Annotation of src/usr.bin/tr/tr.1, Revision 1.8
1.8 ! millert 1: .\" $OpenBSD: tr.1,v 1.7 2002/11/14 02:57:28 deraadt Exp $
1.1 deraadt 2: .\" $NetBSD: tr.1,v 1.5 1994/12/07 08:35:13 jtc Exp $
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5: .\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved.
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7: .\" This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
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1.1 deraadt 19: .\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
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34: .\" @(#)tr.1 8.1 (Berkeley) 6/6/93
35: .\"
36: .Dd June 6, 1993
37: .Dt TR 1
38: .Os
39: .Sh NAME
40: .Nm tr
41: .Nd translate characters
42: .Sh SYNOPSIS
43: .Nm tr
44: .Op Fl cs
45: .Ar string1 string2
46: .Nm tr
47: .Op Fl c
48: .Fl d
49: .Ar string1
50: .Nm tr
51: .Op Fl c
52: .Fl s
53: .Ar string1
54: .Nm tr
55: .Op Fl c
56: .Fl ds
57: .Ar string1 string2
58: .Sh DESCRIPTION
59: The
1.6 aaron 60: .Nm
1.1 deraadt 61: utility copies the standard input to the standard output with substitution
62: or deletion of selected characters.
63: .Pp
1.5 aaron 64: The options are as follows:
1.1 deraadt 65: .Bl -tag -width Ds
66: .It Fl c
67: Complements the set of characters in
1.4 pjanzen 68: .Ar string1 ;
69: for instance,
70: .Dq -c\ ab
71: includes every character except for
72: .Dq a
73: and
74: .Dq b .
1.1 deraadt 75: .It Fl d
76: The
77: .Fl d
78: option causes characters to be deleted from the input.
79: .It Fl s
80: The
81: .Fl s
82: option squeezes multiple occurrences of the characters listed in the last
83: operand (either
84: .Ar string1
85: or
86: .Ar string2 )
87: in the input into a single instance of the character.
88: This occurs after all deletion and translation is completed.
89: .El
90: .Pp
91: In the first synopsis form, the characters in
92: .Ar string1
93: are translated into the characters in
94: .Ar string2
95: where the first character in
96: .Ar string1
97: is translated into the first character in
98: .Ar string2
99: and so on.
100: If
101: .Ar string1
102: is longer than
103: .Ar string2 ,
104: the last character found in
105: .Ar string2
106: is duplicated until
107: .Ar string1
108: is exhausted.
109: .Pp
110: In the second synopsis form, the characters in
111: .Ar string1
112: are deleted from the input.
113: .Pp
114: In the third synopsis form, the characters in
115: .Ar string1
116: are compressed as described for the
117: .Fl s
118: option.
119: .Pp
120: In the fourth synopsis form, the characters in
121: .Ar string1
122: are deleted from the input, and the characters in
123: .Ar string2
124: are compressed as described for the
125: .Fl s
126: option.
127: .Pp
128: The following conventions can be used in
129: .Ar string1
130: and
131: .Ar string2
132: to specify sets of characters:
133: .Bl -tag -width [:equiv:]
134: .It character
135: Any character not described by one of the following conventions
136: represents itself.
137: .It \eoctal
1.4 pjanzen 138: A backslash followed by 1, 2, or 3 octal digits represents a character
1.1 deraadt 139: with that encoded value.
140: To follow an octal sequence with a digit as a character, left zero-pad
141: the octal sequence to the full 3 octal digits.
142: .It \echaracter
143: A backslash followed by certain special characters maps to special
144: values.
1.6 aaron 145: .Pp
1.1 deraadt 146: .Bl -column
147: .It \ea <alert character>
148: .It \eb <backspace>
149: .It \ef <form-feed>
150: .It \en <newline>
151: .It \er <carriage return>
152: .It \et <tab>
153: .It \ev <vertical tab>
154: .El
1.6 aaron 155: .Pp
1.1 deraadt 156: A backslash followed by any other character maps to that character.
157: .It c-c
158: Represents the range of characters between the range endpoints, inclusively.
159: .It [:class:]
160: Represents all characters belonging to the defined character class.
161: Class names are:
1.6 aaron 162: .Pp
1.1 deraadt 163: .Bl -column
164: .It alnum <alphanumeric characters>
165: .It alpha <alphabetic characters>
166: .It blank <blank characters>
167: .It cntrl <control characters>
168: .It digit <numeric characters>
169: .It graph <graphic characters>
170: .It lower <lower-case alphabetic characters>
171: .It print <printable characters>
172: .It punct <punctuation characters>
173: .It space <space characters>
174: .It upper <upper-case characters>
175: .It xdigit <hexadecimal characters>
176: .El
177: .Pp
178: \." All classes may be used in
179: \." .Ar string1 ,
180: \." and in
181: \." .Ar string2
182: \." when both the
183: \." .Fl d
184: \." and
185: \." .Fl s
186: \." options are specified.
187: \." Otherwise, only the classes ``upper'' and ``lower'' may be used in
188: \." .Ar string2
189: \." and then only when the corresponding class (``upper'' for ``lower''
190: \." and vice-versa) is specified in the same relative position in
191: \." .Ar string1 .
