Annotation of www/innovations.html, Revision 1.98
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1.33 tj 5: <title>OpenBSD: Innovations</title>
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1.1 schwarze 9:
1.77 bentley 10: <h2 id=OpenBSD>
11: <a href="index.html">
12: <i>Open</i><b>BSD</b></a>
13: Innovations
14: </h2>
1.31 deraadt 15:
16: <hr>
1.32 tj 17: <p>
1.59 job 18: This is a list of software and ideas developed or maintained by the OpenBSD
19: project, sorted in order of approximate introduction. Some of them are
20: explained in detail in our <a href="events.html">research papers</a>.
1.32 tj 21: <hr>
1.1 schwarze 22:
1.59 job 23: <h3>Concepts</h3>
1.1 schwarze 24:
25: <ul>
1.78 deraadt 26: <li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/ipsec.4">ipsec(4)</a>:
27: Started by John Ioannidis, Angelos D. Keromytis, Niels Provos, and
28: Niklas Hallqvist, imported February 20, 1997. OpenBSD was the first
29: free operating system to provide an IPSec stack.
30: <li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/inet6.4">inet6(4)</a>:
31: First complete integration and adoption of IPv6 led by
32: "Itojun" (Dr. Junichiro Hagino) [WIDE/KAME], Craig Metz [NRL], and
33: Angelos D. Keromytis starting Jan 6, 1999.
34: Almost fully operational Jun 6, 1999 during the
35: <a href="hackathons.html">first OpenBSD hackathon</a>.
36: OpenBSD 2.7.
37: <li><strong>Privilege separation</strong>:
38: First implemented by
39: <a href="http://www.citi.umich.edu/u/provos/ssh/privsep.html">Niels Provos</a>
40: and Markus Friedl in OpenSSH in March 2002, released with OpenBSD 3.2.
41: The concept is now used in many OpenBSD programs, for example
42: <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/bgpd.8">bgpd(8)</a>,
43: <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/dhclient.8">dhclient(8)</a>,
44: <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/dhcpd.8">dhcpd(8)</a>,
45: <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/dvmrpd.8">dvmrpd(8)</a>,
46: <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/eigrpd.8">eigrpd(8)</a>,
47: <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/file.1">file(1)</a>,
48: <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/httpd.8">httpd(8)</a>,
49: <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/iked.8">iked(8)</a>,
50: <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/ldapd.8">ldapd(8)</a>,
51: <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/ldpd.8">ldpd(8)</a>,
52: <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/mountd.8">mountd(8)</a>,
53: <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/npppd.8">npppd(8)</a>,
54: <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/ntpd.8">ntpd(8)</a>,
55: <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/ospfd.8">ospfd(8)</a>,
56: <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/ospf6d.8">ospf6d(8)</a>,
57: <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/pflogd.8">pflogd(8)</a>,
58: <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/radiusd.8">radiusd(8)</a>,
59: <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/relayd.8">relayd(8)</a>,
60: <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/ripd.8">ripd(8)</a>,
61: <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/script.1">script(1)</a>,
62: <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/smtpd.8">smtpd(8)</a>,
63: <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/syslogd.8">syslogd(8)</a>,
64: <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/tcpdump.8">tcpdump(8)</a>,
65: <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/tmux.1">tmux(1)</a>,
66: <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/xconsole.1">xconsole(1)</a>,
67: <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/xdm.1">xdm(1)</a>,
68: <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/Xserver.1">Xserver(1)</a>,
69: <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/ypldap.8">ypldap(8)</a>,
70: <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/pkg_add.1">pkg_add(1)</a>,
71: etc.
72: <li><strong>Privilege revocation</strong>:
73: Related to the work on privilege separation, some programs were refactored
74: to drop privileges while holding onto a tricky resource such as a raw socket,
75: reserved port, or modification-locked bpf(4) descriptor,
76: for example
77: <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/ping.8">ping(8)</a>,
78: <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/traceroute.8">traceroute(8)</a>,
79: etc.
80: <li><strong>Stack protector</strong>:
81: Developed since 2001 as "propolice" by Hiroaki Etoh. Integrated, and
82: implemented for additional hardware platforms, by Miod Vallat and Theo
83: de Raadt. OpenBSD 3.3 was the first operating system to enable it
84: systemwide by default.
85: <li><strong>W^X</strong>:
86: First used for sparc, sparc64, alpha, and hppa in OpenBSD 3.3.
87: Strictly enforced by default since OpenBSD 6.0: a program can only
88: violate it if the executable is marked with <code>PT_OPENBSD_WXNEEDED</code>
89: and it is located on a filesystem mounted with the <code>wxallowed</code>
90: <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/mount.8">mount(8)</a> option.
91: <li><strong>GOT and PLT protection</strong> by ld.so:
92: first done as part of the W^X work in OpenBSD 3.3, by Dale Rahn and
93: Theo de Raadt. The GOT and PLT regions are read-only outside of ld.so
94: itself. Extended to the .init/.fini sections (constructors and
95: destructors) in OpenBSD 3.4.
96: <li><strong>ASLR</strong>:
97: OpenBSD 3.4 was the first widely used operating system to
98: provide it by default.
