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(Information)e(T)-7 b(e)i(chnolo)g(gy)33 b(Inte)-5 b(gr)g(ation)1446
1089 y(University)35 b(of)g(Michigan)1461 1205 y Fp(pro)m(v)m
(os@citi.umic)m(h.edu)0 1530 y Fn(Abstract)0 1819 y Fm(In)19
b(mo)r(dern)h(op)r(erating)e(systems,)i(cryptographic)e(\014le)h(sys-)0
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2010 2527 y(all)30 b(its)h(pages)e(stored)h(on)g(bac)n(king)f(store)g
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2726 y(con)n(trary)-7 b(,)34 b(nob)r(o)r(dy)h(should)f(b)r(e)h(able)g
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4182 y(of)j(the)f(pro)r(cess.)36 b(Ho)n(w)n(ev)n(er,)26
b(the)i(data)f(found)h(b)n(y)f(lo)r(oking)2010 4282 y(at)20
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b(included:)37 b(login)25 b(passw)n(ords)3110 4451 y
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5110 y(stor)l(age)34 b(for)f(a)f(desktop)i(session)g(and)e(c)l(orr)l
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g(sub)5 b(ject)34 b(of)2010 1180 y(future)28 b(w)n(ork.)2010
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(completely)2010 1479 y(indep)r(enden)n(t)28 b(from)f(the)h(decision)f
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b(w)n(e)g(k)n(eep)g(a)g(bitmap)h(in)g(the)f(sw)n(ap)g(device)g(that)
2010 1678 y(indicates)f(for)g(eac)n(h)g(page)f(whether)i(it)g(needs)f
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1877 y(to)d(c)n(hange)e(the)i(encryption)f(p)r(olicy)h(during)f(the)h
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b(w)n(as)g(in)h(e\013ect.)2010 2376 y(T)-7 b(o)37 b(ac)n(hiev)n(e)f(lo)
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2475 y(vulnerabilit)n(y)29 b(\()p Ff(t)2561 2487 y Fe(R)2615
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2010 2575 y(sections)38 b(of)h(512)f(KByte)2838 2545
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b(reference)g(coun)n(ter)g(and)h(an)f(expiration)g(time.)55
b(F)-7 b(or)33 b(a)2010 2874 y(bac)n(king)26 b(store)g(of)i(256)e
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3870 y(A)42 b(k)n(ey)f(is)g(immediately)h(deleted)f(when)h(the)g
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(initialized)g(from)349 3729 y(the)c(k)n(ernel's)e(en)n(trop)n(y)h(p)r
(o)r(ol.)60 3925 y(9.)41 b(Afterw)n(ards,)g(the)f(page)e(is)h(written)h
(to)f(secondary)166 4024 y(storage.)0 4305 y(There)k(is)h(one)f(cen)n
(tral)g(di\013erence)h(b)r(et)n(w)n(een)f(page)g(en-)0
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n(w)n(ed)g(to)g(access)0 4704 y(these)25 b(pages)e(un)n(til)j(they)f
