Annotation of src/usr.bin/units/units.lib, Revision 1.14
1.14 ! jmc 1: / $OpenBSD: units.lib,v 1.13 2011/09/30 16:21:00 jmc Exp $
1.2 deraadt 2: / $NetBSD: units.lib,v 1.3 1996/04/06 06:01:04 thorpej Exp $
1.1 deraadt 3:
4: / primitive units
5:
6: m !a!
7: kg !b!
8: sec !c!
9: coul !d!
10: candela !e!
11: dollar !f!
12: bit !h!
13: erlang !i!
14: K !j!
15:
16: / prefixes
17:
18: yotta- 1e24
19: zetta- 1e21
20: exa- 1e18
21: peta- 1e15
22: tera- 1e12
23: giga- 1e9
24: mega- 1e6
25: myria- 1e4
26: kilo- 1e3
27: hecto- 1e2
28: deka- 1e1
1.6 pjanzen 29: deca- deka
1.1 deraadt 30: deci- 1e-1
31: centi- 1e-2
32: milli- 1e-3
33: micro- 1e-6
34: nano- 1e-9
35: pico- 1e-12
36: femto- 1e-15
37: atto- 1e-18
38: zopto- 1e-21
1.6 pjanzen 39: zepto- zopto
1.1 deraadt 40: yocto- 1e-24
41:
42: semi- .5
43: demi- .5
44:
45: Y- yotta
46: Z- zetta
47: E- exa
48: P- peta
49: T- tera
50: G- giga
51: M- mega
52: k- kilo
53: h- hecto
54: da- deka
55: d- deci
56: c- centi
57: m- milli
58: p- pico
1.4 pjanzen 59: n- nano
1.1 deraadt 60: f- femto
61: a- atto
62: z- zopto
63: y- yocto
64:
65: / constants
66:
67: fuzz 1
68: pi 3.14159265358979323846
1.4 pjanzen 69: c 2.99792458e+8 m/sec
1.1 deraadt 70: g 9.80665 m/sec2
1.7 pjanzen 71: bigG 6.67390e-11 m3/kg/s2
1.4 pjanzen 72: AU 1.49597870e+11 m fuzz
73: au AU
74: mole 6.0221367e+23 fuzz
75: e 1.60217733e-19 coul fuzz
76: / Next two to be multiplied by mass
1.1 deraadt 77: energy c2
78: force g
1.4 pjanzen 79: mercury 1.3332239e+5 kg/m2-sec2
1.1 deraadt 80: hg mercury
1.4 pjanzen 81: mmHg 0.001 m hg
82:
83: mu 4.e-7 pi-N/A2
84: epsilon 1.0 /mu/c2
85: alpha 0.5 mu-c-e2/planck
86: planck 6.6260755e-34 joule-sec
87: hbar 0.5 planck/pi
88: electronmass 9.1093897e-31 kg
89: protonmass 1.6726231e-27 kg
90: neutronmass 1.6749286e-27 kg
91:
1.1 deraadt 92:
93: / dimensionless
94:
95: radian .5 / pi
96: degree 1|180 pi-radian
97: circle 2 pi-radian
98: turn 2 pi-radian
1.4 pjanzen 99: revolution turn
1.1 deraadt 100: rev turn
101: grade .9 degree
102: arcdeg 1 degree
103: arcmin 1|60 arcdeg
104: ccs 1|36 erlang
105: arcsec 1|60 arcmin
106:
107: steradian radian2
108: sphere 4 pi-steradian
109: sr steradian
110:
111: / Time
112:
113: second sec
114: s sec
115: minute 60 sec
116: min minute
117: hour 60 min
118: hr hour
119: day 24 hr
120: da day
121: week 7 day
1.4 pjanzen 122: year 3.15569259747e7 sec fuzz
1.1 deraadt 123: yr year
124: month 1|12 year
125: ms millisec
126: us microsec
127:
128: / Mass
129:
130: gram millikg
131: gm gram
132: mg milligram
133: metricton kilokg
134:
135: / Avoirdupois
136:
137: lb .45359237 kg
138: pound lb
139: lbf lb g
140: ounce 1|16 lb
141: oz ounce
142: dram 1|16 oz
143: dr dram
144: grain 1|7000 lb
145: gr grain
146: shortton 2000 lb
147: ton shortton
148: longton 2240 lb
149:
150: / Apothecary
151:
152: scruple 20 grain
153: apdram 60 grain
154: apounce 480 grain
155: appound 5760 grain
156: troypound appound
157:
158: / Length
159:
160: meter m
161: micron micrometer
162: angstrom decinanometer
1.4 pjanzen 163: ao 0.25 alpha/pi/rydbergconst
1.1 deraadt 164:
165: inch 2.54 cm
166: in inch
167: foot 12 in
168: feet foot
169: ft foot