99: <li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/gcc-local.1">gcc-local(1)</a>
100: __attribute__((__bounded__)) static analysis annotation
101: and checking mechanism:
102: Started by Anil Madhavapeddy on June 26, 2003
103: and ported to GCC 4 by Nicholas Marriott.
104: First released with OpenBSD 3.4.
105: <li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/malloc.3">malloc(3)</a>
106: randomization implemented by Thierry Deval. Guard pages and randomized (delayed) free added by Ted Unangst.
107: Reimplemented by <a href="papers/eurobsdcon2009/otto-malloc.pdf">Otto Moerbeek</a>
108: for OpenBSD 4.4.
109: <li><strong>Position-independent executables (PIE)</strong>:
110: OpenBSD 5.3 was the first widely used operating system to enable it
111: globally by default, on seven hardware platforms.
112: Implemented in November 2008 by
113: <a href="https://www.openbsd.org/papers/nycbsdcon08-pie/">Kurt Miller</a>
114: and enabled by default by
115: <a href="https://www.openbsd.org/papers/asiabsdcon2015-pie-slides.pdf">Pascal Stumpf</a>
116: in August 2012.
117: <li><strong>Random-data memory</strong>:
118: the ability to specify that a variable should be initialized
1.68 deraadt 119: at load time with random byte values (placed into a new ELF
120: <b>.openbsd.randomdata</b> section) was implemented in
121: OpenBSD 5.3 by Matthew Dempsky.
1.78 deraadt 122: <li><strong>Stack protector per shared object</strong>:
123: using the random-data memory feature, each shared object was given its
124: own stack protector cookie in OpenBSD 5.3 by Matthew Dempsky.
125: <li><strong>Static-PIE</strong>:
126: Position-independent static binaries for /bin, /sbin and ramdisks.
127: Implemented for OpenBSD 5.7 by Kurt Miller and Mark Kettenis.
128: <li><strong>SROP</strong>
129: (<a href="https://man.openbsd.org/sigreturn.2">sigreturn(2)</a>
130: oriented programming) mitigation: attacks researched by
1.96 tj 131: <a href="https://www.cs.vu.nl/~herbertb/papers/srop_sp14.pdf">Eric Bosman</a>
1.81 deraadt 132: and Herbert Bos in 2014, solution implemented by Theo de Raadt in May 2016,
1.78 deraadt 133: enabled by default since OpenBSD 6.0.
134: <li><strong>Library order randomization</strong>:
135: In <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/rc.8">rc(8)</a>, re-link
136: <code>libc.so</code>, <code>libcrypto</code>, and <code>ld.so</code>
137: on startup, placing the objects in a random order.
138: Theo de Raadt and Robert Peichaer, May 2016,
139: enabled by default since OpenBSD 6.0 and 6.2.
140: <li>Kernel-assisted lazy-binding for W^X safety in multi-threaded programs.
141: A new syscall <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/kbind.2">kbind(2)</a>
142: permits lazy-binding to be W^X safe in multi-threaded programs.
143: Implemented for OpenBSD 5.9 by Philip Guenther in July 2015.
144: <li>Process layouts in memory tightened to remove execute permission from
145: all segmented, non-instruction data and to remove write permission from
146: data that is only modified during loading and relocation.
147: By combining the RELRO (Read-Only after Relocation) design from the
148: GNU project with the original ASLR work from OpenBSD 3.3 and
149: strict lazy-binding work from OpenBSD 5.9, this is applied to not
150: just a subset of programs and libraries but rather to all programs
151: and libraries.
152: Implemented for OpenBSD 6.1 by Philip Guenther in August 2016.
153: <li>Use of <strong>fork+exec in privilege separated programs</strong>. The
154: strategy is to give each process a fresh & unique address space for
155: ASLR, stack protector -- as protection against address space discovery attacks.
156: Implemented first by
157: Damien Miller (<a href="https://man.openbsd.org/sshd.8">sshd(8)</a> 2004),
158: Claudio Jeker (<a href="https://man.openbsd.org/bgpd.8">bgpd(8)</a>, 2015),
159: Eric Faurot (<a href="https://man.openbsd.org/smtpd.8">smtpd(8)</a>, 2016),
160: Rafael Zalamena (various, 2016), and others.
161: <li><strong>trapsleds</strong>:
162: Reduction of incidental NOP instructions/sequences in the instruction
163: stream which could be useful potentially for ROP attack methods to
164: innaccurately target gadgets. These NOP sequences are converted into
165: trap sequences where possible. Todd Mortimer and Theo de Raadt, June
166: 2017.
1.81 deraadt 167: <li><strong>Kernel relinking at boot</strong>:
1.78 deraadt 168: the .o files of the kernel are relinked in random order from a
169: link-kit, before every reboot. This provides substantial interior
170: randomization in the kernel's text and data segments for layout and
171: relative branches/calls. Basically a unique address space for each
172: kernel boot, similar to the userland fork+exec model described above
173: but for the kernel. Theo de Raadt, June 2017.