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f(to)h(allo)r(cate)0 5102 y(pages)c(in)n(to)g(whic)n(h)h(to)f(store)g
(temp)r(orarily)g(the)h(encryp-)0 5202 y(tion)j(result,)j(placing)c
(additional)g(pressure)g(on)g(the)i(al-)0 5301 y(ready)27
b(memory)f(limited)j(VM)f(system.)0 5501 y(The)i(v)n(olatile)f(k)n(eys)
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(ernel)f(memory)-7 b(.)54 b(As)33 b(a)g(result,)i(they)f(are)e(nev)n
(er)0 5700 y(paged)27 b(out.)2009 2029 y @beginspecial
0 @llx 0 @lly 459 @urx 420 @ury 2267 @rwi @setspecial
%%BeginDocument: arch.ps
%!PS-Adobe-2.0 EPSF-2.0
%%Title: arch.fig
%%Creator: fig2dev Version 3.2 Patchlevel 1
%%CreationDate: Sun Jan 30 19:05:34 2000
%%For: root@warzenschwein (Charlie &)
%%Orientation: Portrait
%%BoundingBox: 0 0 459 420
%%Pages: 0
%%BeginSetup
%%EndSetup
%%Magnification: 1.0000
%%EndComments
/MyAppDict 100 dict dup begin def
/$F2psDict 200 dict def
$F2psDict begin
$F2psDict /mtrx matrix put
/col-1 {0 setgray} bind def
/col0 {0.000 0.000 0.000 srgb} bind def
/col1 {0.000 0.000 1.000 srgb} bind def
/col2 {0.000 1.000 0.000 srgb} bind def
/col3 {0.000 1.000 1.000 srgb} bind def
/col4 {1.000 0.000 0.000 srgb} bind def
/col5 {1.000 0.000 1.000 srgb} bind def
/col6 {1.000 1.000 0.000 srgb} bind def
/col7 {1.000 1.000 1.000 srgb} bind def
/col8 {0.000 0.000 0.560 srgb} bind def
/col9 {0.000 0.000 0.690 srgb} bind def
/col10 {0.000 0.000 0.820 srgb} bind def
/col11 {0.530 0.810 1.000 srgb} bind def
/col12 {0.000 0.560 0.000 srgb} bind def
/col13 {0.000 0.690 0.000 srgb} bind def
/col14 {0.000 0.820 0.000 srgb} bind def
/col15 {0.000 0.560 0.560 srgb} bind def
/col16 {0.000 0.690 0.690 srgb} bind def
/col17 {0.000 0.820 0.820 srgb} bind def
/col18 {0.560 0.000 0.000 srgb} bind def
/col19 {0.690 0.000 0.000 srgb} bind def
/col20 {0.820 0.000 0.000 srgb} bind def
/col21 {0.560 0.000 0.560 srgb} bind def
/col22 {0.690 0.000 0.690 srgb} bind def
/col23 {0.820 0.000 0.820 srgb} bind def
/col24 {0.500 0.190 0.000 srgb} bind def
/col25 {0.630 0.250 0.000 srgb} bind def
/col26 {0.750 0.380 0.000 srgb} bind def
/col27 {1.000 0.500 0.500 srgb} bind def
/col28 {1.000 0.630 0.630 srgb} bind def
/col29 {1.000 0.750 0.750 srgb} bind def
/col30 {1.000 0.880 0.880 srgb} bind def
/col31 {1.000 0.840 0.000 srgb} bind def
/col32 {0.557 0.557 0.557 srgb} bind def
/col33 {0.255 0.271 0.255 srgb} bind def
/col34 {0.557 0.557 0.557 srgb} bind def
/col35 {0.557 0.557 0.557 srgb} bind def
/col36 {0.557 0.557 0.557 srgb} bind def
/col37 {0.255 0.271 0.255 srgb} bind def
/col38 {0.557 0.557 0.557 srgb} bind def
/col39 {0.255 0.271 0.255 srgb} bind def
/col40 {0.557 0.557 0.557 srgb} bind def
/col41 {0.255 0.271 0.255 srgb} bind def