192: \." .Pp
1.4 pjanzen 193: With the exception of the
194: .Dq upper
195: and
196: .Dq lower
197: classes, characters
1.1 deraadt 198: in the classes are in unspecified order.
1.4 pjanzen 199: In the
200: .Dq upper
201: and
202: .Dq lower
203: classes, characters are entered in
1.1 deraadt 204: ascending order.
205: .Pp
206: For specific information as to which ASCII characters are included
207: in these classes, see
208: .Xr ctype 3
209: and related manual pages.
210: .It [=equiv=]
211: Represents all characters or collating (sorting) elements belonging to
212: the same equivalence class as
213: .Ar equiv .
214: If
215: there is a secondary ordering within the equivalence class, the characters
216: are ordered in ascending sequence.
1.4 pjanzen 217: Otherwise, they are ordered after their encoded values.
218: An example of an equivalence class might be
219: .Dq c
220: and
221: .Dq ch
222: in Spanish;
1.1 deraadt 223: English has no equivalence classes.
224: .It [#*n]
225: Represents
226: .Ar n
227: repeated occurrences of the character represented by
228: .Ar # .
229: This
230: expression is only valid when it occurs in
231: .Ar string2 .
232: If
233: .Ar n
234: is omitted or is zero, it is be interpreted as large enough to extend
235: .Ar string2
236: sequence to the length of
237: .Ar string1 .
238: If
239: .Ar n
1.4 pjanzen 240: has a leading zero, it is interpreted as an octal value; otherwise,
1.1 deraadt 241: it's interpreted as a decimal value.
242: .El
243: .Pp
244: The
1.6 aaron 245: .Nm
1.3 aaron 246: utility exits 0 on success or >0 if an error occurred.
1.1 deraadt 247: .Sh EXAMPLES
248: The following examples are shown as given to the shell:
1.6 aaron 249: .Pp
1.1 deraadt 250: Create a list of the words in file1, one per line, where a word is taken to
251: be a maximal string of letters.
1.6 aaron 252: .Pp
1.7 deraadt 253: .D1 Li "$ tr -cs \*q[:alpha:]\*q \*q\en\*q < file1"
1.6 aaron 254: .Pp
1.1 deraadt 255: Translate the contents of file1 to upper-case.
1.6 aaron 256: .Pp
1.7 deraadt 257: .D1 Li "$ tr \*q[:lower:]\*q \*q[:upper:]\*q < file1"
1.6 aaron 258: .Pp
1.1 deraadt 259: Strip out non-printable characters from file1.
1.6 aaron 260: .Pp
1.7 deraadt 261: .D1 Li "$ tr -cd \*q[:print:]\*q < file1"
1.6 aaron 262: .Sh SEE ALSO
263: .Xr sed 1
1.1 deraadt 264: .Sh COMPATIBILITY
265: System V has historically implemented character ranges using the syntax
1.4 pjanzen 266: .Dq [c-c]
267: instead of the
268: .Dq c-c
269: used by historic BSD implementations and
1.1 deraadt 270: standardized by POSIX.
271: System V shell scripts should work under this implementation as long as
1.6 aaron 272: the range is intended to map in another range, i.e., the command
1.4 pjanzen 273: .Dq tr\ [a-z]\ [A-Z]
274: will work as it will map the
275: .Dq [
276: character in
277: .Ar string1
278: to the
279: .Dq [
280: character in
1.3 aaron 281: .Ar string2 .
1.1 deraadt 282: However, if the shell script is deleting or squeezing characters as in
1.4 pjanzen 283: the command
284: .Dq tr\ -d\ [a-z] ,
285: the characters
286: .Dq [
287: and
288: .Dq \]
289: will be
290: included in the deletion or compression list, which would not have happened
1.1 deraadt 291: under an historic System V implementation.
1.4 pjanzen 292: Additionally, any scripts that depended on the sequence
293: .Dq a-z
294: to represent the three characters
295: .Dq a ,
296: .Dq - ,
297: and
298: .Dq z
299: will have to be rewritten as
300: .Dq a\e-z .
1.1 deraadt 301: .Pp
302: The
1.6 aaron 303: .Nm
1.1 deraadt 304: utility has historically not permitted the manipulation of NUL bytes in
1.4 pjanzen 305: its input and, additionally, has stripped NUL's from its input stream.
1.1 deraadt 306: This implementation has removed this behavior as a bug.
307: .Pp
308: The
1.6 aaron 309: .Nm
1.4 pjanzen 310: utility has historically been extremely forgiving of syntax errors:
1.1 deraadt 311: for example, the
312: .Fl c
313: and
314: .Fl s
315: options were ignored unless two strings were specified.
316: This implementation will not permit illegal syntax.
317: .Sh STANDARDS
318: The
1.6 aaron 319: .Nm
1.1 deraadt 320: utility is expected to be
321: .St -p1003.2
322: compatible.
323: It should be noted that the feature wherein the last character of
324: .Ar string2
325: is duplicated if
326: .Ar string2
327: has less characters than
328: .Ar string1
329: is permitted by POSIX but is not required.
330: Shell scripts attempting to be portable to other POSIX systems should use
1.4 pjanzen 331: the
332: .Dq [#*]
333: convention instead of relying on this behavior.
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