1.89 deraadt 174: <li>Rearranged i386/amd64 register allocator order in
1.61 deraadt 175: <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/clang.1">clang(1)</a>
176: to reduce polymorphic RET instructions:
177: Todd Mortimer, November 20, 2017.
1.89 deraadt 178: <li>Reencoding of i386/amd64 instruction sequences to avoid
1.72 mortimer 179: embedded polymorphic RET instructions. Enhancements to
180: <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/clang.1">clang(1)</a>
181: Todd Mortimer, April 28, 2018 and onwards.
1.81 deraadt 182: <li><b>MAP_STACK</b> addition to
1.64 deraadt 183: <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/mmap.2">mmap(2)</a>
184: allows opportunistic verification that the stack-register
185: points at stack memory, therefore catching pivots to non-stack
186: memory (sometimes used in ROP attacks).
187: Theo de Raadt, April 12, 2018.
1.78 deraadt 188: <li><b>RETGUARD</b> is a replacement for the <b>stack-protector</b>
189: which uses a per-function random cookie (located in the read-only ELF
190: <b>.openbsd.randomdata</b> section) to consistency-check the
1.89 deraadt 191: return address on the stack. Implemented for amd64 and arm64
192: by Todd Mortimer in OpenBSD 6.4, for mips64 in OpenBSD 6.7, and
1.98 ! deraadt 193: powerpc/powerpc64 in OpenBSD 6.9. amd64 system call stubs also
! 194: protected in OpenBSD 7.3.
1.81 deraadt 195: <li><b>MAP_CONCEAL</b> addition to
1.76 otto 196: <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/mmap.2">mmap(2)</a>
197: disallows memory pages to be written to core dumps, preventing
198: accidental exposure of private information.
199: Theo de Raadt, Mark Kettenis and Scott Soule Cheloha,
200: February 2, 2019.
1.79 deraadt 201: <li>Similar to the opportunistic verification in <b>MAP_STACK</b>,
202: system-calls can no longer be performed from PROT_WRITE memory.
203: Theo de Raadt, June 2, 2019.
1.85 deraadt 204: <li>System calls may only be performed from selected code regions
205: (main program, ld.so, libc.so, and sigtramp).
206: Theo de Raadt, November 28, 2019.
1.97 deraadt 207: <li>Permissions (RWX, MAP_STACK, etc) on address space regions can be
208: made immutable, so that <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/mmap.2">mmap(2)</a>,
209: <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/mprotect.2">mprotect(2)</a> or
210: <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/munmap.2">munmap(2)</a> fail with
211: EPERM. Most of the program static address space is now automatically
212: immutable (main program, ld.so, main stack, load-time shared libraries,
213: and dlopen()'d libraries mapped without RTLD_NODELETE). Programmers
214: can request non-immutable static data using the "openbsd.mutable" section,
215: or manually bring immutability to (page aligned heap objects) using
216: <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/mimmutable.2">mimmutable(2)</a>.
1.17 mlarkin 217: </ul>
1.1 schwarze 218:
1.59 job 219: <h3>Functions</h3>
1.1 schwarze 220:
221: <ul>
1.78 deraadt 222: <li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/issetugid.2">issetugid(2)</a>:
223: Theo de Raadt, August 25, 1996, OpenBSD 2.0
224: <li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/arc4random.3">arc4random(3)</a>:
225: David Mazieres, December 28, 1996, OpenBSD 2.1
226: <li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/bcrypt.3">bcrypt(3)</a>:
227: Implemented by <a href="https://www.usenix.org/legacy/events/usenix99/provos/provos_html/node1.html">Niels Provos and David Mazieres</a>
228: Imported February 13, 1997 and first released with OpenBSD 2.1.
229: <li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/strlcpy.3">strlcpy(3)</a>,
230: <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/strlcat.3">strlcat(3)</a>:
231: Todd Miller and Theo de Raadt, July 1, 1998, OpenBSD 2.4
232: <li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/strtonum.3">strtonum(3)</a>:
233: Ted Unangst, Todd Miller, and Theo de Raadt, May 3, 2004, OpenBSD 3.6
234: <li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/imsg_init.3">imsg</a>:
235: Message passing API, written by Henning Brauer.
236: In libutil since May 26, 2010, OpenBSD 4.8;
237: used by various daemons before that.
238: <li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/timingsafe_bcmp.3">timingsafe_bcmp(3)</a>:
239: Damien Miller, July 13, 2010, OpenBSD 4.9
240: <li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/explicit_bzero.3">explicit_bzero(3)</a>:
241: Ted Unangst and Matthew Dempsky, January 22, 2014, OpenBSD 5.5
242: <li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/ohash_init.3">ohash</a>:
243: Written and maintained by Marc Espie.
244: In libutil since May 12, 2014, OpenBSD 5.6;
245: used by make(1) and m4(1) before that.
246: <li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/asr_run.3">asr</a>:
247: Replacement resolver written and maintained by Eric Faurot.
248: Imported April 14, 2012; activated on March 26, 2014, OpenBSD 5.6.
