Annotation of src/usr.bin/tr/tr.1, Revision 1.21
1.21 ! millert 1: .\" $OpenBSD: tr.1,v 1.20 2013/08/14 08:39:27 jmc Exp $
1.1 deraadt 2: .\" $NetBSD: tr.1,v 1.5 1994/12/07 08:35:13 jtc Exp $
3: .\"
4: .\" Copyright (c) 1991, 1993
5: .\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved.
6: .\"
7: .\" This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
8: .\" the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.
9: .\"
10: .\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
11: .\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
12: .\" are met:
13: .\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
14: .\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
15: .\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
16: .\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
17: .\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
1.8 millert 18: .\" 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
1.1 deraadt 19: .\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
20: .\" without specific prior written permission.
21: .\"
22: .\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
23: .\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
24: .\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
25: .\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
26: .\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
27: .\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
28: .\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
29: .\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
30: .\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
31: .\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
32: .\" SUCH DAMAGE.
33: .\"
34: .\" @(#)tr.1 8.1 (Berkeley) 6/6/93
35: .\"
1.21 ! millert 36: .Dd $Mdocdate: August 14 2013 $
1.1 deraadt 37: .Dt TR 1
38: .Os
39: .Sh NAME
40: .Nm tr
41: .Nd translate characters
42: .Sh SYNOPSIS
43: .Nm tr
1.21 ! millert 44: .Op Fl Ccs
1.1 deraadt 45: .Ar string1 string2
46: .Nm tr
1.21 ! millert 47: .Op Fl Cc
1.1 deraadt 48: .Fl d
49: .Ar string1
50: .Nm tr
1.21 ! millert 51: .Op Fl Cc
1.1 deraadt 52: .Fl s
53: .Ar string1
54: .Nm tr
1.21 ! millert 55: .Op Fl Cc
1.1 deraadt 56: .Fl ds
57: .Ar string1 string2
58: .Sh DESCRIPTION
59: The
1.6 aaron 60: .Nm
1.1 deraadt 61: utility copies the standard input to the standard output with substitution
62: or deletion of selected characters.
63: .Pp
1.5 aaron 64: The options are as follows:
1.1 deraadt 65: .Bl -tag -width Ds
1.21 ! millert 66: .It Fl C
1.1 deraadt 67: Complements the set of characters in
1.4 pjanzen 68: .Ar string1 ;
69: for instance,
1.21 ! millert 70: .Dq -C\ ab
1.4 pjanzen 71: includes every character except for
72: .Dq a
73: and
74: .Dq b .
1.21 ! millert 75: .It Fl c
! 76: The same as
! 77: .Fl C .
1.1 deraadt 78: .It Fl d
79: The
80: .Fl d
81: option causes characters to be deleted from the input.
82: .It Fl s
83: The
84: .Fl s
85: option squeezes multiple occurrences of the characters listed in the last
86: operand (either
87: .Ar string1
88: or
89: .Ar string2 )
90: in the input into a single instance of the character.
91: This occurs after all deletion and translation is completed.
92: .El
93: .Pp
94: In the first synopsis form, the characters in
95: .Ar string1
96: are translated into the characters in
97: .Ar string2
98: where the first character in
99: .Ar string1
100: is translated into the first character in
101: .Ar string2
102: and so on.
103: If
104: .Ar string1
105: is longer than
106: .Ar string2 ,
107: the last character found in
108: .Ar string2
109: is duplicated until
110: .Ar string1
111: is exhausted.
112: .Pp
113: In the second synopsis form, the characters in
114: .Ar string1
115: are deleted from the input.
116: .Pp
117: In the third synopsis form, the characters in
118: .Ar string1
119: are compressed as described for the
120: .Fl s
121: option.
122: .Pp
123: In the fourth synopsis form, the characters in
124: .Ar string1
125: are deleted from the input, and the characters in
126: .Ar string2
127: are compressed as described for the
128: .Fl s
129: option.
130: .Pp
131: The following conventions can be used in
132: .Ar string1
133: and
134: .Ar string2
135: to specify sets of characters:
136: .Bl -tag -width [:equiv:]
137: .It character
138: Any character not described by one of the following conventions
139: represents itself.