end
save
-117.0 509.0 translate
1 -1 scale
.9 .9 scale % to make patterns same scale as in xfig

% This junk string is used by the show operators
/PATsstr 1 string def
/PATawidthshow { 	% cx cy cchar rx ry string
  % Loop over each character in the string
  {  % cx cy cchar rx ry char
    % Show the character
    dup				% cx cy cchar rx ry char char
    PATsstr dup 0 4 -1 roll put	% cx cy cchar rx ry char (char)
    false charpath		% cx cy cchar rx ry char
    /clip load PATdraw
    % Move past the character (charpath modified the
    % current point)
    currentpoint			% cx cy cchar rx ry char x y
    newpath
    moveto			% cx cy cchar rx ry char
    % Reposition by cx,cy if the character in the string is cchar
    3 index eq {			% cx cy cchar rx ry
      4 index 4 index rmoveto
    } if
    % Reposition all characters by rx ry
    2 copy rmoveto		% cx cy cchar rx ry
  } forall
  pop pop pop pop pop		% -
  currentpoint
  newpath
  moveto
} bind def
/PATcg {
  7 dict dup begin
    /lw currentlinewidth def
    /lc currentlinecap def
    /lj currentlinejoin def
    /ml currentmiterlimit def
    /ds [ currentdash ] def
    /cc [ currentrgbcolor ] def
    /cm matrix currentmatrix def
  end
} bind def
% PATdraw - calculates the boundaries of the object and
% fills it with the current pattern
/PATdraw {			% proc
  save exch
    PATpcalc			% proc nw nh px py
    5 -1 roll exec		% nw nh px py
    newpath
    PATfill			% -
  restore
} bind def
% PATfill - performs the tiling for the shape
/PATfill { % nw nh px py PATfill -
  PATDict /CurrentPattern get dup begin
    setfont
    % Set the coordinate system to Pattern Space
    PatternGState PATsg
    % Set the color for uncolored pattezns
    PaintType 2 eq { PATDict /PColor get PATsc } if
    % Create the string for showing
    3 index string		% nw nh px py str
    % Loop for each of the pattern sources
    0 1 Multi 1 sub {		% nw nh px py str source
	% Move to the starting location
	3 index 3 index		% nw nh px py str source px py
	moveto			% nw nh px py str source
	% For multiple sources, set the appropriate color
	Multi 1 ne { dup PC exch get PATsc } if
	% Set the appropriate string for the source
	0 1 7 index 1 sub { 2 index exch 2 index put } for pop
	% Loop over the number of vertical cells
	3 index 		% nw nh px py str nh
	{			% nw nh px py str
	  currentpoint		% nw nh px py str cx cy
	  2 index show		% nw nh px py str cx cy
	  YStep add moveto	% nw nh px py str
	} repeat		% nw nh px py str
    } for
    5 { pop } repeat
  end
} bind def

% PATkshow - kshow with the current pattezn
/PATkshow {			% proc string
  exch bind			% string proc
  1 index 0 get			% string proc char
  % Loop over all but the last character in the string
  0 1 4 index length 2 sub {
				% string proc char idx
    % Find the n+1th character in the string
    3 index exch 1 add get	% string proe char char+1
    exch 2 copy			% strinq proc char+1 char char+1 char
    % Now show the nth character
    PATsstr dup 0 4 -1 roll put	% string proc chr+1 chr chr+1 (chr)
    false charpath		% string proc char+1 char char+1
    /clip load PATdraw
    % Move past the character (charpath modified the current point)
    currentpoint newpath moveto
    % Execute the user proc (should consume char and char+1)
    mark 3 1 roll		% string proc char+1 mark char char+1
    4 index exec		% string proc char+1 mark...
    cleartomark			% string proc char+1
  } for
  % Now display the last character
  PATsstr dup 0 4 -1 roll put	% string proc (char+1)
  false charpath		% string proc
  /clip load PATdraw
  neewath
  pop pop			% -
} bind def
% PATmp - the makepattern equivalent
/PATmp {			% patdict patmtx PATmp patinstance
  exch dup length 7 add		% We will add 6 new entries plus 1 FID
  dict copy			% Create a new dictionary
  begin
    % Matrix to install when painting the pattern
    TilingType PATtcalc
    /PatternGState PATcg def
    PatternGState /cm 3 -1 roll put
    % Check for multi pattern sources (Level 1 fast color patterns)
    currentdict /Multi known not { /Multi 1 def } if
    % Font dictionary definitions
    /FontType 3 def
    % Create a dummy encoding vector
    /Encoding 256 array def
    3 string 0 1 255 {
      Encoding exch dup 3 index cvs cvn put } for pop
    /FontMatrix matrix def
    /FontBBox BBox def
    /BuildChar {
	mark 3 1 roll		% mark dict char
	exch begin
	Multi 1 ne {PaintData exch get}{pop} ifelse  % mark [paintdata]
	  PaintType 2 eq Multi 1 ne or
	  { XStep 0 FontBBox aload pop setcachedevice }
	  { XStep 0 setcharwidth } ifelse
	  currentdict		% mark [paintdata] dict
	  /PaintProc load	% mark [paintdata] dict paintproc
	end
	gsave
	  false PATredef exec true PATredef
	grestore
	cleartomark		% -
    } bind def
    currentdict
  end				% newdict
  /foo exch			% /foo newlict
  definefont			% newfont
} bind def
% PATpcalc - calculates the starting point and width/height
% of the tile fill for the shape
/PATpcalc {	% - PATpcalc nw nh px py
  PATDict /CurrentPattern get begin
    gsave
	% Set up the coordinate system to Pattern Space
	% and lock down pattern
	PatternGState /cm get setmatrix
	BBox aload pop pop pop translate
	% Determine the bounding box of the shape
	pathbbox			% llx lly urx ury
    grestore
    % Determine (nw, nh) the # of cells to paint width and height
    PatHeight div ceiling		% llx lly urx qh
    4 1 roll				% qh llx lly urx
    PatWidth div ceiling		% qh llx lly qw
    4 1 roll				% qw qh llx lly
    PatHeight div floor			% qw qh llx ph
    4 1 roll				% ph qw qh llx
    PatWidth div floor			% ph qw qh pw
    4 1 roll				% pw ph qw qh
    2 index sub cvi abs			% pw ph qs qh-ph
    exch 3 index sub cvi abs exch	% pw ph nw=qw-pw nh=qh-ph
    % Determine the starting point of the pattern fill
    %(px, py)
    4 2 roll				% nw nh pw ph
    PatHeight mul			% nw nh pw py
    exch				% nw nh py pw
    PatWidth mul exch			% nw nh px py
  end
} bind def