170: yard 3 ft
171: yd yard
172: rod 5.5 yd
173: rd rod
174: mile 5280 ft
175: mi mile
176:
177: british 1200|3937 m/ft
1.4 pjanzen 178: / Assume we do not want the prefix n- with mile
1.1 deraadt 179: nmile 1852 m
180:
181: acre 4840 yd2
1.12 tedu 182:
183: ox acre/day
1.1 deraadt 184:
185: cc cm3
186: liter kilocc
187: ml milliliter
188:
189: / US Liquid
190:
191: gallon 231 in3
192: imperial 1.20095
193: gal gallon
194: quart 1|4 gal
195: qt quart
196: pint 1|2 qt
197: pt pint
198:
199: floz 1|16 pt
200: fldr 1|8 floz
201:
202: / US Dry
203:
204: dry 268.8025 in3/gallon fuzz
205: peck 8 dry-quart
206: pk peck
207: bushel 4 peck
208: bu bushel
209: chaldron 36 bushel
210:
211: / British
212:
213: brgallon 277.420 in3 fuzz
214: brquart 1|4 brgallon
215: brpint 1|2 brquart
216: brfloz 1|20 brpint
217: brpeck 554.84 in3 fuzz
218: brbushel 4 brpeck
219:
1.11 mickey 220: / Russian
221: berkovets 10 pood
222: pood 40 funt
223: funt 0.40951 kg
224: lot 1|32 funt
225: zolotnik 1|3 lot
226: dolya 1|96 zolotnik
227: rumile 7 verst
228: mezhevayaverst 2 verst
229: verst 1066.8 m
230: sazhen 1|500 verst
231: kosayasazhen 1|430.2 verst
232: arshin 1|1500 verst
233: / is not exactly defined
234: ruell 16.54 in
235: liniya 1|10 in
236: vershok 1.75 in
237: pyad 7 in
238: vedro 12.3 liter
239: shtoff 1|10 vedro
240: vinebottle 1|16 vedro
241: vodkabottle 1|20 vedro
242: charka 1|100 vedro
243: shkalik 1|200 vedro
244: desyatina_state 109.3 are
245: desyatina_farmery 0.75 desyatina_state
246: sqverst 104.2 desyatina_state
247: sqarshin 1|21600 desyatina_state
248: sqfoot 1|117600 desyatina_state
249:
250:
1.1 deraadt 251: / Energy Work
252:
253: newton kg-m/sec2
254: nt newton
255: N newton
256: joule nt-m
1.4 pjanzen 257: J joule
1.1 deraadt 258: cal 4.1868 joule
259:
260: / Electrical
261:
262: coulomb coul
263: C coul
264: ampere coul/sec
265: amp ampere
1.4 pjanzen 266: A amp
1.1 deraadt 267: watt joule/sec
1.4 pjanzen 268: W watt
1.1 deraadt 269: volt watt/amp
270: ohm volt/amp
271: mho /ohm
272: farad coul/volt
1.4 pjanzen 273: F farad
1.1 deraadt 274: henry sec2/farad
1.4 pjanzen 275: H henry
1.1 deraadt 276: weber volt-sec
1.4 pjanzen 277: Wb weber
1.1 deraadt 278:
279: / Light
280:
281: cd candela
282: lumen cd sr
283: lux cd sr/m2
284:
1.10 pjanzen 285: / http://www.federalreserve.gov/releases/h10/update/ as of May 30, 2002
286: / with rounding
1.1 deraadt 287:
288: $ dollar
1.10 pjanzen 289: australiadollar .5645 $
290: brazilreal .3981 $
291: canadadollar .652 $
1.13 jmc 292: chinayuan .1208 $
1.10 pjanzen 293: denmarkkrone .126 $
1.13 jmc 294: euro 0.937 $
1.1 deraadt 295: hongkongdollar .13 $
1.10 pjanzen 296: indiarupee .0204 $
297: japanyen .0081 $
298: malaysiaringgit .263 $
299: mexicopeso .103 $
300: newzealanddollar .477 $
301: norwaykrone .126 $
302: singaporedollar .560 $
303: southafricarand .103 $
304: southkoreawon .00082 $
305: srilankarupee .0104 $
306: swedenkrona .1029 $
307: switzerlandfranc .64 $
308: taiwandollar .0294 $
309: thailandbaht .02357 $
1.13 jmc 310: unitedkingdompound 1.4655 $
1.10 pjanzen 311: venezuelabolivar .00086 $
312:
313: / Wall Street Journal, May 30 2002