249: <li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/reallocarray.3">reallocarray(3)</a>:
250: Theo de Raadt and Ted Unangst, April 22, 2014, OpenBSD 5.6
251: <li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/getentropy.2">getentropy(2)</a>:
252: Matthew Dempsky and Theo de Raadt, June 13, 2014, OpenBSD 5.6
253: <li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/sendsyslog.2">sendsyslog(2)</a>:
254: Theo de Raadt, July 10, 2014, OpenBSD 5.6
255: <li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/timingsafe_memcmp.3">timingsafe_memcmp(3)</a>:
256: Matthew Dempsky, July 13, 2014, OpenBSD 5.6
257: <li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/pledge.2">pledge(2)</a>:
258: Theo de Raadt, July 19, 2015, OpenBSD 5.9
259: <li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/getpwnam_shadow.3">getpwnam_shadow(3)</a>,
260: <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/getpwuid_shadow.3">getpwuid_shadow(3)</a>:
261: Ted Unangst and Theo de Raadt, November 18, 2015, OpenBSD 5.9
262: <li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/recallocarray.3">recallocarray(3)</a>:
263: Otto Moerbeek, Joel Sing and Theo de Raadt, March 6, 2017, OpenBSD 6.1
264: <li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/freezero.3">freezero(3)</a>:
265: Otto Moerbeek, April 10, 2017, OpenBSD 6.2
266: <li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/unveil.2">unveil(2)</a>:
267: Theo de Raadt and Bob Beck, July 13, 2018, OpenBSD 6.4
268: <li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/malloc_conceal.3">malloc_conceal(3)</a>
1.76 otto 269: and
1.78 deraadt 270: <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/calloc_conceal.3">calloc_conceal(3)</a>:
271: Otto Moerbeek, May 10, 2019, OpenBSD 6.5
1.87 rob 272: <li><a href=https://man.openbsd.org/ober_read_elements.3>ober</a>:
1.82 schwarze 273: ASN.1 basic encoding rules API, written by Claudio Jeker and
274: Reyk Flöter, maintained by Rob Pierce and Martijn van Duren;
275: started in 2006/07, moved to libutil on May 11, 2019, OpenBSD 6.6
1.16 deraadt 276: </ul>
277:
1.59 job 278:
279: <h3>Programs and subsystems</h3>
1.16 deraadt 280:
281: <ul>
1.78 deraadt 282: <li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/ypbind.8">ypbind(8)</a>,
283: <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/ypset.8">ypset(8)</a>,
284: <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/ypcat.1">ypcat(1)</a>,
285: <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/ypmatch.1">ypmatch(1)</a>,
286: <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/ypwhich.1">ypwhich(1)</a>,
287: and libc support: Started by Theo de Raadt.
288: Imported April 26, 1993 and first released with NetBSD 0.9.
289: <li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/ypserv.8">ypserv(8)</a>:
290: Started by Mats O. Jansson in 1994.
291: Imported October 23, 1995 and first released with OpenBSD 2.0.
292: <li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/mopd.8">mopd(8)</a>:
293: Started by Mats O. Jansson in 1993.
294: Imported September 21, 1996 and first released with OpenBSD 2.0.
295: <li><a href="anoncvs.html">AnonCVS</a>:
296: Designed and implemented by Chuck Cranor and Theo de Raadt in 1995
297: (<a href="papers/anoncvs-paper.pdf">paper</a>,
298: <a href="papers/anoncvs-slides.pdf">slides</a>)
299: <li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/aucat.1">aucat(1)</a>:
300: Started by Kenneth Stailey.
301: Imported January 2, 1997 and first released with OpenBSD 2.1.
302: Now maintained by Alexandre Ratchov.
303: <li><a href="https://www.openssh.com/">OpenSSH</a>
304: including <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/ssh.1">ssh(1)</a>,
305: <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/scp.1">scp(1)</a>,
306: <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/sftp.1">sftp(1)</a>,
307: <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/ssh-add.1">ssh-add(1)</a>,
308: <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/ssh-agent.1">ssh-agent(1)</a>,
309: <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/ssh-keygen.1">ssh-keygen(1)</a>,
310: <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/sshd.8">sshd(8)</a>,
311: <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/sftp-server.8">sftp-server(8)</a>:
312: Started by Aaron Campbell, Bob Beck, Dug Song, Markus Friedl,
313: Niels Provos, and Theo de Raadt
314: as a fork of SSH 1.2.12 by Tatu Ylonen.
315: Imported September 26, 1999 and first released with OpenBSD 2.6.
316: Now maintained by Markus Friedl, Damien Miller, Darren Tucker, and
317: Theo de Raadt.
318: <li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/mg.1">mg(1)</a>:
319: Started by Dave Conroy in November 1986.
320: Imported February 25, 2000 and first released with OpenBSD 2.7.
321: Now maintained by Mark Lumsden.
322: <li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/m4.1">m4(1)</a>:
323: Originally implemented by Ozan Yigit and Richard A. O'Keefe for 4.3BSD-Reno.
324: Considerably extended and maintained by Marc Espie since 1999.