140: .It \eoctal
1.4 pjanzen 141: A backslash followed by 1, 2, or 3 octal digits represents a character
1.1 deraadt 142: with that encoded value.
143: To follow an octal sequence with a digit as a character, left zero-pad
144: the octal sequence to the full 3 octal digits.
145: .It \echaracter
146: A backslash followed by certain special characters maps to special
147: values.
1.6 aaron 148: .Pp
1.19 jmc 149: .Bl -tag -width "nn" -offset indent -compact
150: .It \ea
151: <alert character>
152: .It \eb
153: <backspace>
154: .It \ef
155: <form-feed>
156: .It \en
157: <newline>
158: .It \er
159: <carriage return>
160: .It \et
161: <tab>
162: .It \ev
163: <vertical tab>
1.1 deraadt 164: .El
1.6 aaron 165: .Pp
1.1 deraadt 166: A backslash followed by any other character maps to that character.
167: .It c-c
168: Represents the range of characters between the range endpoints, inclusively.
169: .It [:class:]
170: Represents all characters belonging to the defined character class.
171: Class names are:
1.6 aaron 172: .Pp
1.19 jmc 173: .Bl -tag -width "xdigit" -offset indent -compact
174: .It alnum
175: <alphanumeric characters>
176: .It alpha
177: <alphabetic characters>
178: .It blank
179: <blank characters>
180: .It cntrl
181: <control characters>
182: .It digit
183: <numeric characters>
184: .It graph
185: <graphic characters>
186: .It lower
187: <lower-case alphabetic characters>
188: .It print
189: <printable characters>
190: .It punct
191: <punctuation characters>
192: .It space
193: <space characters>
194: .It upper
195: <upper-case characters>
196: .It xdigit
197: <hexadecimal characters>
1.1 deraadt 198: .El
199: .Pp
1.15 deraadt 200: .\" All classes may be used in
201: .\" .Ar string1 ,
202: .\" and in
203: .\" .Ar string2
204: .\" when both the
205: .\" .Fl d
206: .\" and
207: .\" .Fl s
208: .\" options are specified.
209: .\" Otherwise, only the classes ``upper'' and ``lower'' may be used in
210: .\" .Ar string2
211: .\" and then only when the corresponding class (``upper'' for ``lower''
212: .\" and vice-versa) is specified in the same relative position in
213: .\" .Ar string1 .
214: .\" .Pp
1.4 pjanzen 215: With the exception of the
216: .Dq upper
217: and
218: .Dq lower
219: classes, characters
1.1 deraadt 220: in the classes are in unspecified order.
1.4 pjanzen 221: In the
222: .Dq upper
223: and
224: .Dq lower
225: classes, characters are entered in
1.1 deraadt 226: ascending order.
227: .Pp
228: For specific information as to which ASCII characters are included
229: in these classes, see
230: .Xr ctype 3
231: and related manual pages.
232: .It [=equiv=]
233: Represents all characters or collating (sorting) elements belonging to
234: the same equivalence class as
235: .Ar equiv .
236: If
237: there is a secondary ordering within the equivalence class, the characters
238: are ordered in ascending sequence.
1.4 pjanzen 239: Otherwise, they are ordered after their encoded values.
240: An example of an equivalence class might be
241: .Dq c
242: and
243: .Dq ch
244: in Spanish;
1.1 deraadt 245: English has no equivalence classes.
246: .It [#*n]
247: Represents
248: .Ar n
249: repeated occurrences of the character represented by
250: .Ar # .
251: This
252: expression is only valid when it occurs in
253: .Ar string2 .
254: If
255: .Ar n
1.18 jmc 256: is omitted or is zero, it is interpreted as large enough to extend the
1.1 deraadt 257: .Ar string2
258: sequence to the length of
259: .Ar string1 .
260: If
261: .Ar n
1.4 pjanzen 262: has a leading zero, it is interpreted as an octal value; otherwise,
1.1 deraadt 263: it's interpreted as a decimal value.