314:
315: / argentinapeso $ XXX not stable
316: bahraindinar 2.6525 $
317: chilepeso .0015 $
318: colombiapeso .000430 $
319: czechkoruna .0306 $
320: hungaryforint .00384 $
321: indonesiarupiah .000113 $
322: israelshekel .202 $
1.4 pjanzen 323: jordandinar 1.41 $
1.10 pjanzen 324: kuwaitdinar 3.28 $
325: lebanonpound .000661 $
326: maltalira 2.28 $
327: pakistanrupee .0167 $
328: perunewsol .288 $
329: philippinespeso .0200 $
330: polandzloty .248 $
1.4 pjanzen 331: saudiarabiariyal .2666 $
1.10 pjanzen 332: slovakkoruna .0214 $
333: turkeylira .00000070 $
1.1 deraadt 334: unitedarabdirham .2723 $
1.10 pjanzen 335: uruguaypeso .0599 $
1.5 pjanzen 336:
337: / EMU currencies have constant exchange rate against Euro since 1.1.1999
338: austriaschilling 1|13.7603 euro
339: belgiumfranc 1|40.3399 euro
340: finlandmarkka 1|5.94573 euro
341: francefranc 1|6.55957 euro
342: germanymark 1|1.95583 euro
1.10 pjanzen 343: greecedrachma 1|340.750 euro
1.5 pjanzen 344: irelandpunt 1|0.787564 euro
345: italylira 1|1936.27 euro
1.10 pjanzen 346: luxembourgfranc 1|40.3399 euro
1.6 pjanzen 347: netherlandsguilder 1|2.20371 euro
1.5 pjanzen 348: portugalescudo 1|200.482 euro
349: spainpeseta 1|166.386 euro
1.1 deraadt 350:
1.14 ! jmc 351: chinarenminbi chinayuan
! 352: sucre ecuadorsucre
! 353: markka finlandmarkka
! 354: franc francefranc
1.1 deraadt 355: mark germanymark
1.14 ! jmc 356: drachma greecedrachma
! 357: rupee indiarupee
! 358: lira italylira
! 359: yen japanyen
! 360: peso mexicopeso
1.1 deraadt 361: guilder netherlandsguilder
362: hollandguilder netherlandsguilder
1.14 ! jmc 363: sol perusol
! 364: escudo portugalescudo
! 365: rand southafricarand
! 366: peseta spainpeseta
1.13 jmc 367: poundsterling unitedkingdompound
368: greatbritainpound unitedkingdompound
369: britainpound unitedkingdompound
1.14 ! jmc 370: bolivar venezuelabolivar
1.1 deraadt 371:
1.6 pjanzen 372: / ISO 4217 and then some
373: AED unitedarabdirham
374: ARP argentinapeso
375: ATS austriaschilling
376: AUD australiadollar
377: BEF belgiumfranc
378: BRR brazilreal
379: CAD canadadollar
380: CHF switzerlandfranc
381: CLP chilepeso
382: CNY chinarenminbi
383: COP colombiapeso
384: CSK czechkoruna
385: DEM germanymark
386: DKK denmarkkrone
387: ECS ecuadorsucre
388: EUR euro
389: FIM finlandmarkka
390: FRF francefranc
391: GBP britainpound
392: GRD greecedrachma
393: HKD hongkongdollar
394: HUF hungaryforint
395: IDR indonesiarupiah
396: INR indiarupee
397: ILS israelshekel
398: ITL italylira
399: JOD jordandinar
400: JPY japanyen
401: KRW southkoreawon
402: KWD kuwaitdinar
403: LBP lebanonpound
404: MTL maltalira
405: MXP mexicopeso
406: MYR malaysiaringgit
407: NLG netherlandsguilder
408: NOK norwaykrone
409: NZD newzealanddollar
410: PEN perunewsol
411: PHP philippinespeso
412: PKR pakistanrupee
413: PLZ polandzloty
414: SAR saudiarabiariyal
415: SEK swedenkrona
416: SGD singaporedollar
417: THB thailandbaht
418: TRL turkeylira
419: TWD taiwandollar
420: USD dollar
421: ZAR southafricarand
422:
1.1 deraadt 423: / computer
424:
425: baud bit/sec
426: byte 8 bit
1.6 pjanzen 427: / Not necessarily true on all systems!