325: <li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/pf.4">pf(4)</a>,
326: <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/pfctl.8">pfctl(8)</a>,
327: <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/pflogd.8">pflogd(8)</a>,
328: <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/authpf.8">authpf(8)</a>,
329: <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/ftp-proxy.8">ftp-proxy(8)</a>:
330: Started by Daniel Hartmeier as a replacement for the non-free ipf by
331: Darren Reed. Imported June 24, 2001 and first released with OpenBSD
332: 3.0. Now maintained by Henning Brauer.
333: <li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/OpenBSD-5.9/systrace.4">systrace(4)</a>,
334: <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/OpenBSD-5.9/systrace.1">systrace(1)</a>:
335: Started by Niels Provos.
336: Imported June 4, 2002 and first released with OpenBSD 3.2.
337: Deleted after OpenBSD 5.9 because
338: <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/pledge.2">pledge(2)</a> is even better.
339: <li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/spamd.8">spamd(8)</a>:
340: Written by Bob Beck. Imported December 21, 2002 and first released with
341: OpenBSD 3.3.
342: <li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/dc.1">dc(1)</a>:
343: Written and maintained by Otto Moerbeek.
344: Imported September 19, 2003 and first released with OpenBSD 3.5.
345: <li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/bc.1">bc(1)</a>:
346: Written and maintained by Otto Moerbeek.
347: Imported September 25, 2003 and first released with OpenBSD 3.5.
348: <li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/sensorsd.8">sensorsd(8)</a>:
349: Started by Henning Brauer.
350: Imported September 24, 2003 and first released with OpenBSD 3.5.
351: Reworked by Constantine A. Murenin.
352: <li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/pkg_add.1">pkg_add(1)</a>:
353: Written and maintained by Marc Espie.
354: Imported October 16, 2003 and first released with OpenBSD 3.5.
355: <li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/carp.4">carp(4)</a>:
356: Written by Mickey Shalayeff, Markus Friedl, Marco Pfatschbacher,
357: and Ryan McBride.
358: Imported October 17, 2003 and first released with OpenBSD 3.5.
1.93 tj 359: <li><a href="https://www.openbgpd.org/">OpenBGPD</a>
1.78 deraadt 360: including <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/bgpd.8">bgpd(8)</a>
361: and <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/bgpctl.8">bgpctl(8)</a>:
362: Written and maintained by Henning Brauer and Claudio Jeker,
363: and also maintained by Peter Hessler.
364: Imported December 17, 2003 and first released with OpenBSD 3.5.
365: <li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/dhclient.8">dhclient(8)</a>:
366: Started by Ted Lemon and Elliot Poger in 1996.
367: Imported January 18, 2004 and first released with OpenBSD 3.5.
368: Reworked by Henning Brauer.
369: Now maintained by Kenneth Westerback.
370: <li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/dhcpd.8">dhcpd(8)</a>:
371: Started by Ted Lemon in 1995.
372: Imported April 13, 2004 and first released with OpenBSD 3.6.
373: Reworked by Henning Brauer.
374: Now maintained by Kenneth Westerback.
375: <li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/hotplugd.8">hotplugd(8)</a>:
376: Started by Alexander Yurchenko.
377: Imported May 30, 2004 and first released with OpenBSD 3.6.
1.93 tj 378: <li><a href="https://www.openntpd.org/">OpenNTPD</a>
1.78 deraadt 379: including <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/ntpd.8">ntpd(8)</a>
380: and <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/ntpctl.8">ntpctl(8)</a>:
381: Written and maintained by Henning Brauer.
382: Imported May 31, 2004 and first released with OpenBSD 3.6.
383: Portable version maintained by Brent Cook.
384: <li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/dpb.1">dpb(1)</a>:
385: Started by Nikolay Sturm on August 10, 2004; first available for OpenBSD 3.6.
386: Rewritten and maintained by Marc Espie since August 20, 2010.
387: <li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/ospfd.8">ospfd(8)</a>,
388: <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/ospfctl.8">ospfctl(8)</a>:
389: Started by Esben Norby and Claudio Jeker.
390: Imported January 28, 2005 and first released with OpenBSD 3.7.
391: <li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/ifstated.8">ifstated(8)</a>:
392: Started by Marco Pfatschbacher and Ryan McBride.
393: Imported January 23, 2004 and first released with OpenBSD 3.8.
394: <li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/bioctl.8">bioctl(8)</a>:
395: Started by Marco Peereboom.
396: Imported March 29, 2005 and first released with OpenBSD 3.8.
397: <li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/hostapd.8">hostapd(8)</a>:
1.88 schwarze 398: Written by Reyk Flöter.
1.78 deraadt 399: Imported May 26, 2005 and first released with OpenBSD 3.8.
400: <li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/watchdogd.8">watchdogd(8)</a>:
401: Started by Marc Balmer.
402: Imported August 8, 2005 and first released with OpenBSD 3.8.
403: <li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/sdiff.1">sdiff(1)</a>:
404: Written by Ray Lai.
405: Imported December 27, 2005 and first released with OpenBSD 3.9.
406: <li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/dvmrpd.8">dvmrpd(8)</a>,
407: <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/dvmrpctl.8">dvmrpctl(8)</a>:
408: Started by Esben Norby.