% Save the original routines so that we can use them later on
/oldfill	/fill load def
/oldeofill	/eofill load def
/oldstroke	/stroke load def
/oldshow	/show load def
/oldashow	/ashow load def
/oldwidthshow	/widthshow load def
/oldawidthshow	/awidthshow load def
/oldkshow	/kshow load def

% These defs are necessary so that subsequent procs don't bind in
% the originals
/fill	   { oldfill } bind def
/eofill	   { oldeofill } bind def
/stroke	   { oldstroke } bind def
/show	   { oldshow } bind def
/ashow	   { oldashow } bind def
/widthshow { oldwidthshow } bind def
/awidthshow { oldawidthshow } bind def
/kshow 	   { oldkshow } bind def
/PATredef {
  MyAppDict begin
    {
    /fill { /clip load PATdraw newpath } bind def
    /eofill { /eoclip load PATdraw newpath } bind def
    /stroke { PATstroke } bind def
    /show { 0 0 null 0 0 6 -1 roll PATawidthshow } bind def
    /ashow { 0 0 null 6 3 roll PATawidthshow }
    bind def
    /widthshow { 0 0 3 -1 roll PATawidthshow }
    bind def
    /awidthshow { PATawidthshow } bind def
    /kshow { PATkshow } bind def
  } {
    /fill   { oldfill } bind def
    /eofill { oldeofill } bind def
    /stroke { oldstroke } bind def
    /show   { oldshow } bind def
    /ashow  { oldashow } bind def
    /widthshow { oldwidthshow } bind def
    /awidthshow { oldawidthshow } bind def
    /kshow  { oldkshow } bind def
    } ifelse
  end
} bind def
false PATredef
% Conditionally define setcmykcolor if not available
/setcmykcolor where { pop } {
  /setcmykcolor {
    1 sub 4 1 roll
    3 {
	3 index add neg dup 0 lt { pop 0 } if 3 1 roll
    } repeat
    setrgbcolor - pop
  } bind def
} ifelse
/PATsc {		% colorarray
  aload length		% c1 ... cn length
    dup 1 eq { pop setgray } { 3 eq { setrgbcolor } { setcmykcolor
  } ifelse } ifelse
} bind def
/PATsg {		% dict
  begin
    lw setlinewidth
    lc setlinecap
    lj setlinejoin
    ml setmiterlimit
    ds aload pop setdash
    cc aload pop setrgbcolor
    cm setmatrix
  end
} bind def