428: word 2 byte
1.1 deraadt 429: block 512 byte
430: kbyte 1024 byte
431: megabyte 1024 kbyte
432: gigabyte 1024 megabyte
433: meg megabyte
434:
435: / Trivia
436:
437: % 1|100
1.4 pjanzen 438: abampere 10 ampere
1.1 deraadt 439: admiraltyknot 6080 ft/hr
440: apostilb cd/pi-m2
1.4 pjanzen 441: asb apostilb
1.1 deraadt 442: are 1e+2 m2
443: arpentcan 27.52 mi
444: arpentlin 191.835 ft
1.4 pjanzen 445: astronomicalunit AU
1.1 deraadt 446: atmosphere 1.01325e+5 nt/m2
447: atm atmosphere
1.4 pjanzen 448: atomicmassunit 1.6605402e-27 kg fuzz
1.1 deraadt 449: amu atomicmassunit
450: bag 94 lb
451: bakersdozen 13
452: bar 1e+5 nt/m2
453: barie 1e-1 nt/m2
454: barleycorn 1|3 in
455: barn 1e-28 m2
1.6 pjanzen 456: / oil barrel, nothing else
1.1 deraadt 457: barrel 42 gal
458: barye 1e-1 nt/m2
1.4 pjanzen 459: baryl microbar
1.1 deraadt 460: bev 1e+9 e-volt
461: biot 10 amp
462: blondel cd/pi-m2
463: boardfoot 144 in3
1.6 pjanzen 464: / Defn of bolt is also an area, but depends on type of cloth
1.1 deraadt 465: bolt 40 yd
466: bottommeasure 1|40 in
467: britishthermalunit 1.05506e+3 joule fuzz
468: btu britishthermalunit
469: refrigeration 12000 btu/ton-hour
470: buck dollar
471: cable 720 ft
472: caliber 1e-2 in
473: calorie cal
474: carat 205 mg
475: caratgold 1|24
476: cent centidollar
477: cental 100 lb
478: centesimalminute 1e-2 grade
479: centesimalsecond 1e-4 grade
480: century 100 year
481: cfs ft3/sec
482: chain 66 ft
483: circularinch 1|4 pi-in2
484: circularmil 1e-6|4 pi-in2
485: clusec 1e-8 mm-hg m3/s
486: coomb 4 bu
487: cord 128 ft3
488: cordfoot cord
489: crith 9.06e-2 gm
490: cubit 18 in
491: cup 1|2 pt
492: curie 3.7e+10 /sec
493: dalton amu
494: decade 10 yr
495: dipotre /m
496: displacementton 35 ft3
497: doppelzentner 100 kg
498: dozen 12
499: drop .03 cm3
500: dyne cm-gm/sec2
501: electronvolt e-volt
502: ell 45 in
503: engineerschain 100 ft
504: engineerslink 100|100 ft
505: equivalentfootcandle lumen/pi-ft2
506: equivalentlux lumen/pi-m2
507: equivalentphot cd/pi-cm2
508: erg cm2-gm/sec2
509: ev e-volt
1.4 pjanzen 510: faraday 9.6485309e+4 coul
1.1 deraadt 511: fathom 6 ft
512: fermi 1e-15 m
513: fifth 4|5 qt
514: fin 5 dollar
515: finger 7|8 in
516: firkin 9 gal
517: footcandle lumen/ft2
518: footlambert cd/pi-ft2
519: fortnight 14 da
520: franklin 3.33564e-10 coul
521: frigorie kilocal
522: furlong 220 yd
523: galileo 1e-2 m/sec2
524: gamma 1e-9 weber/m2
525: gauss 1e-4 weber/m2
1.4 pjanzen 526: G gauss
1.1 deraadt 527: geodeticfoot british-ft
528: geographicalmile 1852 m
1.4 pjanzen 529: gilbert 2.5 amp/pi
1.1 deraadt 530: gill 1|4 pt
531: gross 144
532: gunterschain 22 yd
533: hand 4 in
1.4 pjanzen 534: hartree 2 rydberg
1.1 deraadt 535: hectare 1e+4 m2