409: Imported June 1, 2006 and first released with OpenBSD 4.0.
410: <li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/ripd.8">ripd(8)</a>,
411: <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/ripctl.8">ripctl(8)</a>:
412: Started by Michele Marchetto.
413: Imported October 18, 2006 and first released with OpenBSD 4.1.
414: <li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/pkg-config.1">pkg-config(1)</a>:
415: Started by Chris Kuethe and Marc Espie.
416: Imported November 27, 2006 and first released with OpenBSD 4.1.
417: Now maintained by Jasper Lievisse Adriaanse.
418: <li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/relayd.8">relayd(8)</a>
419: with <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/relayctl.8">relayctl(8)</a>:
1.88 schwarze 420: Started by Pierre-Yves Ritschard and Reyk Flöter.
1.78 deraadt 421: Imported December 16, 2006 and first released with OpenBSD 4.1.
1.88 schwarze 422: Now maintained by Sebastian Benoit.<br/>
1.78 deraadt 423: <li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/cwm.1">cwm(1)</a>:
1.96 tj 424: Started by <a href="https://monkey.org/~marius/cwm/README">Marius
1.78 deraadt 425: Aamodt Eriksen</A> in 2004.
426: Imported April 27, 2007 and first released with OpenBSD 4.2.
427: Now maintained by Okan Demirmen.
428: <a href="https://github.com/chneukirchen/cwm">Portable version</a>
429: maintained by Leah Neukirchen.
430: <li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/ospf6d.8">ospf6d(8)</a>,
431: <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/ospf6ctl.8">ospf6ctl(8)</a>:
432: Started by Esben Norby and Claudio Jeker.
433: Imported October 8, 2007 and first released with OpenBSD 4.2.
434: <li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/libtool.1">libtool(1)</a>:
435: Written by Steven Mestdagh and Marc Espie.
436: Imported October 28, 2007 and first available for OpenBSD 4.3.
437: Now maintained by Marc Espie, Jasper Lievisse Adriaanse,
438: and Antoine Jacoutot.
1.88 schwarze 439: <li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/snmpd.8">snmpd(8)</a>:
440: Started by Reyk Flöter.
1.78 deraadt 441: Imported December 5, 2007 and first released with OpenBSD 4.3.
1.88 schwarze 442: Now maintained by Martijn van Duren.
1.78 deraadt 443: <li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/sysmerge.8">sysmerge(8)</a>:
444: Written and maintained by Antoine Jacoutot,
445: originally forked from mergemaster by Douglas Barton.
446: Imported April 22, 2008, first released with OpenBSD 4.4.
447: <li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/ypldap.8">ypldap(8)</a>:
448: Started by Pierre-Yves Ritschard.
449: Imported June 26, 2008 and first released with OpenBSD 4.4.
450: <li><a href="https://www.opensmtpd.org/">OpenSMTPD</a>
451: including <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/smtpd.8">smtpd(8)</a>,
452: <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/smtpctl.8">smtpctl(8)</a>,
453: <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/makemap.8">makemap(8)</a>:
454: Started by Gilles Chehade.
455: Imported November 1, 2008 and first released with OpenBSD 4.6.
456: Now maintained by Gilles Chehade and Eric Faurot.
1.96 tj 457: <li><a href="https://tmux.github.io/">tmux</a>,
1.78 deraadt 458: <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/tmux.1">tmux(1)</a>:
459: Started in 2007 and maintained by Nicholas Marriott.
460: Imported June 1, 2009, first released with OpenBSD 4.6.
461: <li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/ldpd.8">ldpd(8)</a>,
462: <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/ldpctl.8">ldpctl(8)</a>:
463: Started by Michele Marchetto.
464: Imported June 1, 2009 and first released with OpenBSD 4.6.
465: Now maintained by Claudio Jeker.
1.96 tj 466: <li><a href="https://mdocml.bsd.lv/">mandoc</a>
1.78 deraadt 467: including <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/mandoc.1">mandoc(1)</a>,
468: <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/man.1">man(1)</a>,
469: <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/apropos.1">apropos(1)</a>,
470: <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/makewhatis.8">makewhatis(8)</a>,
471: <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/man.cgi.8">man.cgi(8)</a>:
472: Started by Kristaps Dzonsons in November 2008.
473: Imported April 6, 2009, first released with OpenBSD 4.8.
474: Now maintained by Ingo Schwarze.
475: <li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/ldapd.8">ldapd(8)</a>,
476: <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/ldapctl.8">ldapctl(8)</a>:
477: Written by Martin Hedenfalk.
478: Imported May 31, 2010 and first released with OpenBSD 4.8.
1.96 tj 479: <li><a href="https://www.openiked.org/">OpenIKED</a>
1.78 deraadt 480: including <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/iked.8">iked(8)</a>
481: and <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/ikectl.8">ikectl(8)</a>:
1.88 schwarze 482: Started by Reyk Flöter.
1.78 deraadt 483: Imported June 3, 2010 and first released with OpenBSD 4.8.
1.88 schwarze 484: Now maintained by Tobias Heider.