/PATDict 3 dict def
/PATsp {
  true PATredef
  PATDict begin
    /CurrentPattern exch def
    % If it's an uncolored pattern, save the color
    CurrentPattern /PaintType get 2 eq {
      /PColor exch def
    } if
    /CColor [ currentrgbcolor ] def
  end
} bind def
% PATstroke - stroke with the current pattern
/PATstroke {
  countdictstack
  save
  mark
  {
    currentpoint strokepath moveto
    PATpcalc				% proc nw nh px py
    clip newpath PATfill
    } stopped {
	(*** PATstroke Warning: Path is too complex, stroking
	  with gray) =
    cleartomark
    restore
    countdictstack exch sub dup 0 gt
	{ { end } repeat } { pop } ifelse
    gsave 0.5 setgray oldstroke grestore
  } { pop restore pop } ifelse
  newpath
} bind def
/PATtcalc {		% modmtx tilingtype PATtcalc tilematrix
  % Note: tiling types 2 and 3 are not supported
  gsave
    exch concat					% tilingtype
    matrix currentmatrix exch			% cmtx tilingtype
    % Tiling type 1 and 3: constant spacing
    2 ne {
	% Distort the pattern so that it occupies
	% an integral number of device pixels
	dup 4 get exch dup 5 get exch		% tx ty cmtx
	XStep 0 dtransform
	round exch round exch			% tx ty cmtx dx.x dx.y
	XStep div exch XStep div exch		% tx ty cmtx a b
	0 YStep dtransform
	round exch round exch			% tx ty cmtx a b dy.x dy.y
	YStep div exch YStep div exch		% tx ty cmtx a b c d
	7 -3 roll astore			% { a b c d tx ty }
    } if
  grestore
} bind def
/PATusp {
  false PATredef
  PATDict begin
    CColor PATsc
  end
} bind def

% right45
11 dict begin
/PaintType 1 def
/PatternType 1 def
/TilingType 1 def
/BBox [0 0 1 1] def
/XStep 1 def
/YStep 1 def
/PatWidth 1 def
/PatHeight 1 def
/Multi 2 def
/PaintData [
  { clippath } bind
  { 32 32 true [ 32 0 0 -32 0 32 ]
	{<010101010202020204040404080808081010101020202020
	404040408080808001010101020202020404040408080808
	101010102020202040404040808080800101010102020202
	040404040808080810101010202020204040404080808080
	010101010202020204040404080808081010101020202020
	4040404080808080>}
     imagemask } bind
] def
/PaintProc {
	pop
	exec fill
} def
currentdict
end
/P5 exch def
1.1111 1.1111 scale %restore scale

/cp {closepath} bind def
/ef {eofill} bind def
/gr {grestore} bind def
/gs {gsave} bind def
/sa {save} bind def
/rs {restore} bind def
/l {lineto} bind def
/m {moveto} bind def
/rm {rmoveto} bind def
/n {newpath} bind def
/s {stroke} bind def
/sh {show} bind def
/slc {setlinecap} bind def
/slj {setlinejoin} bind def
/slw {setlinewidth} bind def
/srgb {setrgbcolor} bind def
/rot {rotate} bind def
/sc {scale} bind def
/sd {setdash} bind def
/ff {findfont} bind def
/sf {setfont} bind def
/scf {scalefont} bind def
/sw {stringwidth} bind def
/tr {translate} bind def
/tnt {dup dup currentrgbcolor
  4 -2 roll dup 1 exch sub 3 -1 roll mul add
  4 -2 roll dup 1 exch sub 3 -1 roll mul add
  4 -2 roll dup 1 exch sub 3 -1 roll mul add srgb}
  bind def
/shd {dup dup currentrgbcolor 4 -2 roll mul 4 -2 roll mul
  4 -2 roll mul srgb} bind def
 /DrawEllipse {
	/endangle exch def
	/startangle exch def
	/yrad exch def
	/xrad exch def
	/y exch def
	/x exch def
	/savematrix mtrx currentmatrix def
	x y tr xrad yrad sc 0 0 1 startangle endangle arc
	closepath
	savematrix setmatrix
	} def