264: .El
1.17 jmc 265: .Sh EXIT STATUS
1.12 sobrado 266: .Ex -std tr
1.1 deraadt 267: .Sh EXAMPLES
268: The following examples are shown as given to the shell:
1.6 aaron 269: .Pp
1.1 deraadt 270: Create a list of the words in file1, one per line, where a word is taken to
271: be a maximal string of letters.
1.6 aaron 272: .Pp
1.7 deraadt 273: .D1 Li "$ tr -cs \*q[:alpha:]\*q \*q\en\*q < file1"
1.6 aaron 274: .Pp
1.1 deraadt 275: Translate the contents of file1 to upper-case.
1.6 aaron 276: .Pp
1.7 deraadt 277: .D1 Li "$ tr \*q[:lower:]\*q \*q[:upper:]\*q < file1"
1.6 aaron 278: .Pp
1.1 deraadt 279: Strip out non-printable characters from file1.
1.6 aaron 280: .Pp
1.7 deraadt 281: .D1 Li "$ tr -cd \*q[:print:]\*q < file1"
1.6 aaron 282: .Sh SEE ALSO
283: .Xr sed 1
1.9 jmc 284: .Sh STANDARDS
1.10 jmc 285: The
286: .Nm
287: utility is compliant with the
1.13 jmc 288: .St -p1003.1-2008
1.21 ! millert 289: specification,
! 290: except that the
! 291: .Fl C
! 292: option behaves the same as the
! 293: .Fl c
! 294: option since
! 295: .Nm
! 296: is not locale-aware.
1.10 jmc 297: .Pp
1.1 deraadt 298: System V has historically implemented character ranges using the syntax
1.4 pjanzen 299: .Dq [c-c]
300: instead of the
301: .Dq c-c
1.20 jmc 302: used by historic
303: .Bx
304: implementations and
1.1 deraadt 305: standardized by POSIX.
306: System V shell scripts should work under this implementation as long as
1.6 aaron 307: the range is intended to map in another range, i.e., the command
1.4 pjanzen 308: .Dq tr\ [a-z]\ [A-Z]
309: will work as it will map the
1.16 schwarze 310: .Dq \&[
1.4 pjanzen 311: character in
312: .Ar string1
313: to the
1.16 schwarze 314: .Dq \&[
1.4 pjanzen 315: character in
1.3 aaron 316: .Ar string2 .
1.1 deraadt 317: However, if the shell script is deleting or squeezing characters as in
1.4 pjanzen 318: the command
319: .Dq tr\ -d\ [a-z] ,
320: the characters
1.16 schwarze 321: .Dq \&[
1.4 pjanzen 322: and
323: .Dq \]
324: will be
325: included in the deletion or compression list, which would not have happened
1.1 deraadt 326: under an historic System V implementation.
1.4 pjanzen 327: Additionally, any scripts that depended on the sequence
328: .Dq a-z
329: to represent the three characters
330: .Dq a ,
331: .Dq - ,
332: and
333: .Dq z
334: will have to be rewritten as
335: .Dq a\e-z .
1.1 deraadt 336: .Pp
337: The
1.6 aaron 338: .Nm
1.1 deraadt 339: utility has historically not permitted the manipulation of NUL bytes in
1.4 pjanzen 340: its input and, additionally, has stripped NUL's from its input stream.
1.1 deraadt 341: This implementation has removed this behavior as a bug.
342: .Pp
343: The
1.6 aaron 344: .Nm
1.4 pjanzen 345: utility has historically been extremely forgiving of syntax errors:
1.1 deraadt 346: for example, the
347: .Fl c
348: and
349: .Fl s
350: options were ignored unless two strings were specified.
351: This implementation will not permit illegal syntax.
1.9 jmc 352: .Pp
1.1 deraadt 353: It should be noted that the feature wherein the last character of
354: .Ar string2
355: is duplicated if
356: .Ar string2
357: has less characters than
358: .Ar string1
359: is permitted by POSIX but is not required.
360: Shell scripts attempting to be portable to other POSIX systems should use
1.4 pjanzen 361: the
362: .Dq [#*]
363: convention instead of relying on this behavior.
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