1.78 deraadt 485: <li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/iscsid.8">iscsid(8)</a>,
486: <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/iscsictl.8">iscsictl(8)</a>:
487: Written and maintained by Claudio Jeker.
488: Imported September 24, 2010 and first released with OpenBSD 4.9.
489: <li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/rc.d.8">rc.d(8)</a>,
490: <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/rc.subr.8">rc.subr(8)</a>:
491: Written and maintained by Robert Nagy and Antoine Jacoutot.
492: Imported October 26, 2010 and first released with OpenBSD 4.9.
493: <li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/tftpd.8">tftpd(8)</a>:
494: Written and maintained by David Gwynne.
495: Imported March 2, 2012 and first released with OpenBSD 5.2.
496: <li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/npppd.8">npppd(8)</a>,
497: <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/npppctl.8">npppctl(8)</a>:
498: Started by Internet Initiative Japan Inc.
499: Imported January 11, 2010, first released with OpenBSD 5.3.
500: Maintained by YASUOKA Masahiko.
501: <li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/ldomd.8">ldomd(8)</a>,
502: <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/ldomctl.8">ldomctl(8)</a>:
503: Written and maintained by Mark Kettenis.
504: Imported October 26, 2012 and first released with OpenBSD 5.3.
505: <li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/sndiod.8">sndiod(8)</a>:
506: Written and maintained by Alexandre Ratchov.
507: Imported November 23, 2012 and first released with OpenBSD 5.3.
508: <li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/cu.1">cu(1)</a>:
509: Written and maintained by Nicholas Marriott.
510: Imported July 10, 2012 and first released with OpenBSD 5.4.
511: <li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/identd.8">identd(8)</a>:
512: Written and maintained by David Gwynne.
513: Imported March 18, 2013 and first released with OpenBSD 5.4.
514: <li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/slowcgi.8">slowcgi(8)</a>:
515: Written and maintained by Florian Obser.
516: Imported May 23, 2013 and first released with OpenBSD 5.4.
517: <li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/signify.1">signify(1)</a>:
1.96 tj 518: Written and maintained by <a href="https://www.tedunangst.com/flak/post/signify">Ted Unangst</a>.
1.78 deraadt 519: Imported December 31, 2013 and first released with OpenBSD 5.5.
520: <li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/htpasswd.1">htpasswd(1)</a>:
521: Written and maintained by Florian Obser.
522: Imported March 17, 2014 and first released with OpenBSD 5.6.
523: <li><a href="https://www.libressl.org/">LibreSSL</a>:
524: Started by Ted Unangst, Bob Beck, Joel Sing, Miod Vallat, Philip Guenther,
525: and Theo de Raadt on April 13, 2014, as a fork of OpenSSL 1.0.1g.
526: First released with OpenBSD 5.6.
527: Portable version maintained by Brent Cook.
528: <li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/httpd.8">httpd(8)</a>:
1.88 schwarze 529: Started by Reyk Flöter.
1.78 deraadt 530: Imported July 12, 2014 and first released with OpenBSD 5.6.
531: <li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/rcctl.8">rcctl(8)</a>:
532: Written and maintained by Antoine Jacoutot.
533: Imported August 19, 2014 and first released with OpenBSD 5.7.
534: <li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/file.1">file(1)</a>:
535: Rewritten from scratch and maintained by Nicholas Marriott.
536: Imported April 24, 2015 and first released with OpenBSD 5.8.
537: <li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/doas.1">doas(1)</a>:
538: Written and maintained by Ted Unangst.
539: Imported July 16, 2015 and first released with OpenBSD 5.8.
540: <li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/radiusd.8">radiusd(8)</a>:
541: Written and maintained by YASUOKA Masahiko.
542: Imported July 21, 2015 and first released with OpenBSD 5.8.
543: <li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/eigrpd.8">eigrpd(8)</a>,
544: <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/eigrpctl.8">eigrpctl(8)</a>:
545: Written and maintained by Renato Westphal.
546: Imported October 2, 2015 and first released with OpenBSD 5.9.
547: <li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/vmm.4">vmm(4)</a>,
548: <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/vmd.8">vmd(8)</a>,
549: <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/vmctl.8">vmctl(8)</a>:
1.88 schwarze 550: Written by Mike Larkin and Reyk Flöter.
1.78 deraadt 551: Imported November 13, 2015 and first released with OpenBSD 5.9.
552: <li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/pdisk.8">pdisk(8)</a>:
553: Originally written by Eryk Vershen in 1996-1998,
554: rewritten and maintained by Kenneth Westerback since January 11, 2016
555: and first released with OpenBSD 5.9.
556: <li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/mknod.8">mknod(8)</a>:
557: Original version from Version 6 AT&T UNIX (1975),
558: last rewritten by Marc Espie on March 5, 2016
559: and first released with OpenBSD 6.0.
560: <li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/audioctl.1">audioctl(1)</a>:
561: Originally written by Lennart Augustsson in 1997,
562: rewritten and maintained by Alexandre Ratchov since June 21, 2016
563: and first released with OpenBSD 6.0.