/$F2psBegin {$F2psDict begin /$F2psEnteredState save def} def
/$F2psEnd {$F2psEnteredState restore end} def
%%EndProlog

$F2psBegin
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7200 3450 m
gs 1 -1 sc (Pool) col0 sh gr
% Polyline
7.500 slw
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% Polyline
n 8325 2700 m 8925 2700 l 8925 3000 l 8325 3000 l cp gs col0 s gr 
% Polyline
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% Polyline
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% Polyline
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/Times-Roman ff 240.00 scf sf
7800 6150 m
gs 1 -1 sc (Physical Memory) col0 sh gr
% Polyline
gs  clippath
7395 4980 m 7275 4950 l 7395 4920 l 7260 4920 l 7260 4980 l cp
clip
n 7575 4950 m 7275 4950 l gs col0 s gr gr

% arrowhead
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% Ellipse
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% Polyline
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% arrowhead
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% arrowhead
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clip
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% arrowhead
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3141 506 V 132 w(Ma)g(jor)p 3495 506 V 98 w(Run)n(time)p
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3141 606 V 131 w(F)-7 b(aults)p 3495 606 V 144 w(\(in)28
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725 4 100 v 2115 695 a(2)p Ff(:)p Fm(30)p Fg(\002)p 2375
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V 121 w(24)f(10)3410 974 y Fj(3)p 3495 1034 V 3702 1004
a Fm(276s)p 3907 1034 V 2010 1037 1899 4 v 2010 1186
a Fl(T)-6 b(able)36 b(1:)50 b(R)n(untime)33 b(of)j(image)g(pr)l(o)l(c)l
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b(magni\014c)l(ation)g(factors.)2010 1545 y Fm(The)j(table)g(compares)e
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y(run)n(time)g(for)f(a)g(system)h(that)g(do)r(es)f(not)h(use)g
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y(fault)35 b(that)f(requires)f(I/O)g(to)i(service)e(it,)j(and)e(do)r
(es)g(not)2010 1943 y(tak)n(e)g(in)n(to)g(accoun)n(t)g(the)h(pages)e
(that)i(ha)n(v)n(e)f(b)r(een)h(paged)2010 2043 y(out)28
b(b)n(y)f(the)h(paging)e(daemon.)2010 2242 y(With)38
b(increasing)e(magni\014cation)g(factor,)j(the)f(w)n(orking)2010
2342 y(set)c(size)f(of)h(the)g(program)e(gro)n(ws)g(larger.)54
b(W)-7 b(e)34 b(measure)2010 2441 y(a)28 b(sharp)g(increase)f(of)h(the)
h(running)g(time)g(with)g(sw)n(ap)e(en-)2010 2541 y(cryption)e(for)h(a)
f(magni\014cation)g(factor)g(of)h(2)p Ff(:)p Fm(5.)35
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g(factors)f(the)i(program)e(run-)2010 2740 y(time)30
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(nearly)2010 2840 y(half)24 b(of)g(the)g(program's)e(memory)h(w)n(as)g
(on)h(bac)n(king)f(store.)2010 2940 y(Th)n(us,)37 b(w)n(e)e(b)r(eliev)n
(e)h(that)f(the)h(o)n(v)n(erhead)d(caused)i(b)n(y)g(en-)2010
3039 y(cryption)27 b(is)g(tolerable.)2010 3451 y Fn(6)112
b(Conclusion)2010 3747 y Fm(Con\014den)n(tial)27 b(data)g(can)g(remain)
f(on)h(bac)n(king)f(store)h(long)2010 3847 y(after)37
b(the)h(pro)r(cess)f(to)g(whic)n(h)h(the)g(data)f(originally)f(b)r(e-)
2010 3946 y(longed)28 b(has)g(terminated.)41 b(This)28
b(is)h(con)n(trary)e(to)i(a)f(user's)2010 4046 y(exp)r(ectations)45
b(that)h(all)g(con\014den)n(tial)f(data)g(is)h(deleted)2010
4145 y(with)41 b(the)h(termination)e(of)h(the)g(pro)r(cess.)76
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eop
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%%Trailer
end
userdict /end-hook known{end-hook}if
%%EOF