536: hefnercandle .92 cd
537: hertz /sec
538: Hz hertz
539: hogshead 2 barrel
540: hd hogshead
541: homestead 1|4 mi2
1.4 pjanzen 542: / horsepower is not uniquely defined
543: horsepower 735.50 watt
1.1 deraadt 544: hp horsepower
1.6 pjanzen 545: hubble 1e9 ly
1.1 deraadt 546: hyl gm force sec2/m
547: hz /sec
548: imaginarycubicfoot 1.4 ft3
1.6 pjanzen 549: jansky 1e-26 W/m2-Hz
1.1 deraadt 550: jeroboam 4|5 gal
1.6 pjanzen 551: Jy jansky
1.1 deraadt 552: karat 1|24
1.10 pjanzen 553: kayser /cm
1.1 deraadt 554: kcal kilocal
555: kcalorie kilocal
556: key kg
557: kilderkin 18 gal
558: knot nmile/hr
1.4 pjanzen 559: kn knot
1.1 deraadt 560: lambert cd/pi-cm2
1.4 pjanzen 561: Lb lambert
1.1 deraadt 562: langley cal/cm2
563: last 80 bu
564: league 3 mi
565: lightyear c-yr
1.4 pjanzen 566: ly lightyear
1.1 deraadt 567: line 1|12 in
568: link 66|100 ft
569: longhundredweight 112 lb
570: longquarter 28 lb
571: lusec 1e-6 mm-hg m3/s
1.7 pjanzen 572: m_earth 5.97223e24 kg
1.4 pjanzen 573: m_moon 7.34e22 kg
1.7 pjanzen 574: m_sun 1.98843e30 kg
1.1 deraadt 575: mach 331.46 m/sec
576: magnum 2 qt
577: marineleague 3 nmile
578: maxwell 1e-8 weber
1.4 pjanzen 579: Mx maxwell
1.1 deraadt 580: metriccarat 200 mg
581: mgd megagal/day
582: mh millihenry
583: mil 1e-3 in
1.8 deraadt 584: millennium 1000 year
1.1 deraadt 585: minersinch 1.5 ft3/min
586: minim 1|60 fldr
587: mo month
588: mpg mile/gal
589: mph mile/hr
590: nail 1|16 yd
591: nauticalmile nmile
592: nit cd/m2
593: noggin 1|8 qt
594: nox 1e-3 lux
595: ns nanosec
1.4 pjanzen 596: oersted 2.5e+2 amp/m/pi
597: Oe oersted
1.1 deraadt 598: pace 36 in
599: palm 3 in
1.6 pjanzen 600: pair 2
1.1 deraadt 601: parasang 3.5 mi
1.4 pjanzen 602: parsec AU-radian/arcsec
1.1 deraadt 603: pascal nt/m2
1.4 pjanzen 604: Pa pascal
1.1 deraadt 605: pc parsec
606: pennyweight 1|20 oz
607: pwt pennyweight
608: percent %
609: perch rd
610: phot lumen/cm2
611: pica 1|6 in
612: pieze 1e+3 nt/m2
613: pipe 4 barrel
614: point 1|72 in
615: poise gm/cm-sec
1.4 pjanzen 616: P poise
1.1 deraadt 617: pole rd
1.4 pjanzen 618: pond 9.80665e-3 nt
1.1 deraadt 619: poundal ft-lb/sec2
620: pdl poundal
621: proof 1|200
622: psi lb-g/in2
623: quarter 9 in
624: quartersection 1|4 mi2
625: quintal 100 kg
626: quire 25
627: rad 100 erg/gm
628: ream 500
629: registerton 100 ft3
630: rehoboam 156 floz
631: rhe 10 m2/nt-sec
1.4 pjanzen 632: rem 0.01 J/kg
1.1 deraadt 633: rontgen 2.58e-4 curie/kg
1.4 pjanzen 634: roentgen rontgen
635: R roentgen
1.1 deraadt 636: rood 1.21e+3 yd
637: rope 20 ft
638: rutherford 1e+6 /sec
1.4 pjanzen 639: rydbergconst 0.5 electronmass-c-alpha2/planck
640: rydberg rydbergconst-planck-c
1.1 deraadt 641: sabin 1 ft2
642: sack 3 bu