564: <li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/acme-client.1">acme-client(1)</a>:
565: Written by Kristaps Dzonsons, imported August 31, 2016; released
566: with OpenBSD 6.1.
567: <li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/syspatch.8">syspatch(8)</a>:
568: Written and maintained by Antoine Jacoutot.
569: Imported September 5, 2016; released with OpenBSD 6.1.
570: <li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/ping.8">ping(8)</a>:
571: Restructured to include IPv6 functionality and maintained by Florian Obser.
572: The separate
1.81 deraadt 573: <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/OpenBSD-6.0/ping6.8">ping6(8)</a>
1.78 deraadt 574: was superseded on September 17, 2016,
575: and the new, combined version was released with OpenBSD 6.1.
576: <li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/xenodm.1">xenodm(1)</a>:
577: Cleaned-up fork of
578: <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/OpenBSD-6.0/xdm.1">xdm(1)</a>
579: maintained by Matthieu Herrb.
580: Imported October 23, 2016; released with OpenBSD 6.1.
581: <li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/ocspcheck.8">ocspcheck(8)</a>:
582: Written and maintained by Bob Beck.
583: Imported January 24, 2017; released with OpenBSD 6.1.
584: <li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/slaacd.8">slaacd(8)</a>:
585: Written and maintained by Florian Obser.
586: Imported March 18, 2017; released with OpenBSD 6.2.
587: <li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/rad.8">rad(8)</a>:
588: Written and maintained by Florian Obser.
589: Imported July 10, 2018; released with OpenBSD 6.4.
590: <li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/unwind.8">unwind(8)</a>:
591: Written and maintained by Florian Obser.
592: Imported January 23, 2019; released with OpenBSD 6.5.
593: <li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/openrsync.1">openrsync(1)</a>:
594: Written by Kristaps Dzonsons.
595: Imported February 10, 2019; released with OpenBSD 6.5.
1.82 schwarze 596: <li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/sysupgrade.8">sysupgrade(8)</a>:
597: Written by Christian Weisgerber, Florian Obser, and Theo de Raadt.
598: Imported April 25, 2019; released with OpenBSD 6.6.
599: <li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/snmp.1">snmp(1)</a>:
600: Written and maintained by Martijn van Duren.
601: Imported August 9, 2019; released with OpenBSD 6.6.
602: <li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/rpki-client.8">rpki-client(8)</a>:
603: Written by Kristaps Dzonsons, maintained by Claudio Jeker.
1.94 schwarze 604: Imported June 17, 2019; released with OpenBSD 6.7.
1.92 schwarze 605: <li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/resolvd.8">resolvd(8)</a>:
606: Written and maintained by Florian Obser and Theo de Raadt.
607: Imported February 24, 2021; released with OpenBSD 6.9.
608: <li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/dhcpleased.8">dhcpleased(8)</a>:
609: Written and maintained by Florian Obser.
610: Imported February 26, 2021; released with OpenBSD 6.9.
1.1 schwarze 611: </ul>
612:
1.11 deraadt 613: <h3>Projects maintained by OpenBSD developers outside OpenBSD</h3>
1.1 schwarze 614:
615: <ul>
1.96 tj 616: <li><a href="https://www.sudo.ws/">sudo</a>:
1.78 deraadt 617: Started by Bob Coggeshall and Cliff Spencer around 1980.
618: Imported November 18, 1999, first released with OpenBSD 2.7.
619: Now maintained by Todd Miller.
620: <li><a href="http://bulabula.org/femail/">femail</a>:
621: Written and maintained by Henning Brauer.
622: Started in 2005, port available since September 22, 2005.
1.96 tj 623: <li><a href="https://www.midish.org/">midish</a>:
1.78 deraadt 624: Written and maintained by Alexandre Ratchov.
625: Started in 2003, port available since November 4, 2005.
626: <li><a href="https://github.com/nicm/fdm">fdm</a>:
627: Written and maintained by Nicholas Marriott.
628: Started in 2006, port available since January 18, 2007.
629: <li><a href="https://github.com/ajacoutot/toad/">toad</a>:
630: Written and maintained by Antoine Jacoutot.
631: Started in 2013, port available since October 8, 2013.
632: <li><a href="https://mandoc.bsd.lv/docbook2mdoc/">docbook2mdoc</a>:
633: Started by Kristaps Dzonsons in 2014, maintained by Ingo Schwarze.
634: Port available since April 3, 2014.
1.96 tj 635: <li><a href="https://jasperla.github.io/portroach/">portroach</a>:
1.78 deraadt 636: Written and maintained by Jasper Lievisse Adriaanse,
637: originally forked from FreeBSD's portscout.
638: Started in 2014, port available since September 5, 2014.
639: <li><a href="https://github.com/yasuoka/cvs2gitdump">cvs2gitdump</a>:
640: Written and maintained by YASUOKA Masahiko.
641: Started in 2012, port available since August 1, 2016.
1.84 stsp 642: <li><a href="https://gameoftrees.org">Game of Trees</a>:
643: Written and maintained by Stefan Sperling.
644: Started in 2017, port available since August 9, 2019.
1.1 schwarze 645: </ul>
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