508: display is a list of virtual memory statistics.
509: The abbreviations are:
1.36 jmc 510: .Pp
1.38 niallo 511: .Bl -tag -compact -width "kmapentXX" -offset indent
1.21 deraadt 512: .It forks
513: process forks
514: .It fkppw
515: forks where parent waits
516: .It fksvm
517: forks where vmspace is shared
518: .It pwait
519: fault had to wait on a page
520: .It relck
521: fault relock called
522: .It rlkok
523: fault relock is successful
524: .It noram
525: faults out of ram
526: .It ndcpy
527: number of times fault clears "need copy"
528: .It fltcp
529: number of times fault promotes with copy
530: .It zfod
531: fault promotes with zerofill
1.5 flipk 532: .It cow
1.21 deraadt 533: number of times fault anon cow
534: .It fmin
535: min number of free pages
536: .It ftarg
537: target number of free pages
538: .It itarg
539: target number of inactive pages
540: .It wired
541: wired pages
1.25 deraadt 542: .It pdfre
1.21 deraadt 543: pages daemon freed since boot
544: .It pdscn
545: pages daemon scanned since boot
1.38 niallo 546: .It pzidle
547: number of zeroed pages
548: .It kmapent
549: number of kernel map entries
1.5 flipk 550: .El
551: .Pp
1.13 aaron 552: The
553: .Ql %zfod
554: value is more interesting when observed over a long
1.76 jmc 555: period, such as from boot time.
556: .\"(see the
557: .\".Cm boot
558: .\"option below).
1.35 markus 559: .El
1.74 jmc 560: .\".Pp
561: .\"The following commands are specific to the
562: .\".Ic vmstat
563: .\"and
564: .\".Ic ifstat
565: .\"views; the minimum unambiguous prefix may be supplied.
566: .\".Pp
567: .\".Bl -tag -width Ds -compact
568: .\".It Cm boot
569: .\"Display cumulative statistics since the system was booted.
570: .\".It Cm run
571: .\"Display statistics as a running total from the point this
572: .\"command is given.
573: .\".It Cm time
574: .\"Display statistics averaged over the refresh interval (the default).
575: .\".It Cm zero
576: .\"Reset running statistics to zero.
577: .\".El
578: .\".Pp
579: .\"The following commands are common to each view which shows
580: .\"information about disk drives.
581: .\"These commands are used to select a set of drives to report on,
582: .\"should a system have more drives configured
583: .\"than can normally be displayed on the screen.
584: .\".Pp
585: .\".Bl -tag -width Tx -compact
586: .\".It Cm display Op Ar drives
587: .\"Display information about the drives indicated.
588: .\"Multiple drives may be specified, separated by spaces.
589: .\".It Cm ignore Op Ar drives
590: .\"Do not display information about the drives indicated.
591: .\"Multiple drives may be specified, separated by spaces.
592: .\".El
1.1 deraadt 593: .Sh FILES
1.73 jmc 594: .Bl -tag -width "/etc/networksXXX" -compact
1.1 deraadt 595: .It Pa /etc/hosts
1.73 jmc 596: Host names.
1.1 deraadt 597: .It Pa /etc/networks
1.73 jmc 598: Network names.
1.62 matthieu 599: .It Pa /etc/pf.conf
1.73 jmc 600: .Xr pf 4
601: configuration.
1.1 deraadt 602: .It Pa /etc/services
1.73 jmc 603: Port names.
1.1 deraadt 604: .El
1.15 aaron 605: .Sh SEE ALSO
1.85 jmc 606: .Xr fstat 1 ,
1.15 aaron 607: .Xr kill 1 ,
1.37 jmc 608: .Xr netstat 1 ,
1.79 jasper 609: .Xr nfsstat 1 ,
1.15 aaron 610: .Xr ps 1 ,
611: .Xr top 1 ,
1.37 jmc 612: .Xr iostat 8 ,
1.62 matthieu 613: .Xr pfctl 8 ,
1.37 jmc 614: .Xr pstat 8 ,
615: .Xr renice 8 ,
1.48 deanna 616: .Xr sysctl 8 ,
1.37 jmc 617: .Xr vmstat 8
1.1 deraadt 618: .Sh HISTORY
619: The
1.13 aaron 620: .Nm
1.73 jmc 621: program first appeared in
1.1 deraadt 622: .Bx 4.3 .
623: .Sh BUGS
624: Certain displays presume a minimum of 80 characters per line.
625: The
626: .Ic vmstat
627: display looks out of place because it is (it was added in as
628: a separate display rather than created as a new program).