1.6 pjanzen 643: score 20
1.1 deraadt 644: seam 8 bu
645: section mi2
646: shippington 40 ft3
647: shorthundredweight 100 lb
648: shortquarter 25 lb
649: siemens /ohm
650: sigma microsec
651: skein 120 yd
652: skot 1e-3 apostilb
653: slug lb-g-sec2/ft
1.6 pjanzen 654: smoot 67 in
1.1 deraadt 655: span 9 in
656: spat 4 pi sr
657: spindle 14400 yd
658: square 100 ft2
659: stere m3
660: sthene 1e+3 nt
661: stilb cd/cm2
1.4 pjanzen 662: sb stilb
1.1 deraadt 663: stoke 1e-4 m2/sec
664: stone 14 lb
665: strike 2 bu
666: surveyfoot british-ft
667: surveyyard 3 surveyfoot
668: surveyorschain 66 ft
669: surveyorslink 66|100 ft
670: tablespoon 4 fldr
671: teaspoon 4|3 fldr
672: tesla weber/m2
1.4 pjanzen 673: T tesla
1.1 deraadt 674: therm 1e+5 btu
675: thermie 1e+6 cal
676: timberfoot ft3
677: tnt 4.6e+6 m2/sec2
678: tonne 1e+6 gm
679: torr mm hg
680: township 36 mi2
681: tun 8 barrel
682: water gram g / cc
1.6 pjanzen 683: / pumps are often in "feet head", assuming feet of water
684: head water
1.1 deraadt 685: wey 40 bu
686: weymass 252 lb
1.4 pjanzen 687: Xunit 1.00206e-13 m
1.1 deraadt 688: k 1.38047e-16 erg/degC
689:
690:
691: degC K
692: kelvin K
693: brewster 1e-12 m2/newton
694: degF 5|9 degC
695: degreesrankine degF
696: degrankine degreesrankine
697: degreerankine degF
698: degreaumur 10|8 degC
699: drachm 60 grain
700: poncelet 100 kg m g / sec
701: denier .05|450 gram / m
702: tex .001 gram / m
703: englishell 45 inch
704: scottishell 37.2 inch
705: flemishell 27 inch
706: V volt
707: eV e V
708: bohrradius hbar2-C2/8.988e9 N m2-e2-electronmass
709: becquerel 1|3.7e10 curie
710: fresnel 1e12 hertz
711: statcoul 1|2.99792458e9 coul
712: statamp 1|2.99792458e9 amp
713: statvolt 2.99792458e2 volt
714: statcoulomb statcoul
715: statampere statamp
1.4 pjanzen 716: debye 3.33564e-30 coul-m
1.1 deraadt 717: pulsatance 2 pi/sec
718: rpm rev/minute
719: rps rev/sec
720: kilohm kiloohm
721: megohm megaohm
722: siderealyear 365.256360417 day
723: siderealday 23.934469444 hour
724: siderealhour 1|24 sidereal day
725: lunarmonth 29.5305555 day
726: synodicmonth lunarmonth
727: siderealmonth 27.32152777 day
728: tropicalyear year
729: solaryear year
730: lunaryear 12 lunarmonth
731: cran 37.5 brgallon
732: kip 1000 lbf
733: frenchfoot 16|15 ft
734: frenchfeet frenchfoot
735: toise 6 frenchfeet
736: sievert 8.4 rontgen
737: candle 1.02 candela
738: militarypace 2.5 feet
739: metre meter
740: litre liter
741: gramme gram
742: iudiptheria 62.8 microgram
743: iupenicillin .6 microgram
744: iuinsulin 41.67 microgram
745: cottonyarncount 2520 ft/pound
746: linenyarncount 900 ft/pound
747: worstedyarncount 1680 ft/pound
748: metricyarncount meter/gram
749: jewlerspoint 2 milligram